| 30th | Top rivers of the Baltic Sea |
| 42nd | Baltic_Sea">Top rivers of Russia: Baltic Sea |
| Neva | |
|---|---|
 Lev Lagorio. Moon Night on the Neva (1898). |
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| Origin | Lake Ladoga |
| Mouth | Neva Bay |
| Basin countries | Russia, Finland, Belarus |
| Length | 74 km (46 mi) |
| Source elevation | 4 m (13 ft) |
| Avg. discharge | 2,600 m³/s (91,832 cu ft/s) |
| Basin area | 282,000 km² (108,880 sq mi) |
The Neva (Russian: Нева́) is a river in northwestern Russia flowing from Lake Ladoga through the western part of Leningrad Oblast (historical region of Ingria) and the city of Saint Petersburg to the Neva Bay of the Gulf of Finland. Despite its modest length, it is the third largest river in Europe in terms of average discharge (after the Volga and the Danube).
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The length of the Neva is 74 km (46 mi) [1]. 28 km (17 mi) of these are within the city boundaries of Saint Petersburg, while the rest are within Leningrad Oblast. It flows southwest from Lake Ladoga, reaches its southernmost point near its confluence with the Tosna River, and turns northwest into the Gulf of Finland. Average width is 400–600 m (1,300–2,000 ft), maximum width: 1,200 m (3,900 ft). Average depth is 8–11 metres (26–36 ft), maximum depth: 24 metres (79 ft) (it is in the middle part of the stream, not too far from Liteyny Bridge ). The Neva basin includes Lake Ladoga and Lake Onega, the two largest lakes in Europe, and spans a large area of Northwestern Russia and southern Finland.
The supplying of power to the islands on the Neva Delta is carried out by cables on the floor of the river. The total length of underwater cable is approximately 100 kilometres with the high voltage cables being at the bottom of these 1.5 meter deep trenches.[2]
The islands in the Neva delta formed by both natural armlets and artificial canals are occupied by the historical part of Saint Petersburg. The largest armlets are
The most significant canals and small rivers are
Among the notable islands are
The Neva has 26 tributaries. The major ones are:
Neva River is a young river which originated between 4,000 and 2,000 BP, as the Lake Ladoga had transgressed and broken through the threshold at Porogi in the lower reaches of the River Izhora, which was a tributary of the Gulf of Finland flowing through the lower portions of the present-day Neva valley. According to some newer data, it happened at 3,100 radiocarbon years BP (3,410-3,250 calendar years BP).[3]
In the Middle Ages the wide and navigable river had great importance as a link between the Baltics and the Volga portages leading to the Orient. The confluence of the Neva and Izhora was the site of the famous, although badly documented Battle of the Neva (1240) between the Swedes and the Russians. Alexander Yaroslavich, Prince of Novgorod, won this supposed battle, and took his title Nevsky (meaning "Of the Neva") from the event.[4]
During the 16th century the mouth of the Neva was the site of the Swedish fortress Nyen, and the inlet to the Ladoga of the Russian fortress Oreshek, later renamed Shlisselburg. The Nyen fortress was destroyed by Peter the Great, after that he founded the Peter and Paul Fortress in 1703. Standing on the Hare Island, the fortress is considered the first structure of present-day Saint Petersburg [5] . It was also Peter who ordered construction of the Ladoga Canal linking the Neva with the Volkhov and the Svir Rivers several miles south of Lake Ladoga.
The Neva is the most northwestern part of the Volga-Baltic Waterway, the connection between the Volga River and the Baltic Sea. This waterway is navigable for even the largest inland vessels, and it is an important part of the inland shipping connection between Saint Petersburg and Moscow. Many passenger vessels share this waterway with large transport ships.
From December to early April, the river becomes impassable due to freezing over[1].
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Coordinates: 59°48′27″N 30°36′15″E / 59.8075°N 30.60417°E
NEVA, a river of Russia, which carries off into the Gulf of Finland the waters of Lakes Ladoga, Onega, Ilmen and many smaller basins. It issues from the south-west corner of Lake Ladoga in two channels, which are obstructed by sandstone reefs, so that the better of the two has a depth of only 7 to 16 ft. A little farther down it becomes completely navigable, and attains a breadth of 4200 ft.; but between the village of Ostrovki and that of Ust-Tosna it passes over a limestone bed, which produces a series of rapids, and reduces the width of the river from 1050 to 840 and that of the navigable passage from 350 to 175 ft. Nine or ten miles before reaching its outfall the river enters St Petersburg, and 5 or 6 m. lower down breaks up into the Great Neva (850 to 1700 ft. wide), the Little Neva (945 to 1365), and the Great Nevka (280 to 1205), this last, 2 M. farther on, sending off the Little Nevka (370 to 1130 ft.). Its total length is only 40 m. In front of the delta are sandbanks and rocks which prevent the passage of vessels except by a canal, 18 m. long, 124 to 226 ft. wide, and admitting vessels with a draught of 182 ft., from Kronstadt to St Petersburg. Most of its alluvial burden being deposited in the lakes, the Neva takes a long time to alter its channels or extend its delta. The ordinary rise and fall of the river is comparatively slight, but when the west wind blows steadily for a long time, or when Lake Ladoga sends down its vast accumulations of block-ice, inundations of a dangerous kind occur, as in 1777, 1824, 1879 and 1903.
According to observations extending from 1706 to 1899, the mean day of the freezing of the Neva is November 25th, the earliest October 28th, the latest January 9th, and the next latest December 26th. The mean day of opening is April 21st, the earliest March 18th, and the latest May 12th. The mean number of days open is 218, the least 172, the greatest 279.
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