Near-open central vowel: Wikis

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Categories: Vowels

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Updated live from Wikipedia, last check: June 02, 2012 20:52 UTC (53 seconds ago)

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Vowels

Features

Its vowel height is near-open, which means the tongue is positioned similarly to an open vowel, but slightly more constricted.
Its vowel backness is central, which means the tongue is positioned halfway between a front vowel and a back vowel.
Its vowel roundedness may be rounded or unrounded. If precision is desired, the symbol for the open-mid central unrounded vowel may be used with a lowering diacritic, for the unrounded near-open central vowel, [ɜ̞], and the symbol for the open-mid central rounded vowel with a lowering diacritic may be used for the rounded near-open central vowel, [ɞ̞].

Occurrence

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Arabic	Standard^[1]	?	[t̪afɑqɑˈtɐː]	?	Allophone of long and short /a/ before a word boundary. See Arabic phonology
Chinese	Cantonese	心 sam1	[sɐm˥]	'heart'	See Standard Cantonese
Danish		spiser	[ˈsb̥i(ˀ)sɐ]	'eat(s)' (present)	See Danish phonology
English	California^[2]	nut	[nɐt]	'nut'	<ʌ> may be used to transcribe this vowel as it corresponds to /ʌ/ in other dialects. See English phonology
	RP^[3]	nut	[nɐt]	'nut'
	New Zealand^[4]	car	[kʰɐː]	'car'	May be fronted to [ɐ̟ː] for some speakers.^[5] See New Zealand English
German		Ober	[ˈoːbɐ]	'waiter'	Reduced vowel. See German phonology
Portuguese	Brazilian^[6]	saca	[sakɐ]	'sack'	Reduced vowel. In European Portuguese it may be closer to a mid vowel.^[7] See Portuguese phonology
Russian^[8]		голова	[ɡəlɐˈva]	'head'	Occurs mostly immediately before stressed syllables. See Russian phonology
Tadaksahak		[nɐ]		'to give'
Vietnamese		ăn	[ɐn]	'to eat'	See Vietnamese phonology

Notes

References

Barbosa, Plínio A.; Albano, Eleonora C. (2004), "Brazilian Portuguese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 34 (2): 227–232
Cruz-Ferreira, Madalena (1995), "European Portuguese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 25 (2): 90–94
Kortmann, Bernd; Schneider, Edgar W (2004)). Burridge, Kate. ed. A handbook of varieties of English. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
Ladefoged, Peter (1999), "American English", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association, Cambridge University Press, p. 41–44
Padgett, Jaye; Tabain, Marija (2005), "Adaptive Dispersion Theory and Phonological Vowel Reduction in Russian", Phonetica 62 (1): 14–54
Roca, Iggy; Johnson, Wyn (1999). A Course in Phonology. Blackwell Publishing.
Thelwall, Robin (1990), "Illustrations of the IPA: Arabic", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 20 (2): 37–41

Categories: Vowels

IPA – number	324
IPA – text	ɐ
IPA – image
Entity	ɐ
X-SAMPA	`6`
Kirshenbaum	`&"`
Sound sample (help·info)

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