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Neil Methuen Ritchie
29 July 1897 (1897-07-29) – 11 December 1983 (1983-12-12)
General Ritchie as commander of XII Corps in France
Place of birth	British Guiana (modern Guyana)
Place of death	Toronto, Canada
Allegiance	United Kingdom
Service/branch	British Army
Years of service	1914-1951
Rank	General
Unit	Black Watch
Commands held	51st (Highland) Division Eighth Army 52nd (Lowland) Division XII Corps
Battles/wars	World War I Western Front Mesopotamian campaign World War II Dunkirk evacuation North African Campaign Battle of Gazala Battle of Normandy
Awards	Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the British Empire[1] Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath[2] Distinguished Service Order[3] Military Cross[4] Legion of Merit[5] Knight Grand Officer of the Order of Orange-Nassau with Swords[6] The Order Virtuti Militari, Fifth Class[7]
Other work	Chairman of an insurance company. Colonel of the Black Watch (1950 - )[8]

General Sir Neil Methuen Ritchie GBE, KCB, DSO, MC (29 July 1897 - 11 December 1983) was a senior British army officer during the Second World War.

Military career

Ritchie's military career started in 1914 when he was commissioned as an officer in the Black Watch. During the First World War he served in France and in the Mesopotamian campaign where he won the Military Cross in 1918, for "a fine example of coolness, courage and utter disregard of danger".^[4]

By the start of the Second World War Ritchie had risen to the rank of brigadier, and was involved in the evacuation of Dunkirk. He held posts on the staffs of Wavell, Alanbrooke and Auchinleck and was highly regarded by them all. It was Auchinleck who was to give him his highest field command, the Eighth Army, in November 1941, following the dismissal of Lt-Gen. Alan Cunningham from that position.

Ritchie had the bad luck to hold his highest command during the earliest phases of the war, when British fortunes were at their lowest ebb. The Eighth Army, in North Africa, were the only British land force engaging the Germans anywhere in the world. After some early successes against the Italians the British were pushed back following the arrival of the Afrika Korps under Rommel. Ritchie was originally intended as a temporary appointment until a suitable commander could be found, but in fact ended up commanding the Eighth Army for over six months. He was in command of the Eighth Army at the Battle of Gazala in May-June 1942 where Ritchie failed to exercise strong command over the army and the British were heavily defeated, losing the port of Tobruk. He was sacked by Auchinleck on 25 June 1942 prior to the first battle of El Alamein.

Ritchie (centre) addressing other officers in North Africa.

Auchinleck is often seen as having appointed Ritchie, a relatively junior commander, in order to allow him to closely direct the battle himself as Commander-in-Chief Middle-East. Ritchie was criticised heavily both during and after the war for his failure to stop Rommel. Since then several commentators have come to his defence, most notably Field Marshal Lord Carver.

After being replaced as Eighth Army commander Ritchie was appointed to command the 52nd Division in Britain and later XII Corps during the D-Day landings and the campaign in Europe. The fact that Ritchie regained an active command following his dismissal, unlike his Eighth Army predecessor, Lt-Gen. Cunningham, reflects the high esteem in which he was held by the Chief of the Imperial General Staff, Alanbrooke.

After the war Ritchie remained in the Army becoming General Officer Commanding Scottish Command in 1945 and Commander-in-Chief, Far East Land Forces, in 1947.^[9]

From December 1948 until retirement from the army he held the ceremonial appointment of Aide-de-Camp General to the King^[10] and from September 1950 he was colonel of the Black Watch,^[8] his old regiment. Following his retirement he emigrated to Canada where he became a director of the Canadian subsidiary of Tanqueray Gordon & Co. and in 1954 became chairman of the Mercantile & General Reinsurance Co. of Canada. He died at the age of 86 in Toronto.

Notes

References

• Churchill's Generals, Edited by John Keegan. ISBN 0-349-11317-3
• Biographical Dictionary of British Generals of the Second World War, Nick Smart. ISBN 1-84415-049-6.
• Ammentorp, Steen. "Ritchie, Sir Neil Methuen, General". The Generals of WWII. http://www.generals.dk/general/Ritchie/Sir_Neil_Methuen/Great_Britain.html. Retrieved 2008-06-15.