From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

National longevity recordholders are those individuals who have survived to the oldest age in a given country. Such records can only be determined to the extent that the given country's records are reliable. Comprehensive birth registration largely came into being in the 20th century, and currently reliable records are necessarily fragmentary. The earliest comprehensive recordkeeping systems arose in Europe, in countries such as Sweden and the Netherlands. England and Wales in the United Kingdom organised a central recordkeeping system in 1837, which was compulsory by 1726.

This article gives the recordholders for various countries to the extent that they have been established. Both male and female recordholders are noted. Those born in one country who moved to another are identified insofar as information is available. If more than one recordholder is listed, this is due to disputed claims, alternative claims, or the lack of sufficient documentary evidence to make a clear determination between claimants. Countries are listed by nations in alphabetical order. Some nations below were European colonies when the recordholder was born (i.e. French Algeria, Spanish Morocco) and the persons holding the record were in fact European as were the record-keeping systems.

For a global overview of longevity recordholders, see the table of countries sorted by age of recordholder.

See also the separate lists of the living national longevity recordholders and the U.S. state longevity recordholders.

María Capovilla lived to age 116 years, 347 days.

Verified National longevity recordholders

Country	Name	Sex	Birth	Death	Age
Algeria	Anne Primout (died in France)	F	5 October 1890	26 March 2005	114 years, 172 days
	Emile Fourcade (died in France)	M	29 July 1884	29 December 1995	111 years, 153 days
Australia	Christina (Clay) Cock	F	25 December 1887	22 May 2002	114 years, 148 days
	John Henry "Jack" Lockett	M	22 January 1891	25 May 2002	111 years, 123 days
Austria	Maria Mika	F	23 May 1882	17 November 1994	112 years, 178 days
	Leopold Vietoris	M	4 June 1891	9 April 2002	110 years, 309 days
Belgium	Joanna Deroover	F	3 June 1890	6 December 2002	112 years, 186 days
	Jan Machiel Reyskens (died in Netherlands)	M	11 May 1878	7 January 1990	111 years, 241 days
	Louis Marion	M	10 October 1893	28 December 2003	110 years, 79 days
Canada	Marie-Louise Meilleur	F	29 August 1880	16 April 1998	117 years, 230 days
	George Frederick Ives (born in UK)	M	17 November 1881	12 April 1993	111 years, 204 days
	Joseph Saint-Amour	M	26 February 1852	16 March 1962	110 years, 18 days
Cape Verde	Adelina Domingues (died in USA)	F	19 February 1888	21 August 2002	114 years, 183 days
Colombia	Daniel Guzmán-García	M	6 February 1897	21 May 2008	111 years, 105 days
Croatia	Ivan Jaklič[1]	M	4 December 1899	24 January 2007	107 years, 51 days
	Dora Sukanec[2]	F	1 February 1903	Living	&0000000000000107.000000107 years, &0000000000000043.00000043 days[3]
	Hermina Dunz (died in Austria)	F	24 February 1898	14 June 2008	110 years, 111 days
Czech Republic	Emilie Doležalová[4]	F	7 June 1894	17 November 2004	110 years, 153 days
	Alois Vocásek[5]	F	13 April 1896	9 August 2003	107 years, 118 days
Denmark	Christian Mortensen (died in USA)	M	16 August 1882	25 April 1998	115 years, 252 days
	Johanne Svensson (died in Sweden)	F	24 January 1892	29 May 2003	111 years, 125 days
	Anne Matthiesen	F	26 November 1884	19 March 1996	111 years, 114 days
Ecuador	María Capovilla	F	14 September 1889	27 August 2006	116 years, 347 days
Finland	Lempi Rothovius	F	2 October 1887	17 June 2000	112 years, 259 days
	Aarne Arvonen	M	4 August 1897	1 January 2009	111 years, 150 days
France	Jeanne Calment	F	21 February 1875	4 August 1997	122 years, 164 days
	Maurice Floquet	M	25 December 1894	10 November 2006	111 years, 320 days
Germany	Charlotte Benkner (died in USA)	F	16 November 1889	14 May 2004	114 years, 180 days
	Maria Laqua	F	12 February 1889	9 February 2002	112 years, 362 days
	Hermann Dörnemann	M	27 May 1893	2 March 2005	111 years, 279 days
Greece	Gregory Pandazes (died in USA)	M	15 January 1873	22 December 1983	110 years, 341 days
	Lambrini Tsiatoura	F	1870	19 February 1981	110 years, 50+ days
	Ioanna Lambropoulos	F	8 May 1884	2 June 1994	110 years, 25 days
Hungary	Elizabeth Stefan (died in USA)	F	13 May 1895	9 April 2008	112 years, 332 days
	Csiki Sándorné	F	18 January 1894	22 July 2004	110 years, 174 days
	Gergely András Molnár	M	16 November 1897	22 March 2006	108 years, 116 days
Iceland	Guðrún Björnsdóttir (died in Canada)[6]	F	20 October 1888	26 August 1998	109 years, 310 days
	Sólveig Pálsdóttir[6]	F	20 August 1897	28 October 2006	109 years, 69 days
	Helgi Símonarson[6]	M	13 September 1895	24 August 2001	105 years, 345 days
India	Lucy D'Abreu (died in UK)	F	24 May 1892	7 December 2005	113 years, 197 days
Ireland	Katherine Plunket	F	20 November 1820	14 October 1932	111 years, 327 days
Italy	Virginia Dighero	F	24 December 1891	28 December 2005	114 years, 4 days
	Antonio Todde	M	22 January 1889	3 January 2002	112 years, 346 days
Japan	Shigechiyo Izumi (disputed)	M	29 June 1865?	21 February 1986	120 years, 237 days?
	Yukichi Chuganji	M	23 March 1889	28 September 2003	114 years, 189 days
	Tane Ikai	F	18 January 1879	12 July 1995	116 years, 175 days
Mexico	Soledad Mexia (living in USA)	F	13 August 1899	Living	&0000000000000110.000000110 years, &0000000000000215.000000215 days[7]
Netherlands	Hendrikje van Andel	F	29 June 1890	30 August 2005	115 years, 62 days
	Thomas Peters (disputed)	M	6 April 1745?	26 March 1857	111 years, 354 days?
	Jan Machiel Reyskens	M	11 May 1878	7 January 1990	111 years, 241 days
New Zealand	Florence Finch (born in UK)	F	22 December 1893	10 April 2007	113 years, 109 days
	Ethel Booth	F	25 December 1890	18 February 2001	110 years, 55 days
Norway	Maren Bolette Torp	F	21 December 1876	20 February 1989	112 years, 61 days
	Herman Smith-Johannsen	M	15 June 1875	5 January 1987	111 years, 204 days
Peru	Julia Mendivil (Bergmann) Dougherty (died in USA)	F	20 August 1893	4 December 2003	110 years, 106 days
Philippines	Melchora Aquino	F	6 January 1812	2 March 1919	107 years, 55 days
	Mariano Álvarez	M	15 March 1818	25 August 1924	106 years, 163 days
Poland	Maria Pogonowska (died in Israël)	F	30 Oct 1897	15 July 2009	111 years, 258 days
	Józef Kowalski[8]	M	2 February 1900	Living	&0000000000000110.000000110 years, &0000000000000042.00000042 days
Portugal	Maria de Jesus	F	10 September 1893	2 January 2009	115 years, 114 days
	Augusto Moreira	M	6 October 1896	13 February 2009	112 years, 130 days
Romania	Anitica Butariu (disputed)	F	17 June 1882?	21 November 1997	115 years, 157 days?
Russia	Khasako Dzugayev	M	7 August 1860	? August 1970	110 years, 0+ days
	Helen Czechowicz (died in USA)	F	1 January 1896	3 February 2006	110 years, 33 days
Saint Kitts and Nevis	Rosalind Hill (died in USA)	F	30 March 1899	18 January 2010	110 years, 294 days
Slovakia	Anna Michulková[9]	F	19 April 1894	13 June 2002	108 years, 55 days
Slovenia	Katarina Marinič	F	30 October 1899	Living	&0000000000000110.000000110 years, &0000000000000137.000000137 days[10]
	Ivan Jaklič[1]	M	4 December 1899	24 January 2007	107 years, 51 days
South Africa	Johanna Booyson[11]	F	17 January 1857	16 June 1968	111 years, 151 days
Spain	Joan Riudavets Moll	M	15 December 1889	5 March 2004	114 years, 81 days
	Carmen Figueiroa Freiria	F	28 October 1883	25 May 1997	113 years, 209 days
Sweden	Astrid Zachrison[12][13]	F	15 May 1895	15 May 2008	113 years, 0 days
	Anders Engberg[14]	M	1 July 1892	6 November 2003	111 years, 128 days
Switzerland	Rosa Rein (born in Germany)	F	24 March 1897	14 February 2010	112 years, 327 days
	Emma Duvoisin	F	5 July 1886	30 September 1997	111 years, 87 days
	Fritz Bösch	M	25 February 1877	25 November 1986	109 years, 273 days
United Kingdom	Charlotte Hughes	F	1 August 1877	17 March 1993	115 years, 228 days
	Henry Allingham	M	6 June 1896	18 July 2009	113 years, 42 days
United States	Sarah Knauss	F	24 September 1880	30 December 1999	119 years, 97 days
	Mathew Beard (disputed)	M	9 July 1870?	16 February 1985	114 years, 222 days?
	Fred H. Hale, Sr.	M	1 December 1890	19 November 2004	113 years, 354 days

Territorial recordholders

Country of Territory	Territory	Name	Sex	Birth	Death	Age
Denmark	Faroe Islands	Jóhannes Tauser[15]	M	23 February 1902	12 January 2008	105 years, 323 days
		Fredrikka Maria Sigvardsen	F	2 July 1875	23 November 1980	105 years, 144 days
United Kingdom	Guernsey	Margaret Ann Neve	F	18 May 1792	4 April 1903	110 years, 321 days
France	New Caledonia	Marie-Louise Lhuillier	F	26 June 1895	28 December 2007	112 years, 185 days
United States	Puerto Rico	Emiliano Mercado del Toro	M	21 August 1891	24 January 2007	115 years, 156 days
		Ramona Trinidad Iglesias-Jordan	F	31 August 1889	29 May 2004	114 years, 272 days
Spain	Spanish Morocco (Spain/Morocco, after 1956)	Consuelo Moreno-Lopéz (died USA)	F	5 February 1893	13 November 2004	111 years, 282 days

Algeria

Algerian-born Frenchwoman Anne Primout (October 5, 1890 – March 26, 2005) holds the Algerian record at 114 years and 172 days.

The male record belongs to Emile Fourcade at 111 years and 153 days (July 29, 1884 – December 29, 1995), who also went on to be the oldest Frenchman ever, but since then Maurice Noël Floquet has surpassed this (see France).

Note: Algeria was legally a part of France from 1890 to 1962. Both Anne Primout and Emile Fourcade were French-speaking colonials.

Australia

Christina (Clay) Cock holds the female record at 114 years, 148 days (December 25, 1887–May 22, 2002).

John Henry "Jack" Lockett holds the male record at 111 years, 123 days (January 22, 1891–May 25, 2002).

Austria

Maria Mika holds the female record at 112 years, 178 days (May 23, 1882 – November 17, 1994).

Leopold Vietoris, a notable mathematician, holds the male national record at 110 years, 309 days (June 4, 1891–April 9, 2002).

Belgium

Joanna Catharina "Woinke" (Turcksin) DeRoover holds the female record at 112 years and 186 days (June 3, 1890 – December 6, 2002).

As Jan Machiel Reyskens (see Netherlands) retained Belgian citizenship, some consider him Belgium's male recordholder, which is correct officially. The oldest man who lived his entire life in Belgium however is Louis Marion, who was even their oldest inhabitant at the time of his death at age 110 years and 79 days (October 10, 1893 – December 28, 2003).

Canada

Marie-Louise Meilleur holds the documented female record at 117 years, 230 days (August 29, 1880–April 16, 1998).

Herman Smith-Johannsen, nicknamed Jackrabbit Johannsen, is often claimed as the documented male recordholder at 111 years, 204 days (June 15, 1875–January 5, 1987). Though he was born in Norway and died there visiting family, he spent the bulk of his life in Canada (and introduced cross-country skiing to the country) and is buried there. The oldest man to actually die in Canada was UK-born George Ives (the last Second Boer War veteran, November 17, 1881 – April 12, 1993) at 111 years, 146 days. The oldest native-born Canadian man was Harry Chaloner (May 10, 1874 – October 30, 1984) at 110 years, 173 days (Harry emigrated to the U.S., however, and the SSDI listed him as younger than claimed).

Cape Verde

As Adelina Domingues was born in Cape Verde (though she later emigrated to the United States), she may be considered to hold the overall record at 114 years, 183 days (February 19, 1888–August 21, 2002).

Czech Republic

Emilie Doležalová holds the Czech record at 110 years, 153 days (June 7, 1894 – November 17, 2004).

Marie Bernátková was a Czechoslovakian supercentenarian born on October 22, 1857. She was last known to be alive in October 1968, shortly after turning 111, but since her exact date of death is unknown, this claim is not entirely verifiable.

Denmark

Anne Matthiesen holds the Danish record at 111 years, 114 days (November 26, 1884–March 19, 1996).

Two Danish emigrants have lived longer: Johanne Svensson (January 24, 1892–May 29, 2003), who died in Sweden, is the oldest Danish-born woman (11 days older than Matthiesen), and Christian Mortensen went on to become the oldest man in the world (see below at United States).

Ecuador

María Capovilla (September 14, 1889 – August 27, 2006) was the longest-lived Ecuadorian ever and the only Ecuadorian supercentenarian on record. When she died at age 116 years and 347 days, she had been the oldest living person in the world for 2 years and 3 months.

Estonia

Maria Tomson (December 27, 1853 – April 26, 1966) is claimed to be the longest-lived Estonian ever at 112 years and 120 days, but her claim lacks documentary corroboration as of April 2007.^[16] If validated, she would have been the world's oldest person from February 17, 1963 until her death.

Juhan Kallaste (December 19, 1891 – August 28, 1999) lived to celebrate his 107th birthday. Some doubts were raised as to his true age as he changed his name in 1935 and was suspected of having added six years to his year of birth to avoid conscription during World War II, but his date of birth has been confirmed by a church registration. His claim has not been verified by any international body.

Finland

The official record is held by Lempi Rothovius at 112 years, 259 days (October 2, 1887–June 17, 2000). She also previously held the female record for the Nordic countries, before Astrid Zachrison of Sweden surpassed her in 2008.

The male recordholder is Aarne Arvonen, (August 4, 1897 – January 1, 2009), aged 111 years, 150 days.

France

Jeanne Calment is the world's oldest recorded person at 122 years, 164 days (February 21, 1875–August 4, 1997). She is therefore the oldest recorded French person and French woman as well.

Maurice Floquet is the oldest recorded French man to have lived. He died aged 111 years, 320 days (December 25, 1894 – November 10, 2006).

Germany

According to the German government: Maria Laqua, who died at 112 years 362 days (February 12, 1889–February 9, 2002) holds the female record.

Hermann Dörnemann holds the male record at 111 years, 279 days (May 27, 1893–March 2, 2005).

German-born Charlotte Benkner, who emigrated to the United States, surpassed all these lifespans in reaching 114 years, 180 days, and may therefore have some claim to the record.

Greece

As Gregory Pandazes was born in Greece (though he later emigrated to the United States), he may be considered to hold the male record at 110 years, 341 days (January 15, 1873 – December 22, 1983).

Ioanna Lambropoulos holds the female record at 110 years, 25 days (May 8, 1884 – June 2, 1994). Lambrini Tsiatoura (1870 – February 19, 1981) holds the record for the longest-lived person who died in Greece at 110 years, 50+ days.

Hungary

Csiki Sándorné, née Földes Rozália (having lived in Lepsény) (January 18, 1894 – July 22, 2004), holds the female record at age 110 years and 186 days.

The oldest Hungarian man was Gergely András Molnár (November 16, 1897 – March 22, 2006), who died aged 108 years and 116 days. The current oldest living male is unidentified, but according to data from Central Office for Administrative and Electronic Public Services, he was born in 1903 and lives in Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén county. The same source states the oldest living woman in Hungary is 110 years old in 2009, but it is likely they have not yet registered the death of Relly Szentirmay, who died in February 2009 at the age of 109.^[17]

Among emigrants, Elizabeth Stefan of Connecticut (born May 13, 1895 in Hungary, emigrated to the US in 1913) died April 9, 2008 at the age of 112 years and 332 days.

(Note: names are in the Hungarian order, with surname first.)

Iceland

The longest lived Icelandic was Sólveig Pálsdóttir (August 20, 1897 – October 28, 2006), who died at age 109 years and 69 days.

The male record is held by Helgi Símonarson (September 13, 1895 – August 24, 2001), who died at age 105 years and 345 days.

The oldest Icelandic born woman and overall recordholder is however Guðrún Björnsdóttir (October 20, 1888 – August 26, 1998), who emigrated to Canada at an early age, and lived to be 109 years and 310 days.

India

The record for the oldest person born in India is 113 years and 197 days, held by Lucy D'Abreu (May 24, 1892 – December 7, 2005). Though she moved to Ireland in 1913 and to Scotland in 1985, she was of Indian origin and maintained contact with her family in India even past age 110.

Ireland

Katherine Plunket (November 22, 1820–October 14, 1932) holds the Irish record at 111 years and 327 days (see her biography).

Italy

The longest-lived Italian is Virginia Dighero-Zolezzi (December 24, 1891 – December 28, 2005). She is the only Italian to have reached 114 years of age.

Antonio Todde holds the male record at age 112 years 346 days (January 22, 1889 – January 3, 2002).

Japan

Shigechiyo Izumi's claim of 120 years, 237 days (June 29, 1865?–February 21, 1986) is accepted by the Guinness Book of World Records, but there is serious doubt among scholars as to whether he was in fact conflated with an older brother who died young.

Without more evidence for Izumi, most regard Tane Ikai (January 18, 1879–July 12, 1995) as the oldest reliably documented Japanese case at 116 years, 175 days. Certain older claims have been reported as valid by the Japanese government in the 1960s, but documentation was then of a lower standard.

Without Izumi, the oldest confirmed male Japanese is Yukichi Chuganji at 114 years, 189 days (March 23, 1889–September 28, 2003).

Netherlands

Hendrikje van Andel-Schipper holds the overall national record at 115 years and 62 days (June 29, 1890 – August 30, 2005) and was thought to be the world's oldest living person from May 29, 2004 until her death (though later superseded by María Capovilla).

Thomas Peters has a claim to holding the male record at 111 years, 354 days (April 6, 1745–March 26, 1857). However, the correlation of the birth and death records used to confirm his claim is considered questionable.

If Peters is discounted, the Belgian-born Jan Machiel Reyskens would hold the male record at 111 years, 241 days (May 11, 1878–January 7, 1990). Jan Pieter Bos would then hold the male record as the longest-lived native Dutchman at 111 years, 156 days (July 12, 1891–December 15, 2002).

New Zealand

The oldest native New Zealander was Ethel Booth, who died aged 110 years and 55 days (December 25, 1890–February 18, 2001).

United Kingdom-born Florence Finch (December 22, 1893 – April 10, 2007), however, died aged 113 years, 109 days.

Norway

Maren Bolette Torp holds the female record at 112 years, 61 days (December 21, 1876–February 20, 1989).

As Herman Smith-Johannsen (see Canada) was born in Norway, some consider him Norway's male recordholder. Otherwise it has to be native Norwegian Olav Hovatn, who died at 110 years, 185 days (October 23, 1893 – April 26, 2004).

Peru

Julia Mendivil (Bergmann) Dougherty, who emigrated to the USA, holds the record at 110 years, 106 days (August 20, 1893 – December 4, 2003).

Philippines

Melchora Aquino (January 6, 1812 – March 2, 1919), also known as "Tandang Sora", holds the Filipino record.^{[citation needed]}

Poland

The recordholder is Dr. Maria Pogonowska (Oct 30 1897-July 15, 2009) at 111 years, 258 days (born in Poland; died in Israel).

Portugal

Maria de Jesus (September 10, 1893 – January 2, 2009) holds the Portuguese record at the age of 115 years, 114 days.

Augusto Oliveira Moreira (October 6, 1896 – February 13, 2009) was at the age of 112 years, 130 days, the oldest Portuguese man on record.

Puerto Rico

Emiliano Mercado del Toro (oldest person in the world at the time of his death) is the oldest Puerto Rican ever at 115 years and 156 days (August 21, 1891 – January 24, 2007).

Ramona Trinidad Iglesias-Jordan (also oldest person in the world at the time of her death) holds the female record at 114 years and 272 days (August 31, 1889–May 29, 2004).

Romania

Anitica Butariu (or Anicuta Batariu) is considered to hold the record at 115 years, 157 days (June 17, 1882–November 21, 1997). However, there has been some question as to the source of the available documentation.

Russia

Record-keeping in Russia is poor and longevity myths continue to thrive.^[18]

According to official Russian statistics for 2007, there were 6800 centenarians living in Russia, with the oldest person being Varvara Semennikova of Yakutia, aged 117.^[19] In March 2005, Russian media agencies reported that President Vladimir Putin congratulated Maria Strelnikova with her 115th birthday.

Russia has been known for a number of extreme supercentenarian claims, especially in the mountainous areas of the Caucasus, where the rarefied air, geographical isolation and millenarian habits are claimed to be perfect antidotes against the anxiety and the stress. For instance, Sarhat Rashidova, who died on January 16, 2007, had the passport claiming that she was born in 1875 and so was 131 years old. Dagestani herder Gairkhan Iriskhanov turned 112 on June 14, 2000, but claimed he was even older.^[20] Khasako Dzugayev died aged 110 years 0+ days (August 7, 1860 – August 1970),^{[citation needed]} though his grandson claims he lived to the age of 115.^[21]

Among Russian emigrants, Russian-born Helen Czechowicz died in the United States February 3, 2006, aged 110 years 33 days. Her age was confirmed through a 1913 ship manifest. Among better known people, poet Sasha Krasny (1882?–1995) is reported to have died at the age of 113.

San Marino

Pasquale Gatti holds the male & sammarinese record (born January 6, 1905) Born in San Marino city in 1905 and older, was born into a family of farmers. In 1921 at the age of 16 years went blind after an accident in a vineyard, so he began playing the accordion. He has two daughters, Franca and Nevia who are still living and 6 grandchildren and 13 great-grandchildren. In 2009 its 104 years were celebrated in the presence of the Captains Regent in office Ernesto Benedettini and Assunta Meloni. Still suffer from blindness in addition to some hearing problem^[22][23].

Slovakia

Anna Michulková holds the Slovak record at 108 years, 55 days (April 19, 1894–June 13, 2002).

Slovenia

The current and all time recordholder is Katarina Marinič, born October 30, 1899.

Ivan Jaklič holds the male record at &0000000000000107.000000107 years, &0000000000000051.00000051 days (December 4, 1899 – January 24, 2007). Jaklič was a citizen of both Slovenia and Croatia, and he also holds the Croatian male longevity record.^[1]

South Africa

Johanna Booyson holds the apparent South African record at 111 years, 151 days (January 17, 1857–June 16, 1968).

Spain

Joan Riudavets holds the overall and the male record for Spain at 114 years, 81 days (December 15, 1889–March 5, 2004).

Maria del Carmen Figueiro Freiria de Salgueiro, commonly known as Carmen Figueiro Freiria, holds the female record at 113 years, 209 days (October 28, 1883–May 25, 1997).

Sweden

Astrid Zachrison holds the female record at 113 years, 0 days (May 15, 1895 – May 15, 2008).

Anders Engberg holds the male record at 111 years, 128 days (July 1, 1892–November 6, 2003).

Switzerland

Rosa Rein (24 March 1897 - 14 February 2010), who was born in present-day Poland (then a part of Germany)

Emma Duvoisin (July 5, 1886 – September 30, 1997) holds the record for the longest-lived Swiss-born person, at age 111 years 87 days.

Fritz Bösch holds the male record at the age of 109 years 273 days (February 25, 1877 – November 25, 1986).^{[citation needed]}

United Kingdom

Charlotte Hughes holds the female record at the age of 115 years 228 days (1 August 1877 – 17 March 1993).

Henry Allingham holds the male record at 113 years 42 days (6 June 1896 – 18 July 2009).

United States

Sarah Knauss holds the female record at 119 years, 97 days (September 24, 1880–December 30, 1999).

Christian Mortensen holds the male record at 115 years, 252 days (August 16, 1882–April 25, 1998). Mortensen immigrated to the USA from Denmark. Among native-born men, the Social Security Administration recognizes Mathew Beard at 114 years, 222 days (July 9, 1870–February 16, 1985); however, the census record match used in determining this case is considered questionable. The oldest American-born man clearly matched by early records is Fred H. Hale, Sr. at 113 years, 354 days (December 1, 1890–November 19, 2004).

References