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.^ Black South Africans voted for the first time in the 1994 election that brought Mandela the presidency of South Africa.- Nelson Mandela Speech - I am Prepared to Die 17 January 2010 19:45 UTC www.historyplace.com [Source type: Original source]
^ President of South Africa, the first to be elected in fully representative democratic elections .- Nelson Mandela - a knol by Anonymous 17 January 2010 19:45 UTC knol.google.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Nelson Mandela:President of South Africa, the first to be elected in fully representative democratic elections [Internet].- Nelson Mandela - a knol by Anonymous 17 January 2010 19:45 UTC knol.google.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ Before his presidency, Mandela was an anti- apartheid activist and leader of the African National Congress and its armed wing Umkhonto we Sizwe .- Nelson Mandela - a knol by Anonymous 17 January 2010 19:45 UTC knol.google.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ One of Queen Mantfombi's sons is expected to eventually succeed Goodwill as monarch of the Zulus , whose Inkatha Party leader, Mangosuthu Buthelezi , was one of the political rivals of Mandela, before and during his presidency.- Nelson Mandela - a knol by Anonymous 17 January 2010 19:45 UTC knol.google.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ After the 1948 election victory of the Afrikaner -dominated National Party with its apartheid policy of racial segregation , Mandela was prominent in the ANC's 1952 Defiance Campaign and the 1955 Congress of the People , whose adoption of the Freedom Charter provided the fundamental program of the anti-apartheid cause.- Nelson Mandela - a knol by Anonymous 17 January 2010 19:45 UTC knol.google.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ He spent 27 years in prison, much of it on Robben Island , on convictions for crimes that included sabotage committed while he spearheaded the struggle against apartheid.- Nelson Mandela - a knol by Anonymous 17 January 2010 19:45 UTC knol.google.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Mandela informed director Spike Lee that he could not utter the phrase on camera fearing that the apartheid government would use it against him if he did.- Nelson Mandela - a knol by Anonymous 17 January 2010 19:45 UTC knol.google.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Charges included involvement in planning armed action, in particular four charges of sabotage , which Mandela admitted to, and a conspiracy to help other countries invade South Africa, which Mandela denied.- Nelson Mandela - a knol by Anonymous 17 January 2010 19:45 UTC knol.google.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ On 25 October 1962 , Mandela was sentenced to five years in prison .- Nelson Mandela - a knol by Anonymous 17 January 2010 19:45 UTC knol.google.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Later, Winnie would be deeply torn by family discord which mirrored the country's political strife; while her husband was serving a life sentence on the Robben Island prison, her father became the agriculture minister in the Transkei.- Nelson Mandela - a knol by Anonymous 17 January 2010 19:45 UTC knol.google.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ A worldwide campaign to free Mandela began in the 1980s and resulted in his release on February 11, 1990, at age 71, after 27 years in prison.- Nelson Mandela Speech - I am Prepared to Die 17 January 2010 19:45 UTC www.historyplace.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ Mandela was released from Victor Verster Prison in Paarl on 11 February 1990 .- Nelson Mandela - a knol by Anonymous 17 January 2010 19:45 UTC knol.google.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ De Klerk announced Mandela's release in February 1990.- Nelson Mandela - a knol by Anonymous 17 January 2010 19:45 UTC knol.google.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Following his release from prison on 11 February 1990 , his switch to a policy of reconciliation and negotiation helped lead the transition to multi-racial democracy in South Africa.- Nelson Mandela - a knol by Anonymous 17 January 2010 19:45 UTC knol.google.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ Since the end of apartheid, he has been widely praised, even by former opponents.- Nelson Mandela - a knol by Anonymous 17 January 2010 19:45 UTC knol.google.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ In South Africa he is often known as Madiba , an honorary title adopted by elders of Mandela's clan.- Nelson Mandela - a knol by Anonymous 17 January 2010 19:45 UTC knol.google.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Young Nelson Mandela Mandela belongs to a cadet branch of the Thembu dynasty which (nominally) reigns in the Transkeian Territories of the Union of South Africa 's Cape Province .- Nelson Mandela - a knol by Anonymous 17 January 2010 19:45 UTC knol.google.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The second charge accused the defendants of plotting a foreign invasion of South Africa, which Mandela denied.- Nelson Mandela - a knol by Anonymous 17 January 2010 19:45 UTC knol.google.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ The title has come to be synonymous with Nelson Mandela.- Nelson Mandela - a knol by Anonymous 17 January 2010 19:45 UTC knol.google.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ Mandela has received more than one hundred awards over four decades, most notably the Nobel Peace Prize in 1993.- Nelson Mandela - a knol by Anonymous 17 January 2010 19:45 UTC knol.google.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Main article: List of Nelson Mandela awards and honours Mandela has received many South African, foreign and international honours, including the Nobel Peace Prize in 1993 (which was shared with Frederik Willem de Klerk ), the Order of Merit and the Order of St. John from Queen Elizabeth II and the Presidential Medal of Freedom from George W. Bush .- Nelson Mandela - a knol by Anonymous 17 January 2010 19:45 UTC knol.google.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Mandela's leadership through the negotiations, as well as his relationship with President F.W. de Klerk, was recognised when they were jointly awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1993.- Nelson Mandela - a knol by Anonymous 17 January 2010 19:45 UTC knol.google.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ Simple Minds recorded the song Mandela Day for the concert, Santana recorded the instrumental Mandela , and Tracy Chapman performed Freedom Now , dedicated to Mandela and released on her album Crossroads .- Nelson Mandela - a knol by Anonymous 17 January 2010 19:45 UTC knol.google.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ On 18 July 2007 , Nelson Mandela, Graça Machel , and Desmond Tutu convened a group of world leaders in Johannesburg to contribute their wisdom and independent leadership to address the world's toughest problems.- Nelson Mandela - a knol by Anonymous 17 January 2010 19:45 UTC knol.google.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ "Is it because the secretary-general of the United Nations is now a black man?- Nelson Mandela - a knol by Anonymous 17 January 2010 19:45 UTC knol.google.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[2]
Early life
.^ Young Nelson Mandela Mandela belongs to a cadet branch of the Thembu dynasty which (nominally) reigns in the Transkeian Territories of the Union of South Africa 's Cape Province .- Nelson Mandela - a knol by Anonymous 17 January 2010 19:45 UTC knol.google.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ UNIDENTIFIED MALE: There's Mr. Mandela, Mr. Nelson Mandela, a free man taking his first steps into a new South Africa.- CNN Transcript - Larry King Live: President Nelson Mandela One-on-One - May 16, 2000 17 January 2010 19:45 UTC transcripts.cnn.com [Source type: Original source]
^ As a member by marriage of a reigning foreign dynasty, she was able to visit her father during his South African imprisonment while other family members were denied access.- Nelson Mandela - a knol by Anonymous 17 January 2010 19:45 UTC knol.google.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[3] .^ He was born in the small village of Mvezo in the district of Umtata , the Transkei capital.- Nelson Mandela - a knol by Anonymous 17 January 2010 19:45 UTC knol.google.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[3] .^ His great-grandfather was Ngubengcuka (died 1832), the Inkosi Enkhulu or King of the Thembu people, who were eventually subjected to British colonial rule.- Nelson Mandela - a knol by Anonymous 17 January 2010 19:45 UTC knol.google.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[4] .^ One of the king's sons, named Mandela , became Nelson's grandfather and the source of his surname .- Nelson Mandela - a knol by Anonymous 17 January 2010 19:45 UTC knol.google.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ KING: We're back with Nelson Mandela.- CNN Transcript - Larry King Live: President Nelson Mandela One-on-One - May 16, 2000 17 January 2010 19:45 UTC transcripts.cnn.com [Source type: Original source]
^ One of the most popular was from the The Specials who recorded the song Nelson Mandela in 1983.- Nelson Mandela - a knol by Anonymous 17 January 2010 19:45 UTC knol.google.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ However, being only the Inkosi's child by a wife of the Ixhiba clan (the so-called "Left-Hand House"), the descendants of his branch of the royal family were not eligible to succeed to the Thembu throne.- Nelson Mandela - a knol by Anonymous 17 January 2010 19:45 UTC knol.google.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Mandela was born to Gadla's third wife ('third' by a complex royal ranking system), Nosekeni Fanny , daughter of Nkedama of the Mpemvu Xhosa clan, the dynastic Right Hand House, in whose umzi or homestead Mandela spent much of his childhood.- Nelson Mandela - a knol by Anonymous 17 January 2010 19:45 UTC knol.google.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ He also became close friends with his kinsman , Kaiser ("K.D.") Matanzima who, however, as royal scion of the Thembu Right Hand House, was destined for the throne of Transkei, a role that later led him to embrace Bantustan policies which made him and Mandela political enemies.- Nelson Mandela - a knol by Anonymous 17 January 2010 19:45 UTC knol.google.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ His father, Gadla Henry Mphakanyiswa (1880–1928), was nonetheless designated chief of the town of Mvezo.- Nelson Mandela - a knol by Anonymous 17 January 2010 19:45 UTC knol.google.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[6] .^ Upon alienating the colonial authorities, however, he was deprived of his position, and moved his family to Qunu.- Nelson Mandela - a knol by Anonymous 17 January 2010 19:45 UTC knol.google.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ Gadla remained, however, a member of the Inkosi's Privy Council , and was instrumental in the ascension to the Thembu throne of Jongintaba Dalindyebo , who would later return this favour by informally adopting Mandela upon Gadla's death.- Nelson Mandela - a knol by Anonymous 17 January 2010 19:45 UTC knol.google.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ Gadla remained, however, a member of the Inkosi's Privy Council , and was instrumental in the ascension to the Thembu throne of Jongintaba Dalindyebo , who would later return this favour by informally adopting Mandela upon Gadla's death.- Nelson Mandela - a knol by Anonymous 17 January 2010 19:45 UTC knol.google.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[7] .^ Mandela's father had four wives, with whom he fathered a total of thirteen children (four boys and nine girls).- Nelson Mandela - a knol by Anonymous 17 January 2010 19:45 UTC knol.google.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Mandela has been married three times, has fathered six children, has twenty grandchildren, and a growing number of great-grandchildren.- Nelson Mandela - a knol by Anonymous 17 January 2010 19:45 UTC knol.google.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Ayob claimed that this money was paid to the South African Revenue Service , to Mandela's children and grandchildren, to Mandela himself, and to an accounting company for four years of accounting work.- Nelson Mandela - a knol by Anonymous 17 January 2010 19:45 UTC knol.google.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[7] .^ Mandela was born to Gadla's third wife ('third' by a complex royal ranking system), Nosekeni Fanny , daughter of Nkedama of the Mpemvu Xhosa clan, the dynastic Right Hand House, in whose umzi or homestead Mandela spent much of his childhood.- Nelson Mandela - a knol by Anonymous 17 January 2010 19:45 UTC knol.google.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ Mandela was born to Gadla's third wife ('third' by a complex royal ranking system), Nosekeni Fanny , daughter of Nkedama of the Mpemvu Xhosa clan, the dynastic Right Hand House, in whose umzi or homestead Mandela spent much of his childhood.- Nelson Mandela - a knol by Anonymous 17 January 2010 19:45 UTC knol.google.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[8] His
given name Rolihlahla means "to pull a branch of a tree", or more colloquially, "troublemaker".
[9][10]
Rolihlahla Mandela became the first member of his family to attend a school, where his teacher Miss Mdingane gave him the English name "Nelson".
[11]
Nelson Mandela circa 1937
[12]
.^ His father died of tuberculosis when Rolihlahla was nine, and the Regent , Jongintaba, became his guardian .- Nelson Mandela - a knol by Anonymous 17 January 2010 19:45 UTC knol.google.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Mandela's father had four wives, with whom he fathered a total of thirteen children (four boys and nine girls).- Nelson Mandela - a knol by Anonymous 17 January 2010 19:45 UTC knol.google.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Ironically, it was this paramount chief 's grandfather, the Regent Jongintaba, whose selection of a bride for him prompted Mandela to flee to Johannesburg as a young man.- Nelson Mandela - a knol by Anonymous 17 January 2010 19:45 UTC knol.google.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[7] .^ Mandela attended a Wesleyan mission school next door to the palace of the Regent.- Nelson Mandela - a knol by Anonymous 17 January 2010 19:45 UTC knol.google.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Destined to inherit his father's position as a privy councillor, in 1937 Mandela moved to Healdtown , the Wesleyan college in Fort Beaufort which most Thembu royalty attended.- Nelson Mandela - a knol by Anonymous 17 January 2010 19:45 UTC knol.google.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ Following Thembu custom, he was initiated at age sixteen, and attended Clarkebury Boarding Institute .- Nelson Mandela - a knol by Anonymous 17 January 2010 19:45 UTC knol.google.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[13] .^ He completed his Junior Certificate in two years, instead of the usual three.- Nelson Mandela - a knol by Anonymous 17 January 2010 19:45 UTC knol.google.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ A further three years elapsed until Mandela's offer was repeated to Major's successor, Tony Blair , when the president visited London in July 1997.- Nelson Mandela - a knol by Anonymous 17 January 2010 19:45 UTC knol.google.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[13] .^ Destined to inherit his father's position as a privy councillor, in 1937 Mandela moved to Healdtown , the Wesleyan college in Fort Beaufort which most Thembu royalty attended.- Nelson Mandela - a knol by Anonymous 17 January 2010 19:45 UTC knol.google.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Mandela attended a Wesleyan mission school next door to the palace of the Regent.- Nelson Mandela - a knol by Anonymous 17 January 2010 19:45 UTC knol.google.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[14] .^ Aged nineteen, he took an interest in boxing and running .- Nelson Mandela - a knol by Anonymous 17 January 2010 19:45 UTC knol.google.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[8]
.^ MANDELA: Especially because Oliver Tambo, who really overshadowed all of us in his wisdom, his commitment, his humility, but he had the stroke and he eventually died.- CNN Transcript - Larry King Live: President Nelson Mandela One-on-One - May 16, 2000 17 January 2010 19:45 UTC transcripts.cnn.com [Source type: Original source]
Tambo and Mandela became lifelong friends and colleagues.
.^ He also became close friends with his kinsman , Kaiser ("K.D.") Matanzima who, however, as royal scion of the Thembu Right Hand House, was destined for the throne of Transkei, a role that later led him to embrace Bantustan policies which made him and Mandela political enemies.- Nelson Mandela - a knol by Anonymous 17 January 2010 19:45 UTC knol.google.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Later, Winnie would be deeply torn by family discord which mirrored the country's political strife; while her husband was serving a life sentence on the Robben Island prison, her father became the agriculture minister in the Transkei.- Nelson Mandela - a knol by Anonymous 17 January 2010 19:45 UTC knol.google.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ However, being only the Inkosi's child by a wife of the Ixhiba clan (the so-called "Left-Hand House"), the descendants of his branch of the royal family were not eligible to succeed to the Thembu throne.- Nelson Mandela - a knol by Anonymous 17 January 2010 19:45 UTC knol.google.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ Mandela informed director Spike Lee that he could not utter the phrase on camera fearing that the apartheid government would use it against him if he did.- Nelson Mandela - a knol by Anonymous 17 January 2010 19:45 UTC knol.google.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Mandela stated he would support action against Iraq only if it is ordered by the UN .- Nelson Mandela - a knol by Anonymous 17 January 2010 19:45 UTC knol.google.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[8] .^ Whilst in prison Mandela undertook study with the University of London by correspondence through its External Programme and received the degree of Bachelor of Laws .- Nelson Mandela - a knol by Anonymous 17 January 2010 19:45 UTC knol.google.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ At the end of Nelson's first year, he became involved in a boycott by the Students' Representative Council against the university policies, and was asked to leave Fort Hare .- Nelson Mandela - a knol by Anonymous 17 January 2010 19:45 UTC knol.google.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Later, while imprisoned, Mandela studied for a Bachelor of Laws from the University of London External Programme (see below).- Nelson Mandela - a knol by Anonymous 17 January 2010 19:45 UTC knol.google.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
Shortly after leaving Fort Hare, Jongintaba announced to Mandela and Justice (the regent's son and heir to the throne) that he had arranged marriages for both of them.
.^ Both young men were displeased by this and rather than marry, they elected to flee the comforts of the Regent's estate to go to Johannesburg .- Nelson Mandela - a knol by Anonymous 17 January 2010 19:45 UTC knol.google.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[16] .^ Upon his arrival, Mandela initially found employment as a guard at a mine.- Nelson Mandela - a knol by Anonymous 17 January 2010 19:45 UTC knol.google.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[17] .^ However, this was quickly terminated after the employer learned that Mandela was the Regent's runaway adopted son.- Nelson Mandela - a knol by Anonymous 17 January 2010 19:45 UTC knol.google.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ He later started work as an articled clerk at a law firm thanks to connections with his friend and mentor, realtor Walter Sisulu .- Nelson Mandela - a knol by Anonymous 17 January 2010 19:45 UTC knol.google.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Later, while imprisoned, Mandela studied for a Bachelor of Laws from the University of London External Programme (see below).- Nelson Mandela - a knol by Anonymous 17 January 2010 19:45 UTC knol.google.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ However, he later co-operated with his friend, journalist Anthony Sampson who discussed those issues in Mandela: The Authorised Biography .- Nelson Mandela - a knol by Anonymous 17 January 2010 19:45 UTC knol.google.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[17] .^ While working there, he completed his B.A. degree at the University of South Africa via correspondence, after which he started with his law studies at the University of Witwatersrand , where he first befriended fellow students and future anti-apartheid political activists Joe Slovo , Harry Schwarz and Ruth First .- Nelson Mandela - a knol by Anonymous 17 January 2010 19:45 UTC knol.google.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Young Nelson Mandela Mandela belongs to a cadet branch of the Thembu dynasty which (nominally) reigns in the Transkeian Territories of the Union of South Africa 's Cape Province .- Nelson Mandela - a knol by Anonymous 17 January 2010 19:45 UTC knol.google.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ In South Africa's first post-apartheid military operation , Mandela ordered troops into Lesotho in September 1998 to protect the government of Prime Minister Pakalitha Mosisili .- Nelson Mandela - a knol by Anonymous 17 January 2010 19:45 UTC knol.google.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
Slovo would eventually become Mandela's Minister of Housing, while Schwarz would become his
Ambassador to Washington.
.^ During this time Mandela lived in Alexandra township, north of Johannesburg.- Nelson Mandela - a knol by Anonymous 17 January 2010 19:45 UTC knol.google.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Main article: Rivonia Trial On 5 August 1962 Mandela was arrested after living on the run for seventeen months, and was imprisoned in the Johannesburg Fort.- Nelson Mandela - a knol by Anonymous 17 January 2010 19:45 UTC knol.google.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ While Mandela was imprisoned, police arrested prominent ANC leaders on 11 July 1963 , at Liliesleaf Farm, Rivonia, north of Johannesburg.- Nelson Mandela - a knol by Anonymous 17 January 2010 19:45 UTC knol.google.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[18]Political activity
.^ The ANC won 62% of the votes in the election, and Mandela, as leader of the ANC, was inaugurated on 10 May 1994 as the country's first black President , with the National Party's de Klerk as his first deputy and Thabo Mbeki as the second in the Government of National Unity .- Nelson Mandela - a knol by Anonymous 17 January 2010 19:45 UTC knol.google.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ After the 1948 election victory of the Afrikaner -dominated National Party with its apartheid policy of racial segregation , Mandela was prominent in the ANC's 1952 Defiance Campaign and the 1955 Congress of the People , whose adoption of the Freedom Charter provided the fundamental program of the anti-apartheid cause.- Nelson Mandela - a knol by Anonymous 17 January 2010 19:45 UTC knol.google.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Main article: Negotiations to end apartheid in South Africa Following his release from prison, Mandela returned to the leadership of the ANC and, between 1990 and 1994, led the party in the multi-party negotiations that led to the country's first multi-racial elections.- Nelson Mandela - a knol by Anonymous 17 January 2010 19:45 UTC knol.google.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ After the 1948 election victory of the Afrikaner -dominated National Party with its apartheid policy of racial segregation , Mandela was prominent in the ANC's 1952 Defiance Campaign and the 1955 Congress of the People , whose adoption of the Freedom Charter provided the fundamental program of the anti-apartheid cause.- Nelson Mandela - a knol by Anonymous 17 January 2010 19:45 UTC knol.google.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Before his presidency, Mandela was an anti- apartheid activist and leader of the African National Congress and its armed wing Umkhonto we Sizwe .- Nelson Mandela - a knol by Anonymous 17 January 2010 19:45 UTC knol.google.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The campaign to erect the statue was started in 2000 by the late Donald Woods , a South African journalist driven into exile because of his anti-apartheid activities.- Nelson Mandela - a knol by Anonymous 17 January 2010 19:45 UTC knol.google.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[20][21] .^ During this time, Mandela and fellow lawyer Oliver Tambo operated the law firm of Mandela and Tambo , providing free or low-cost legal counsel to many blacks who would otherwise have been without representation.- Nelson Mandela - a knol by Anonymous 17 January 2010 19:45 UTC knol.google.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ However, he later co-operated with his friend, journalist Anthony Sampson who discussed those issues in Mandela: The Authorised Biography .- Nelson Mandela - a knol by Anonymous 17 January 2010 19:45 UTC knol.google.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ His old friend and colleague Oliver Tambo, who had led the organisation in exile during Mandela's imprisonment, became National Chairperson.- Nelson Mandela - a knol by Anonymous 17 January 2010 19:45 UTC knol.google.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[22]
Mahatma Gandhi influenced Mandela's approach, and subsequently the methods of succeeding generations of South African anti-apartheid activists.
[23][24] .^ Indeed, Mandela took part in the 29 January – 30 January 2007 conference in New Delhi which marked the 100th anniversary of Gandhi's introduction of satyagraha in South Africa.- Nelson Mandela - a knol by Anonymous 17 January 2010 19:45 UTC knol.google.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Young Nelson Mandela Mandela belongs to a cadet branch of the Thembu dynasty which (nominally) reigns in the Transkeian Territories of the Union of South Africa 's Cape Province .- Nelson Mandela - a knol by Anonymous 17 January 2010 19:45 UTC knol.google.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ On 29 August 2007 , a statue of Nelson Mandela was unveiled at Parliament Square in London by Richard Attenborough , Ken Livingstone , Wendy Woods, and Gordon Brown .- Nelson Mandela - a knol by Anonymous 17 January 2010 19:45 UTC knol.google.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[25]
.^ Initially committed to non-violent mass struggle , Mandela was arrested with 150 others on 5 December 1956 and charged with treason.- Nelson Mandela - a knol by Anonymous 17 January 2010 19:45 UTC knol.google.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ The marathon Treason Trial of 1956–61 followed, and all were acquitted.- Nelson Mandela - a knol by Anonymous 17 January 2010 19:45 UTC knol.google.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[26] .^ From 1952–59 the ANC experienced disruption as a new class of Black activists (Africanists) emerged in the townships demanding more drastic steps against the National Party regime.- Nelson Mandela - a knol by Anonymous 17 January 2010 19:45 UTC knol.google.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The ANC won 62% of the votes in the election, and Mandela, as leader of the ANC, was inaugurated on 10 May 1994 as the country's first black President , with the National Party's de Klerk as his first deputy and Thabo Mbeki as the second in the Government of National Unity .- Nelson Mandela - a knol by Anonymous 17 January 2010 19:45 UTC knol.google.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ It was speculated that this was to remove the influence of these senior leaders on the new generation of young black activists imprisoned on Robben Island, the so-called "Mandela University".- Nelson Mandela - a knol by Anonymous 17 January 2010 19:45 UTC knol.google.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[27] .^ The ANC leadership of Albert Luthuli , Oliver Tambo and Walter Sisulu felt not only that events were moving too fast, but also that their leadership was challenged.- Nelson Mandela - a knol by Anonymous 17 January 2010 19:45 UTC knol.google.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[27] .^ They consequently bolstered their position by alliances with small White, Coloured and Indian political parties in an attempt to appear to have a wider appeal than the Africanists.- Nelson Mandela - a knol by Anonymous 17 January 2010 19:45 UTC knol.google.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[27] .^ The 1955 Freedom Charter Kliptown Conference was ridiculed by the Africanists for allowing the 100,000-strong ANC to be relegated to a single vote in a Congress alliance, in which four secretaries-general of the five participating parties were members of the secretly reconstituted South African Communist Party (SACP), strongly adhering to the Moscow line.- Nelson Mandela - a knol by Anonymous 17 January 2010 19:45 UTC knol.google.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ The 1955 Freedom Charter Kliptown Conference was ridiculed by the Africanists for allowing the 100,000-strong ANC to be relegated to a single vote in a Congress alliance, in which four secretaries-general of the five participating parties were members of the secretly reconstituted South African Communist Party (SACP), strongly adhering to the Moscow line.- Nelson Mandela - a knol by Anonymous 17 January 2010 19:45 UTC knol.google.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Mandela's approach was influenced by Mahatma Gandhi , who inspired him and succeeding generations of South African anti-apartheid activists.- Nelson Mandela - a knol by Anonymous 17 January 2010 19:45 UTC knol.google.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ However, National Party minister Kobie Coetsee says that the move was to enable discreet contact between them and the South African government.- Nelson Mandela - a knol by Anonymous 17 January 2010 19:45 UTC knol.google.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[28][29] .^ The 1955 Freedom Charter Kliptown Conference was ridiculed by the Africanists for allowing the 100,000-strong ANC to be relegated to a single vote in a Congress alliance, in which four secretaries-general of the five participating parties were members of the secretly reconstituted South African Communist Party (SACP), strongly adhering to the Moscow line.- Nelson Mandela - a knol by Anonymous 17 January 2010 19:45 UTC knol.google.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The ANC leadership of Albert Luthuli , Oliver Tambo and Walter Sisulu felt not only that events were moving too fast, but also that their leadership was challenged.- Nelson Mandela - a knol by Anonymous 17 January 2010 19:45 UTC knol.google.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ In 1959 the ANC lost its most militant support when most of the Africanists, with financial support from Ghana and significant political support from the Transvaal -based Basotho , broke away to form the Pan Africanist Congress (PAC) under Robert Sobukwe and Potlako Leballo .- Nelson Mandela - a knol by Anonymous 17 January 2010 19:45 UTC knol.google.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[31]
Anti-apartheid activities
In 1961, Mandela became leader of the ANC's armed wing,
Umkhonto we Sizwe (translated
Spear of the Nation, and also abbreviated
MK), which he co-founded.
[32] .^ He coordinated a sabotage campaign against military and government targets, and made plans for a possible guerrilla war if sabotage failed to end apartheid.- Nelson Mandela - a knol by Anonymous 17 January 2010 19:45 UTC knol.google.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Mandela informed director Spike Lee that he could not utter the phrase on camera fearing that the apartheid government would use it against him if he did.- Nelson Mandela - a knol by Anonymous 17 January 2010 19:45 UTC knol.google.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ A few decades later, MK did wage a guerrilla war against the regime, especially during the 1980s, in which many civilians were killed.- Nelson Mandela - a knol by Anonymous 17 January 2010 19:45 UTC knol.google.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[33] Mandela also raised funds for MK abroad and arranged for
paramilitary training of the group.
[33].^ Fellow ANC member Wolfie Kadesh describes the bombing campaign led by Mandela: "When we knew that we going to start on December 16 , 1961 , to blast the symbolic places of apartheid, like pass offices, native magistrates courts, and things like that ...- Nelson Mandela - a knol by Anonymous 17 January 2010 19:45 UTC knol.google.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Mandela went on to explain how they developed the Manifesto of Umkhonto we Sizwe on 16 December 1961 intent on exposing the failure of the National Party's policies after the economy would be threatened by foreigners' unwillingness to risk investing in the country.- Nelson Mandela - a knol by Anonymous 17 January 2010 19:45 UTC knol.google.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Among opponents of apartheid in South Africa and internationally, he became a symbol of freedom and equality, while the apartheid government and nations sympathetic to it condemned him and the ANC as communists and terrorists .- Nelson Mandela - a knol by Anonymous 17 January 2010 19:45 UTC knol.google.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
post offices and ... the government offices.
.^ But we were to do it in such a way that nobody would be hurt, nobody would get killed."- Nelson Mandela - a knol by Anonymous 17 January 2010 19:45 UTC knol.google.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[34] Mandela said of Wolfie: "His knowledge of warfare and his first hand battle experience were extremely helpful to me."
[10]
.^ Mandela explains the move to embark on armed struggle as a last resort, when increasing repression and violence from the state convinced him that many years of non-violent protest against apartheid had achieved nothing and could not succeed.- Nelson Mandela - a knol by Anonymous 17 January 2010 19:45 UTC knol.google.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ He urged the people of the U.S. to join massive protests against Bush and called on world leaders, especially those with vetoes in the UN Security Council , to oppose him.- Nelson Mandela - a knol by Anonymous 17 January 2010 19:45 UTC knol.google.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Our resort to the armed struggle in 1960 with the formation of the military wing of the ANC ( Umkhonto we Sizwe ) was a purely defensive action against the violence of apartheid.- Nelson Mandela - a knol by Anonymous 17 January 2010 19:45 UTC knol.google.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[10][35]
Later, mostly in the 1980s, MK waged a guerrilla war against the apartheid regime in which many
civilians became casualties.
[33] .^ Mandela later admitted that the ANC, in its struggle against apartheid, also violated human rights, and has sharply criticised attempts by parts of his party to remove statements supporting this fact from the reports of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission .- Nelson Mandela - a knol by Anonymous 17 January 2010 19:45 UTC knol.google.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Mandela explains the move to embark on armed struggle as a last resort, when increasing repression and violence from the state convinced him that many years of non-violent protest against apartheid had achieved nothing and could not succeed.- Nelson Mandela - a knol by Anonymous 17 January 2010 19:45 UTC knol.google.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ He declared his commitment to peace and reconciliation with the country's white minority, but made it clear that the ANC's armed struggle was not yet over: .- Nelson Mandela - a knol by Anonymous 17 January 2010 19:45 UTC knol.google.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[36].^ Up until July 2008, Mandela and ANC party members were barred from entering the United States —except the United Nations headquarters in Manhattan — without a special waiver from the US Secretary of State , due to their designation as terrorists by the former South African apartheid regime.- Nelson Mandela - a knol by Anonymous 17 January 2010 19:45 UTC knol.google.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ "Is it because the secretary-general of the United Nations is now a black man?- Nelson Mandela - a knol by Anonymous 17 January 2010 19:45 UTC knol.google.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ From 1952–59 the ANC experienced disruption as a new class of Black activists (Africanists) emerged in the townships demanding more drastic steps against the National Party regime.- Nelson Mandela - a knol by Anonymous 17 January 2010 19:45 UTC knol.google.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[37][38]
Arrest and Rivonia trial
Main article:
Rivonia Trial.^ Main article: Rivonia Trial On 5 August 1962 Mandela was arrested after living on the run for seventeen months, and was imprisoned in the Johannesburg Fort.- Nelson Mandela - a knol by Anonymous 17 January 2010 19:45 UTC knol.google.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ During this time Mandela lived in Alexandra township, north of Johannesburg.- Nelson Mandela - a knol by Anonymous 17 January 2010 19:45 UTC knol.google.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ While Mandela was imprisoned, police arrested prominent ANC leaders on 11 July 1963 , at Liliesleaf Farm, Rivonia, north of Johannesburg.- Nelson Mandela - a knol by Anonymous 17 January 2010 19:45 UTC knol.google.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[39] The arrest was made possible because the U.S.
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) tipped off the security police as to Mandela's whereabouts and disguise.
[40][41][42] .^ Three days later, the charges of leading workers to strike in 1961 and leaving the country illegally were read to him during a court appearance.- Nelson Mandela - a knol by Anonymous 17 January 2010 19:45 UTC knol.google.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ On 25 October 1962 , Mandela was sentenced to five years in prison .- Nelson Mandela - a knol by Anonymous 17 January 2010 19:45 UTC knol.google.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Later the same year, at the Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting (CHOGM) at Edinburgh in October 1997, Mandela warned: .- Nelson Mandela - a knol by Anonymous 17 January 2010 19:45 UTC knol.google.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Robben Island prison yard Nelson Mandela's prison cell on Robben Island Nelson Mandela was imprisoned on Robben Island where he remained for the next eighteen of his twenty-seven years in prison.- Nelson Mandela - a knol by Anonymous 17 January 2010 19:45 UTC knol.google.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ Two years later on 11 June 1964 , a verdict had been reached concerning his previous engagement in the African National Congress (ANC).- Nelson Mandela - a knol by Anonymous 17 January 2010 19:45 UTC knol.google.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ African National Congress ( 1992 - 04-12 ).- Nelson Mandela - a knol by Anonymous 17 January 2010 19:45 UTC knol.google.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ African National Congress ( 1992 - 06-18 ).- Nelson Mandela - a knol by Anonymous 17 January 2010 19:45 UTC knol.google.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[43]
.^ While Mandela was imprisoned, police arrested prominent ANC leaders on 11 July 1963 , at Liliesleaf Farm, Rivonia, north of Johannesburg.- Nelson Mandela - a knol by Anonymous 17 January 2010 19:45 UTC knol.google.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The arrest was made possible because the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) tipped off the security police as to Mandela's whereabouts and disguise.- Nelson Mandela - a knol by Anonymous 17 January 2010 19:45 UTC knol.google.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ On 18 July 2007 , Nelson Mandela, Graça Machel , and Desmond Tutu convened a group of world leaders in Johannesburg to contribute their wisdom and independent leadership to address the world's toughest problems.- Nelson Mandela - a knol by Anonymous 17 January 2010 19:45 UTC knol.google.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
Mandela was brought in, and at the
Rivonia Trial they were charged by the chief prosecutor Dr.
Percy Yutar with the capital crimes of sabotage (which Mandela admitted) and crimes which were equivalent to
treason, but easier for the government to prove.
[44] .^ The second charge accused the defendants of plotting a foreign invasion of South Africa, which Mandela denied.- Nelson Mandela - a knol by Anonymous 17 January 2010 19:45 UTC knol.google.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Young Nelson Mandela Mandela belongs to a cadet branch of the Thembu dynasty which (nominally) reigns in the Transkeian Territories of the Union of South Africa 's Cape Province .- Nelson Mandela - a knol by Anonymous 17 January 2010 19:45 UTC knol.google.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Charges included involvement in planning armed action, in particular four charges of sabotage , which Mandela admitted to, and a conspiracy to help other countries invade South Africa, which Mandela denied.- Nelson Mandela - a knol by Anonymous 17 January 2010 19:45 UTC knol.google.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[44]
.^ In his statement from the dock at the opening of the defence case in the trial on 20 April 1964 at Pretoria Supreme Court, Mandela laid out the clarity of reasoning in the ANC's choice to use violence as a tactic.- Nelson Mandela - a knol by Anonymous 17 January 2010 19:45 UTC knol.google.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ "I am Prepared to Die" — Nelson Mandela's statement from the dock at the opening of the defence case in the Rivonia Trial ".- Nelson Mandela - a knol by Anonymous 17 January 2010 19:45 UTC knol.google.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ His statement revealed how the ANC had used peaceful means to resist apartheid for years until the Sharpeville Massacre .- Nelson Mandela - a knol by Anonymous 17 January 2010 19:45 UTC knol.google.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[45] .^ His statement revealed how the ANC had used peaceful means to resist apartheid for years until the Sharpeville Massacre .- Nelson Mandela - a knol by Anonymous 17 January 2010 19:45 UTC knol.google.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[46] .^ That event coupled with the referendum establishing the Republic of South Africa and the declaration of a state of emergency along with the banning of the ANC made it clear that their only choice was to resist through acts of sabotage.- Nelson Mandela - a knol by Anonymous 17 January 2010 19:45 UTC knol.google.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Doing otherwise would have been tantamount to unconditional surrender.- Nelson Mandela - a knol by Anonymous 17 January 2010 19:45 UTC knol.google.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ However, talks resumed following the Bisho massacre in September 1992, when the spectre of violent confrontation made it clear that negotiations were the only way forward.- Nelson Mandela - a knol by Anonymous 17 January 2010 19:45 UTC knol.google.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[46] .^ Mandela went on to explain how they developed the Manifesto of Umkhonto we Sizwe on 16 December 1961 intent on exposing the failure of the National Party's policies after the economy would be threatened by foreigners' unwillingness to risk investing in the country.- Nelson Mandela - a knol by Anonymous 17 January 2010 19:45 UTC knol.google.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The ANC won 62% of the votes in the election, and Mandela, as leader of the ANC, was inaugurated on 10 May 1994 as the country's first black President , with the National Party's de Klerk as his first deputy and Thabo Mbeki as the second in the Government of National Unity .- Nelson Mandela - a knol by Anonymous 17 January 2010 19:45 UTC knol.google.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ African National Congress ( 1961 - 12-16 ).- Nelson Mandela - a knol by Anonymous 17 January 2010 19:45 UTC knol.google.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[47] He closed his statement with these words:
| “ |
.^ During my lifetime I have dedicated myself to the struggle of the African people.- Nelson Mandela - a knol by Anonymous 17 January 2010 19:45 UTC knol.google.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ I have fought against white domination, and I have fought against black domination.- Nelson Mandela - a knol by Anonymous 17 January 2010 19:45 UTC knol.google.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ I have cherished the ideal of a democratic and free society in which all persons live together in harmony and with equal opportunities.- Nelson Mandela - a knol by Anonymous 17 January 2010 19:45 UTC knol.google.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
It is an ideal which I hope to live for and to achieve. .^ But if needs be, it is an ideal for which I am prepared to die.- Nelson Mandela - a knol by Anonymous 17 January 2010 19:45 UTC knol.google.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[35] |
” |
Bram Fischer, Vernon Berrange,
Harry Schwarz,
Joel Joffe,
Arthur Chaskalson and
George Bizos were part of the defence team that represented the accused.
[48] .^ Harold Hanson was brought in at the end of the case to plead mitigation.- Nelson Mandela - a knol by Anonymous 17 January 2010 19:45 UTC knol.google.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[49] .^ All except Rusty Bernstein were found guilty, but they escaped the gallows and were sentenced to life imprisonment on 12 June 1964 .- Nelson Mandela - a knol by Anonymous 17 January 2010 19:45 UTC knol.google.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Charges included involvement in planning armed action, in particular four charges of sabotage , which Mandela admitted to, and a conspiracy to help other countries invade South Africa, which Mandela denied.- Nelson Mandela - a knol by Anonymous 17 January 2010 19:45 UTC knol.google.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Mandela was brought in, and at the Rivonia Trial , they were charged by the chief prosecutor Dr. Percy Yutar with the capital crimes of sabotage (which Mandela admitted) and crimes which were equivalent to treason , but easier for the government to prove.- Nelson Mandela - a knol by Anonymous 17 January 2010 19:45 UTC knol.google.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[49]
Imprisonment
Nelson Mandela's prison cell on Robben Island
.^ Robben Island prison yard Nelson Mandela's prison cell on Robben Island Nelson Mandela was imprisoned on Robben Island where he remained for the next eighteen of his twenty-seven years in prison.- Nelson Mandela - a knol by Anonymous 17 January 2010 19:45 UTC knol.google.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ How the CIA sent Nelson Mandela to prison for 28 years ".- Nelson Mandela - a knol by Anonymous 17 January 2010 19:45 UTC knol.google.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The Nelson Mandela Invitational charity golf tournament, hosted by Gary Player , has raised over twenty million rands for children's charities since its inception in 2000.- Nelson Mandela - a knol by Anonymous 17 January 2010 19:45 UTC knol.google.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[50] .^ Among opponents of apartheid in South Africa and internationally, he became a symbol of freedom and equality, while the apartheid government and nations sympathetic to it condemned him and the ANC as communists and terrorists .- Nelson Mandela - a knol by Anonymous 17 January 2010 19:45 UTC knol.google.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ This was widely seen as a major step in the reconciliation of white and black South Africans.- Nelson Mandela - a knol by Anonymous 17 January 2010 19:45 UTC knol.google.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Mandela encouraged black South Africans to get behind the previously hated Springboks (the South African national rugby team) as South Africa hosted the 1995 Rugby World Cup .- Nelson Mandela - a knol by Anonymous 17 January 2010 19:45 UTC knol.google.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[1] .^ On the island, he and others performed hard labour in a lime quarry.- Nelson Mandela - a knol by Anonymous 17 January 2010 19:45 UTC knol.google.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[51] .^ Prison conditions were very basic.- Nelson Mandela - a knol by Anonymous 17 January 2010 19:45 UTC knol.google.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ Prisoners were segregated by race, with black prisoners receiving the fewest rations.- Nelson Mandela - a knol by Anonymous 17 January 2010 19:45 UTC knol.google.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[52] Political prisoners were kept separate from ordinary criminals and received fewer privileges.
[53] .^ Mandela describes how, as a D-group prisoner (the lowest classification) he was allowed one visitor and one letter every six months.- Nelson Mandela - a knol by Anonymous 17 January 2010 19:45 UTC knol.google.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ In November 1994 – six months after his election as president – Mandela formally proposed that South Africa should be the venue for the Pan Am Flight 103 bombing trial .- Nelson Mandela - a knol by Anonymous 17 January 2010 19:45 UTC knol.google.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ How the CIA sent Nelson Mandela to prison for 28 years ".- Nelson Mandela - a knol by Anonymous 17 January 2010 19:45 UTC knol.google.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[54] Letters, when they came, were often delayed for long periods and made unreadable by the prison censors.
[10]
.^ Later, while imprisoned, Mandela studied for a Bachelor of Laws from the University of London External Programme (see below).- Nelson Mandela - a knol by Anonymous 17 January 2010 19:45 UTC knol.google.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Whilst in prison Mandela undertook study with the University of London by correspondence through its External Programme and received the degree of Bachelor of Laws .- Nelson Mandela - a knol by Anonymous 17 January 2010 19:45 UTC knol.google.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ While working there, he completed his B.A. degree at the University of South Africa via correspondence, after which he started with his law studies at the University of Witwatersrand , where he first befriended fellow students and future anti-apartheid political activists Joe Slovo , Harry Schwarz and Ruth First .- Nelson Mandela - a knol by Anonymous 17 January 2010 19:45 UTC knol.google.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[55] .^ He was subsequently nominated for the position of Chancellor of the University of London in the 1981 election , but lost to Princess Anne .- Nelson Mandela - a knol by Anonymous 17 January 2010 19:45 UTC knol.google.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[55]
.^ In his 1981 memoir Inside BOSS [17] secret agent Gordon Winter describes his involvement in a plot to rescue Mandela from prison in 1969: this plot was infiltrated by Winter on behalf of South African intelligence, who wanted Mandela to escape so they could shoot him during recapture.- Nelson Mandela - a knol by Anonymous 17 January 2010 19:45 UTC knol.google.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Mandela informed director Spike Lee that he could not utter the phrase on camera fearing that the apartheid government would use it against him if he did.- Nelson Mandela - a knol by Anonymous 17 January 2010 19:45 UTC knol.google.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Mandela criticised Mugabe in 2000, referring to African leaders who had liberated their countries but had then overstayed their welcome.- Nelson Mandela - a knol by Anonymous 17 January 2010 19:45 UTC knol.google.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ The plot was foiled by British Intelligence.- Nelson Mandela - a knol by Anonymous 17 January 2010 19:45 UTC knol.google.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[56]
In March 1982 Mandela was transferred from Robben Island to
Pollsmoor Prison, along with other senior ANC leaders Walter Sisulu, Andrew Mlangeni,
Ahmed Kathrada and
Raymond Mhlaba.
[54] .^ It was speculated that this was to remove the influence of these senior leaders on the new generation of young black activists imprisoned on Robben Island, the so-called "Mandela University".- Nelson Mandela - a knol by Anonymous 17 January 2010 19:45 UTC knol.google.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ However, National Party minister Kobie Coetsee says that the move was to enable discreet contact between them and the South African government.- Nelson Mandela - a knol by Anonymous 17 January 2010 19:45 UTC knol.google.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Up until July 2008, Mandela and ANC party members were barred from entering the United States —except the United Nations headquarters in Manhattan — without a special waiver from the US Secretary of State , due to their designation as terrorists by the former South African apartheid regime.- Nelson Mandela - a knol by Anonymous 17 January 2010 19:45 UTC knol.google.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[58]In February 1985 President
P.W. Botha offered Mandela conditional release in return for renouncing armed struggle.
[59] Coetsee and other ministers had advised Botha against this, saying that Mandela would never commit his organisation to giving up the armed struggle in exchange for personal freedom.
[60] .^ Mandela indeed spurned the offer, releasing a statement via his daughter Zindzi saying "What freedom am I being offered while the organisation of the people remains banned?- Nelson Mandela - a knol by Anonymous 17 January 2010 19:45 UTC knol.google.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ In February 1985 President P.W. Botha offered Mandela conditional release in return for renouncing armed struggle.- Nelson Mandela - a knol by Anonymous 17 January 2010 19:45 UTC knol.google.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ On 2 February 1990 , State President F.W. de Klerk reversed the ban on the ANC and other anti-apartheid organisations, and announced that Mandela would shortly be released from prison.- Nelson Mandela - a knol by Anonymous 17 January 2010 19:45 UTC knol.google.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
Only free men can negotiate. A prisoner cannot enter into contracts."
[58]The first meeting between Mandela and the National Party government came in November 1985 when Kobie Coetsee met Mandela in Volks Hospital in
Cape Town where Mandela was recovering from prostate surgery.
[61] .^ Over the next four years, a series of tentative meetings took place, laying the groundwork for further contact and future negotiations, but little real progress was made.- Nelson Mandela - a knol by Anonymous 17 January 2010 19:45 UTC knol.google.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[58]In 1988 Mandela was moved to
Victor Verster Prison and would remain there until his release. Various restrictions were lifted and people such as
Harry Schwarz were able to visit him. Schwarz, a friend of Mandela, had known him since university when they were in the same law class. He was also a defense barrister at the Rivonia Trial and would become Mandela's ambassador to
Washington during his presidency.
.^ This time, it's the story of Nelson Mandela (Morgan Freeman), who attempts to unite South Africa by hosting the 1995 Rugby World Cup.- 'Avatar,' Nelson Mandela film 'Invictus,' Disney's 'Princess and Frog' and other holiday fare headed to your local movie theater | Grand Rapids Entertainment - - MLive.com 17 January 2010 19:45 UTC www.mlive.com [Source type: General]
^ 'Avatar,' Nelson Mandela film 'Invictus,' Disney's 'Princess and Frog' and other holiday fare headed to your local movie theater .- 'Avatar,' Nelson Mandela film 'Invictus,' Disney's 'Princess and Frog' and other holiday fare headed to your local movie theater | Grand Rapids Entertainment - - MLive.com 17 January 2010 19:45 UTC www.mlive.com [Source type: General]
[63] De Klerk announced Mandela's release in February 1990.
[64]
Nelson Mandela was visited several times by delegates of the International Committee of the Red Cross, while at Robben Island and later at Pollsmoor prison.
| “ |
...to me personally, and those who shared the experience of being political prisoners, the Red Cross was a beacon of humanity within the dark inhumane world of political imprisonment.” [65][66] |
” |
Release
Mandela meeting with US President
Bill Clinton shortly after his release
On 2 February 1990,
State President F.W. de Klerk reversed the ban on the ANC and other anti-apartheid organisations, and announced that Mandela would shortly be released from prison.
[67] Mandela was released from
Victor Verster Prison in
Paarl on 11 February 1990. The event was broadcast live all over the world.
[68]On the day of his release, Mandela made a speech to the nation.
[69] He declared his commitment to peace and reconciliation with the country's white minority, but made it clear that the ANC's armed struggle was not yet over:
| “ |
Our resort to the armed struggle in 1960 with the formation of the military wing of the ANC (Umkhonto we Sizwe) was a purely defensive action against the violence of apartheid. The factors which necessitated the armed struggle still exist today. We have no option but to continue. We express the hope that a climate conducive to a negotiated settlement would be created soon, so that there may no longer be the need for the armed struggle. |
” |
He also said his main focus was to bring peace to the black majority and give them the
right to vote in both national and local elections.
[69]Negotiations
Following his release from prison, Mandela returned to the leadership of the ANC and, between 1990 and 1994, led the party in the
multi-party negotiations that led to the country's first multi-racial elections.
[70]In 1991, the ANC held its first national conference in South Africa after its unbanning, electing Mandela as President of the organisation. His old friend and colleague Oliver Tambo, who had led the organisation in exile during Mandela's imprisonment, became National Chairperson.
[71]Mandela's leadership through the negotiations, as well as his relationship with President F.W. de Klerk, was recognised when they were jointly awarded the
Nobel Peace Prize in 1993. However, the relationship was sometimes strained, particularly so in a sharp exchange in 1991 when he furiously referred to De Klerk as the head of "an illegitimate, discredited, minority regime". The talks broke down following the
Boipatong massacre in June 1992 when Mandela took the ANC out of the negotiations, accusing De Klerk's government of complicity in the killings.
[72] However, talks resumed following the
Bisho massacre in September 1992, when the spectre of violent confrontation made it clear that negotiations were the only way forward.
[10]Following the assassination of ANC leader
Chris Hani in April 1993, there were renewed fears that the country would erupt in violence.
[73] Mandela addressed the nation appealing for calm, in a speech regarded as 'presidential' even though he was not yet president of the country at that time:
| “ |
Tonight I am reaching out to every single South African, black and white, from the very depths of my being. A white man, full of prejudice and hate, came to our country and committed a deed so foul that our whole nation now teeters on the brink of disaster. A white woman, of Afrikaner origin, risked her life so that we may know, and bring to justice, this assassin. The cold-blooded murder of Chris Hani has sent shock waves throughout the country and the world. ...Now is the time for all South Africans to stand together against those who, from any quarter, wish to destroy what Chris Hani gave his life for – the freedom of all of us.[74] |
” |
While some riots did follow the assassination, the negotiators were galvanised into action, and soon agreed that democratic elections should take place on 27 April 1994, just over a year after Hani's assassination.
[58]Presidency of South Africa
South Africa's
first multi-racial elections in which full enfranchisement was granted were held on 27 April 1994. The ANC won 62% of the votes in the election, and Mandela, as leader of the ANC, was inaugurated on 10 May 1994 as the country's first black
President, with the National Party's de Klerk as his first
deputy and
Thabo Mbeki as the second in the
Government of National Unity.
[75] As President from May 1994 until June 1999, Mandela presided over the transition from minority rule and apartheid, winning international respect for his advocacy of national and international reconciliation.
[76] Mandela encouraged black South Africans to get behind the previously hated
Springboks (the South African national rugby team) as South Africa hosted the
1995 Rugby World Cup.
[77] (This is the theme of the 2009 film
Invictus.) After the Springboks won an epic final over New Zealand, Mandela presented the trophy to captain
Francois Pienaar, an Afrikaner, wearing a Springbok shirt with Pienaar's own number 6 on the back. This was widely seen as a major step in the reconciliation of white and black South Africans.
[78]Lockerbie trial
President Mandela took a particular interest in helping to resolve the long-running dispute between
Gaddafi's Libya, on the one hand, and the United States and Britain on the other, over bringing to trial the two Libyans who were indicted in November 1991 and accused of sabotaging
Pan Am Flight 103, which crashed at the Scottish town of
Lockerbie on 21 December 1988, with the loss of 270 lives.
[87] As early as 1992, Mandela informally approached President
George H.W. Bush with a proposal to have the two indicted Libyans tried in a third country. Bush reacted favourably to the proposal, as did President
François Mitterrand of France and King
Juan Carlos I of Spain.
[88] In November 1994 – six months after his election as president – Mandela formally proposed that South Africa should be the venue for the
Pan Am Flight 103 bombing trial.
[89]However, British Prime Minister,
John Major, flatly rejected the idea saying the British government did not have confidence in foreign courts.
[90] A further three years elapsed until Mandela's offer was repeated to Major's successor,
Tony Blair, when the president visited London in July 1997. Later the same year, at the
1997 Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting (CHOGM) at
Edinburgh in October 1997, Mandela warned:
A compromise solution was then agreed for a trial to be held at
Camp Zeist in the
Netherlands, governed by
Scots law, and President Mandela began negotiations with Colonel
Gaddafi for the handover of the two accused (
Megrahi and
Fhimah) in April 1999.
[91] At the end of their nine-month trial, the verdict was announced on 31 January 2001. Fhimah was found
not guilty but Megrahi was convicted and sentenced to 27 years in a Scottish jail. Megrahi's initial appeal was turned down in March 2002, and former president Mandela went to visit him in
Barlinnie prison on 10 June 2002.
'Megrahi is all alone', Mandela told a packed press conference in the prison's visitors room. 'He has nobody he can talk to. It is psychological persecution that a man must stay for the length of his long sentence all alone. It would be fair if he were transferred to a Muslim country — and there are Muslim countries which are trusted by the West. It will make it easier for his family to visit him if he is in a place like the kingdom of Morocco, Tunisia or Egypt.'
[92]
Megrahi was subsequently moved to Greenock jail and out of
solitary confinement.
[93] In August 2009 Megrahi, suffering from cancer and expected to have only 3 months left to live, was released on compassionate grounds and allowed to return to Libya. The Nelson Mandela Foundation expressed its support for the decision to release Megrahi in a letter sent to the Scottish Government on behalf of Mandela.
[94]Marriage and family
Mandela has been married three times, has fathered six children, has twenty grandchildren, and a growing number of great-grandchildren. He is grandfather to
Chief Mandla Mandela.
[95]First marriage
Mandela's first marriage was to Evelyn Ntoko Mase who, like Mandela, was also from what later became the
Transkei area of South Africa, although they actually met in Johannesburg.
[96] The couple broke up in 1957 after 13 years, divorcing under the multiple strains of his constant absences, devotion to revolutionary agitation, and the fact she was a
Jehovah's Witness, a religion which requires political neutrality.
[97] Evelyn Mase died in 2004.
[98] The couple had two sons, Madiba Thembekile (Thembi) (1946–1969) and
Makgatho Mandela (1950–2005) , and two daughters, both named
Makaziwe Mandela (known as Maki; born 1947 and 1953). Their first daughter died aged nine months, and they named
their second daughter in her honour.
[99] All their children were educated at the
United World College of
Waterford Kamhlaba.
[100] Thembi was killed in a car crash in 1969 at the age of twenty-five, while Mandela was imprisoned on Robben Island, and Mandela was not allowed to attend the funeral.
[101] Makgatho died of AIDS in 2005.
Second marriage
Mandela's second wife,
Winnie Madikizela-Mandela, also came from the Transkei area, although they, too, met in Johannesburg, where she was the city's first black social worker.
[102] They had two daughters, Zenani (Zeni), born 4 February 1958, and Zindziswa (Zindzi) Mandela-Hlongwane, born 1960.
[102] Zindzi was only 18 months old when her father was sent to Robben island. Later, Winnie would be deeply torn by family discord which mirrored the country's political strife; while her husband was serving a
life sentence on the Robben Island prison, her father became the agriculture minister in the Transkei.
[102] The marriage ended in separation (April 1992) and divorce (March 1996), fuelled by political estrangement.
[103]Mandela still languished in prison when his daughter Zenani was married to
Prince Thumbumuzi Dlamini in 1973, elder brother of King
Mswati III of
Swaziland.
[104] Although she had vivid memories of her father, from the age of four up until sixteen, South African authorities did not permit her to visit him.
[105] The Dlamini couple live and run a business in
Boston.
[106] One of their sons, Prince
Cedza Dlamini (born 1976), educated in the United States, has followed in his grandfather's footsteps as an international advocate for human rights and humanitarian aid.
[106]Zindzi Mandela-Hlongwane made history worldwide when she read out Mandela's speech refusing his conditional pardon in 1985. She is a businesswoman in South Africa with three children, the eldest of whom is a son, Zondwa Gadaffi Mandela.
[107]Third marriage
Mandela was remarried, on his 80th birthday in 1998, to
Graça Machel née Simbine, widow of
Samora Machel, the former
Mozambican president and ANC ally who was killed in an air crash 12 years earlier.
[108] The wedding followed months of international negotiations to set the unprecedented bride-price to be remitted to Machel's clan. Said negotiations were conducted on Mandela's behalf by his traditional sovereign, King Buyelekhaya Zwelibanzi Dalindyebo.
[109] The
paramount chief's grandfather was the regent Jongintaba Dalindyebo, who had arranged a marriage for Mandela, which he eluded by fleeing to
Johannesburg in 1940.
[16]Mandela still maintains a home at Qunu in the realm of his royal nephew (second cousin thrice-removed in
Western reckoning), whose university expenses he defrayed and whose privy councillor he remains.
[110]Retirement
Mandela became the oldest elected President of South Africa when he took office at the age of 75 in 1994. He decided not to stand for a second term and retired in 1999, to be succeeded by
Thabo Mbeki.
After his retirement as President, Mandela went on to become an advocate for a variety of social and human rights organisations. He has expressed his support for the international
Make Poverty History movement of which the
ONE Campaign is a part.
[111] The
Nelson Mandela Invitational charity golf tournament, hosted by
Gary Player, has raised over twenty million
rand for children's charities since its inception in 2000.
[112] This annual special event has become South Africa's most successful charitable sports gathering and benefits both the Nelson Mandela Children's Fund and Gary Player Foundation equally for various children's causes around the world.
[113]
For seventeen days, they are roommates. For seventeen days, they are soulmates. And for twenty-two seconds, they are competitors. Seventeen days as equals. Twenty-two seconds as adversaries. What a wonderful world that would be. That's the hope I see in the Olympic Games.
Health
In July 2001 Mandela was diagnosed and treated for
prostate cancer. He was treated with a seven-week course of radiation.
[116] In 2003 Mandela's death was
incorrectly announced by CNN when his pre-written obituary (along with those of several other famous figures) was inadvertently published on CNN's web site due to a fault in password protection.
[117] In 2007 a fringe right-wing group distributed hoax email and SMS messages claiming that the authorities had covered up Mandela's death and that white South Africans would be massacred after his funeral. Mandela was on holiday in Mozambique at the time.
[118]In June 2004, at age 85, Mandela announced that he would be retiring from public life. His health had been declining, and he wanted to enjoy more time with his family. Mandela said that he did not intend to hide away totally from the public, but wanted to be in a position "of calling you to ask whether I would be welcome, rather than being called upon to do things and participate in events. My appeal therefore is: Don't call me, I will call you."
[119] Since 2003, he has appeared in public less often and has been less vocal on topical issues.
[120] He is white-haired and walks slowly with the support of a stick. There are reports that he may be suffering from age-related dementia.
[121]Mandela's 90th birthday was marked across the country on 18 July 2008, with the main celebrations held at his home town of Qunu.
[122] A
concert in his honour was also held in
Hyde Park, London.
[123] In a speech to mark his birthday, Mandela called for the rich people to help poor people across the world.
[122]Elders
On 18 July 2007, Nelson Mandela,
Graça Machel, and
Desmond Tutu convened a group of world leaders in Johannesburg to contribute their wisdom and independent leadership to address the world's toughest problems. Nelson Mandela announced the formation of this new group,
The Elders, in a speech he delivered on the occasion of his 89th birthday.
[124]"This group can speak freely and boldly, working both publicly and behind the scenes on whatever actions need to be taken", Mandela commented. "Together we will work to support courage where there is fear, foster agreement where there is conflict, and inspire hope where there is despair."
[126]AIDS engagement
Criticism of U.S. and U.K. Foreign policy
Nelson Mandela had strongly oppossed the
1999 NATO intervention in Kosovo and called it an attempt by the world's powerful nations to police the entire world.
[131] In 2002 and 2003, Mandela criticised the foreign policy of the
administration of
U.S. president George W. Bush in a number of speeches.
[132][133] Criticising the lack of
UN involvement in the decision to begin the
War in Iraq, he said, "It is a tragedy, what is happening, what Bush is doing. But Bush is now undermining the
United Nations." Mandela stated he would support action against
Iraq only if it is ordered by the
UN. Mandela also insinuated that the United States may have been motivated by
racism in not following the
UN and its secretary-general
Kofi Annan on the issue of the war. "Is it because the secretary-general of the United Nations is now a black man? They never did that when secretary-generals [
sic] were white".
[134]He urged the people of the U.S. to join massive protests against Bush and called on world leaders, especially those with vetoes in the
UN Security Council, to oppose him.
[135] "What I am condemning is that one power, with a president who has no foresight, who cannot think properly, is now wanting to plunge the world into a holocaust." He attacked the United States for its record on
human rights and for dropping
atomic bombs on Japan during
World War II. "If there is a country that has committed unspeakable atrocities in the world, it is the United States of America. They don't care."
[134] Nelson Mandela also harshly condemned British Prime Minister
Tony Blair and referred to him as the "foreign minister of the United States.".
[136]Ismail Ayob controversy
Ismail Ayob was a trusted friend and personal attorney of Mandela for over 30 years. In May 2005, Ayob was asked by Mandela to stop selling
prints signed by Mandela and to account for the proceeds of their sale. This bitter dispute led to an extensive application to the
High Court of South Africa by Mandela that year.
[137] Ayob denied any wrongdoing,
[138] and claimed that he was the victim of a smear campaign orchestrated by Mandela's advisors, in particular, lawyer
George Bizos.
[139]
In 2005, and 2006 Ayob, his wife, and son were subjected to a verbal attack by Mandela's advisors. The dispute was widely reported in the media, with Ayob being portrayed in a negative light, culminating in the action by Mandela to the High Court. There were public meetings at which Mandela associates attacked Ayob and there were calls for Ayob and his family to be ostracised by society.
[140] The defence of Ismail and Zamila Ayob (his wife, and a fellow
respondent) included documents signed by Mandela and witnessed by his secretaries, that, they claimed, refuted many of the allegations made by Nelson Mandela and his advisors.
[141]The dispute again made headlines in February 2007 when, during a hearing in the Johannesburg High Court, Ayob promised to pay R700 000 to Mandela, which Ayob had transferred into trusts for Mandela's children, and apologised,
[142][143] although he later claimed that he was the victim of a "
vendetta", by Mandela.
[144] Some media commentators expressed sympathy for Ayob's position, pointing out that Mandela's iconic status would make it difficult for Ayob to be treated fairly.
[139]Allegations
Ayob, George Bizos and Wim Trengove were trustees of the Nelson Mandela Trust, which was set up to hold millions of rands donated to Nelson Mandela by prominent business figures, including the
Oppenheimer family, for the benefit of his children and grandchildren.
[145] Ayob later resigned from the Trust. In 2006, the two remaining trustees of the Nelson Mandela Trust launched an application against Ayob for disbursing money from the trust without their consent.
[146] Ayob claimed that this money was paid to the
South African Revenue Service, to Mandela's children and grandchildren, to Mandela himself, and to an accounting company for four years of accounting work.
[143]Bizos and Trengrove refused to ratify the payments to the children and grandchildren of Nelson Mandela and the payments to the accounting firm. A court settlement was reached in which this money, totalling over R700,000 was paid by Ismail Ayob to the trust on the grounds that Ayob had not sought the express consent of the other two trustees before disbursing the money.
[147] It was alleged that Ayob made defamatory remarks about Mandela in his affidavit, for which the court order stated that Ayob should apologise.
[148] It was pointed out that these remarks, which centred on Nelson Mandela holding foreign bank accounts and not paying tax on these, had not originated from Ayob's affidavit but from Nelson Mandela's and George Bizos's own affidavits.
[149]Blood Diamond controversy
In a
The New Republic article in December 2006, Nelson Mandela was criticised for a number of positive comments he had made about the diamond industry. There were concerns that this would benefit suppliers of
blood diamonds.
[150] In a letter to
Edward Zwick, the director of the motion picture
Blood Diamond, Mandela had noted that:
...it would be deeply regrettable if the making of the film inadvertently obscured the truth, and, as a result, led the world to believe that an appropriate response might be to cease buying mined diamonds from Africa. ... We hope that the desire to tell a gripping and important real life historical story will not result in the destabilization of African diamond producing countries, and ultimately their peoples.
[151]
The
New Republic article claims that this comment, as well as various pro-diamond-industry initiatives and statements during his life and during his time as a president of South Africa, were influenced by both his friendship with
Harry Oppenheimer, former chairman of
De Beers, as well as an outlook for 'narrow national interests' of South Africa (which is a major diamond producer).
[152]Zimbabwe and Robert Mugabe
Despite their common background as national liberators, Mandela and Mugabe were seldom seen as close. Mandela criticised Mugabe in 2000, referring to African leaders who had liberated their countries but had then overstayed their welcome.
[155][156] In his retirement, Mandela spoke out less often on Zimbabwe and other international and domestic issues,
[120] sometimes leading to criticism for not using his influence to greater effect to persuade Mugabe to moderate his policies.
[157] His lawyer George Bizos revealed that Mandela has been advised on medical grounds to avoid engaging in stressful activity such as political controversy.
[158] Nonetheless, in 2007, Mandela attempted to persuade Mugabe to leave office "sooner than later", with "a modicum of dignity", before he was hounded out like
Augusto Pinochet. Mugabe did not respond to this approach.
[159] In June 2008, at the height of the crisis over the
Zimbabwean presidential election, Mandela condemned the "tragic failure of leadership" in Zimbabwe.
[160]Acclaim
Fighter for liberation of South Africa Nelson Mandela on a 1988
USSR commemorative stamp
| “ |
Mandela rightly occupies an untouched place in the South African imagination. He's the national liberator, the savior, its Washington and Lincoln rolled into one. |
” |
| |
|
Orders and decorations
As an example of his popular foreign acclaim, during his tour of Canada in 1998, 45,000 school children greeted him with adulation at a speaking engagement in the
SkyDome in the city of
Toronto.
[166] In 2001, he was the first living person to be made an
honorary Canadian citizen (the only previous recipient,
Raoul Wallenberg, was awarded honorary citizenship posthumously).
[167] While in Canada, he was also made an honorary Companion of the
Order of Canada, one of the few foreigners to receive the honour.
[168]In 1990 he received the
Bharat Ratna Award from the government of India and also received the last ever
Lenin Peace Prize from Russia.
[169] In 1992 he was awarded the Atatürk Peace Award by
Turkey. He refused the award citing human rights violations committed by Turkey at the time, but later accepted the award in 1999.
[170]Musical tributes
In 1988, the
Nelson Mandela 70th Birthday Tribute concert at London's
Wembley Stadium was a focal point of the anti-apartheid movement, with many musicians voicing their support for Mandela.
[172] Jerry Dammers, the author of
Nelson Mandela, was one of the organisers.
[172] Simple Minds recorded the song "Mandela Day" for the concert,
[172] Santana recorded the instrumental "Mandela",
[172] Tracy Chapman performed "Freedom Now", dedicated to Mandela and released on her album
Crossroads,
[172] Salif Keita from
Mali, who played at the concert, later visited South Africa and in 1995 recorded the song "Mandela" on his album
Folon.
[172] and
Whitney Houston performed and dedicated the gospel song "He I Believe".
In South Africa, "
Asimbonanga (Mandela)" ("We Have Not Seen Him") became one of
Johnny Clegg's most famous songs, appearing on his
Third World Child album in 1987.
[173] Hugh Masekela, in exile in the UK, sang "Bring Him Back Home (Nelson Mandela)" in 1987.
[174] Brenda Fassie's 1989 song "Black President", a tribute to Mandela, was hugely popular even though it was banned in South Africa.
[175] Nigerian reggae musician
Majek Fashek released the single, "Free Mandela", in 1992, making him one of many Nigerian recording artists who had released songs related to the anti-apartheid movement and to Mandela himself.
In 1990,
Hong Kong rock band
Beyond released a popular Cantonese song, "Days of Glory". The anti-apartheid song featured lyrics referring to Mandela's heroic struggle for racial equality.
[176] The group
Ladysmith Black Mambazo accompanied Mandela to the
Nobel Peace Prize ceremony in
Oslo, Norway in 1993, and performed for his inaugaration in 1994. In 2003, Mandela lent his weight to the
46664 campaign against
AIDS, named after his prison number. Many prominent musicians performed in concerts as part of this campaign.
[177]A summary of Mandela's life story is featured in the 2006 music video "
If Everyone Cared" by
Nickelback.
[178] Raffi's song "Turn This World Around" is based on a speech given by Mandela where he explained the world needs to be "turned around, for the children".
[179] A tribute concert for Mandela's 90th birthday took place in
Hyde Park,
London on 27 June 2008.
[180]Published biographies
Mandela's autobiography,
Long Walk to Freedom, was published in 1994. Mandela had begun work on it secretly while in prison.
[181] In that book Mandela did not reveal anything about the alleged complicity of
F.W. de Klerk in the violence of the eighties and nineties, or the role of his ex-wife
Winnie Mandela in that bloodshed. However, he later co-operated with his friend, journalist
Anthony Sampson who discussed those issues in
Mandela: The Authorised Biography.
[182] Another detail that Mandela omitted was the allegedly fraudulent book,
Goodbye Bafana.
[183] Its author, Robben Island warder
James Gregory, claimed to have been Mandela's confidant in prison and published details of the prisoner's family affairs.
[183] Sampson maintained that Mandela had not known Gregory well, but that Gregory censored the letters sent to the future president and thus discovered the details of Mandela's personal life. Sampson also averred that other warders suspected Gregory of spying for the government and that Mandela considered suing Gregory.
[184]Cinema and television
The film
Mandela and De Klerk told the story of Mandela's release from prison.
[185] Mandela was played by
Sidney Poitier.
Goodbye Bafana, a feature film that focuses on Mandela's life, had its world premiere at the Berlin film festival on 11 February 2007. The film starred
Dennis Haysbert as Mandela and chronicled Mandela's relationship with prison guard
James Gregory.
[186]On the American television series
The Cosby Show Cliff and Claire Huxtable's grandchildren were named Nelson and Winnie in honor of Mandela and his then wife Winnie.
In the final scene of the 1992 movie
Malcolm X, Mandela – recently released after 27 years of political imprisonment – appears as a schoolteacher in a
Soweto classroom.
[187] He recites a portion of one of
Malcolm X's most famous speeches, including the following sentence:
"We declare our right on this earth to be a human being, to be respected as a human being, to be given the rights of a human being in this society, on this earth, in this day, which we intend to bring into existence..." The famous final phrase of that sentence is "
by any means necessary."
[188] Mandela informed director
Spike Lee that he could not utter the phrase on camera fearing that the apartheid government would use it against him if he did. Lee obliged, and the final seconds of the film feature black-and-white footage of Malcolm X himself delivering the phrase.
[188]Statues and civic tributes
Tributes to Nelson Mandela
Nelson Mandela Gardens in
Leeds
On 30 April 2001, Nelson Mandela Gardens in
Millenium Square,
Leeds was officially opened and Nelson Mandela was awarded the
freedom of the city and awarded a commemorative 'golden owl' (the heraldric symbol of Leeds). In a speech outside
Leeds Civic Hall in front of 5000 people, mistakenly Mandela famously thanked 'the people of
Liverpool for their generosity'.
[193]On 31 March 2004, Sandton Square in
Johannesburg was renamed
Nelson Mandela Square, after a 6-metre statue of Nelson Mandela was installed on the square to honour the famous South African statesman.
[194]On 29 August 2007, a statue of Nelson Mandela was unveiled at
Parliament Square in
London by
Richard Attenborough,
Ken Livingstone, Wendy Woods, and
Gordon Brown.
[195] The campaign to erect the statue was started in 2000 by the late
Donald Woods, a South African journalist driven into exile because of his anti-apartheid activities. Mandela stated that it represented not just him, but all those who have resisted oppression, especially those in South Africa.
[196] He added: "The history of the struggle in South Africa is rich with the stories of heroes and heroines, some of them leaders, some of them followers. All of them deserve to be remembered."
[197]On 27 August 2008, a statue of Nelson Mandela was unveiled at Groot
Drakenstein Correctional Centre between Paarl and Franshhoek on the R301 road, near Cape Town. Formerly known as Victor Verster, this was where Mandela spent the last few years of his 27 years in jail in relative comfort, as he and other ANC stalwarts negotiated with the apartheid government on the terms of his release and the nature of the new South Africa. It stands on the very spot where Mandela took his first steps as a free man. Just outside the prison gates – the culmination of the Long Walk to Freedom – the title of Mandela's autobiography.
[198][199]Postage stamps
Other
In 2004, zoologists Brent E. Hendrixson and Jason E. Bond named a South African species of trapdoor spider in the family
Ctenizidae as
Stasimopus mandelai, "honoring Nelson Mandela, the former president of South Africa and one of the great moral leaders of our time."
[201]See also
References
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- ^ "Mandela and de Klerk (1997)". The New York Times. http://movies.nytimes.com/movie/161621/Mandela-and-de-Klerk/overview. Retrieved 2008-10-26.
- ^ "Goodbye Bafana - Sypnosis". Goodbye Bafana - Official site. http://www.goodbyebafana.com/synopsis/. Retrieved 2008-10-26.
- ^ Cunningham, Matthew (3 June 2004). "Creme cameos". The Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/film/2004/jun/03/features.matthewcunningham. Retrieved 2008-10-26.
- ^ a b Guerrero, Ed (1993). Framing Blackness: The African American Image in Film. Temple University Press. pp. 202. ISBN 1566391261.
- ^ Carlin, John (2008). Playing the Enemy: Nelson Mandela and the Game that Made a Nation. New York: Penguin Press. ISBN 9781594201745
- ^ a b Keller, Bill. - "Entering the Scrum". - The New York Times Book Review. - 17 August 2008.
- ^ "The cast of the World Cup film revealed!". Planet Rugby. 24 December 2008. http://www.planet-rugby.co.za/Story/0,18259,3551_4695695,00.html. Retrieved 2009-01-10.
- ^ Dowell, Ben (11 March 2009). "BBC commissions Winnie Mandela drama". guardian.co.uk (Guardian News and Media). http://www.guardian.co.uk/media/2009/mar/11/bbc-commissions-winnie-mandela-drama. Retrieved 2009-03-11.
- ^ Ian Herbert North (2001-05-01). "Mandela vindicates `loony left' of Leeds for honouring struggle". The Independent. http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4158/is_20010501/ai_n14389284. Retrieved 2008-01-24.
- ^ "S. Africa renames Sandton Square as Nelson Mandela Square". Xinhua News Agency. 31 March 2004. http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-16564833.html. Retrieved 2008-10-28.
- ^ "Nelson Mandela statue is unveiled". BBC News. 29 August 2007. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/6967927.stm. Retrieved 2008-12-23.
- ^ "Broad Parliamentary Support for Trafalgar Square Mandela statue". London. 21 May 2003. http://www.london.gov.uk/view_press_release.jsp?releaseid=1752. Retrieved 2008-12-23.
- ^ "Mandela salutes apartheid heroes". News24. 2007-08-29. http://www.news24.com/News24/World/News/0,,2-10-1462_2173453,00.html. Retrieved 2008-05-26.
- ^ Stern, Jennifer (2008-08-27). "Long walk immortalised in bronze". Media Club South Africa. http://www.mediaclubsouthafrica.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=703:mandelastatue270808&catid=42:land_news&Itemid=110. Retrieved 2009-11-30.
- ^ "Nelson Mandela statue unveiled in Cape Town". Nelson Mandela Foundation. http://www.nelsonmandela.org/index.php/news/article/nelson_mandela_statue_unveiled_in_cape_town/. Retrieved 2009-11-30.
- ^ Libyan Stamps online
- ^ Hendrixson, Brent E.; Bond, Jason E. (2004). "A new species of Stasimopus from the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa (Araneae, Mygalomorphae, Ctenizidae), with notes on its natural history" (PDF). Zootaxa 619: 1–14. http://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/2004f/zt00619.pdf. Retrieved 2008-05-26.
- Mandela, Nelson (1996). The Illustrated Long Walk to Freedom. Paul Duncan (abridgement and picture editing). Boston: Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 0316880205.
Further reading
- A Prisoner in the Garden: Opening Nelson Mandela's Prison Archive. Penguin Books. 2005. ISBN 0-143-02495-7.
- Desmond Tutu ; edited by John Allen. (1996). The Rainbow People of God: The Making of a Peaceful Revolution. Doubleday. ISBN 978-0385-48374-2.
- Benson, Mary. Nelson Mandela: The Man and the Movement.
- Bezdrob, Anne Marie du Preez (2006). The Nelson Mandela Story. Samoja Books. ISBN 0-620-36570-6.
- Denenberg, Barry. Nelson Mandela: No Easy Walk To Freedom.
- Hoobler, Dorothy; Hoobler, Thomas. Mandela: The Man, The Struggle, The Triumph.
- Juckes, Tim (1995). Opposition in South Africa: The Leadership of Matthews, Nelson Mandela, and Stephen Biko. Westport: Praeger Publishers.
- Mandela, Nelson (1995). Long Walk to Freedom. Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 0-316-54818-9.
- Meredith, Martin. Nelson Mandela: A Biography.
- Sampson, Anthony (1999). Mandela: The Authorised Biography. New York: Vintage Books. ISBN 0-679-78178-1.
- Smith, Charlene. Mandela: In Celebration of a Great Life.
- Villa-Vicencio, Charles (1996). The Spirit of Freedom. Berkeley: University of California Press.
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