A mound is a general term for an artificial heaped pile of earth, gravel, sand, rocks, or debris. The most common use is in reference to natural earthen formation such as hills and mountains, particularly if they appear artificial. The term may also be applied to any rounded area of topographically higher elevation on any surface. Artificial mounds have been created for a variety of reasons throughout history, including ceremonial (platform mound), burial (tumulus), and commemorative purposes (e.g. Kościuszko Mound).
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In the archaeology of the United States and Canada, the term "mound" has specific and technical connotations. In this sense, a mound is a deliberately constructed elevated earthen structure or earthwork, intended for a range of potential uses. In European and Asian archaeology, the word "tumulus" may be used as a synonym for an artificial hill, particularly if the hill is related to particular burial customs.
While the term "mound" may be applied to historic constructions, most mounds in the United States are prehistoric earthworks, built by Native American peoples. Native Americans built a variety of mounds, including flat-topped pyramids or cones known as platform mounds, rounded cones, and ridge or loaf-shaped mounds. Some mounds took on unusual shapes, such as the outline of cosmologically significant animals. These are known as effigy mounds. Some mounds, such as a few in Wisconsin, have rock formations, or petroforms within them, on them, or near them.
While these mounds are perhaps not as famous as burial mounds, like their European analogs, Native American mounds also have a variety of other uses. While some prehistoric cultures, like the Adena culture, used mounds preferentially for burial, others used mounds for other ritual and sacred acts, as well as for secular functions. The platform mounds of the Mississippian culture, for example, may have supported temples, the houses of chiefs, council houses, and may have also acted as a platform for public speaking. Other mounds would have been part of defensive walls to protect a certain area. The Hopewell culture used mounds as markers of complex astronomical alignments related to ceremonies.
Mounds and related earthworks are the only significant monumental construction in prehistoric Eastern and Central North America.
Mound, as a technical term in archaeology, is not generally in favor in the rest of the world. More specific local terminology is preferred, and each of these terms has its own article (see below).
MOUND, now used in the sense of a pile or heap of earth, artificial or natural, especially such a pile raised over a grave or burial-place, a tumulus, or as a means of defence, and so used to translate Lat. agger. The earliest use in English is for a hedge or other boundary between adjoining lands; this only survives dialectically. The word is obscure in origin, but was early influenced by "mount," i.e. hill; Lat. mons, montis. A connexion with O. Eng. mund, guardianship, hand, has been suggested. The "orb," i.e. a globe of gold surmounted by a cross, as forming part of the regalia, is often known as a "mound"; this is a translation of Fr. monde; Lat. mundus, world.
Categories: MOS-MUL
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From earlier meaning "hedge, fence" from Middle English mound, mund "protection, boundary, raised earthen rampart" from Old English mund "hand, hand of protection, protector, guardianship" from Proto-Germanic *mund- (“‘hand’”) from Proto-Indo-European *men- (“‘hand’”). Akin to Old High German munt "hand, protection" (German Mündel "ward", Vormund "a guardian"), Old Norse mund (Icelandic mund "hand"), Middle Dutch mond "protection", Latin manus "hand", Ancient Greek manē "hand"
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mound (plural mounds)
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to mound (third-person singular simple present mounds, present participle mounding, simple past and past participle mounded)
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