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- . Ngô, but is often simplified to Ngo in English-language text.^ In this Vietnamese name , the family name is Ngô , but is often simplified to Ngo in English-language text.
According to Vietnamese custom, this person should properly be referred to by the given name Nhu.
- For his wife, see Madame Ngo Dinh Nhu.
.^ Ngo Dinh Diem (1901-1963) was South Vietnam's first premier and president.- Ngo Dinh Diem – FREE Ngo Dinh Diem information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Ngo Dinh Diem research 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Ngô Ðình Nhu ( help · info ) , (October 7, 1910 - November 2, 1963), was the younger brother and chief political advisor of South Vietnam's first President, Ngô Ðình Diệm .
^ Ngô Ðình Nhu pronunciation (help·info), born in Vietnam, was the younger brother and chief political advisor of South Vietnam's first President, Ngô Ðình Diệm.- Political Nhu, Ngô Ðình Nhu 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC pnhu.com [Source type: General]
.^ Nhu held no official role in the government, but ruled the southern region of South Vietnam, commanding private armies and secret police.
^ The U.S.-backed leader of the South Vietnamese Republic of Vietnam from 1955 until 1963 .- SparkNotes: The Vietnam War (1945–1975): Key People & Terms 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC www.sparknotes.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ By mid May South Vietnam formally requests U.S. instructors for its army, the Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN).- Major Events of the Vietnam War 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC vietnamwar.lib.umb.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ All such contests as school beauty, sports beauty has been organized everywhere in the country, ao dai is the main category in these contests.
^ But rather than pledging their loyalty, the Kennedys launched an all-out campaign against organized crime.- The Conspiracy Theories 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC karws.gso.uri.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ It also seems that all visitors want to call it the ao dai rather than the long dress or other similar name.
.^ Nhu was an opium addict and Hitler admirer.
^ He modelled the Can Lao secret police's marching style and torture styles on Nazi designs.
.^ From the beginning the USA decided to back a government headed by an individual who would give a guarantee not to show any quarter to the communists, either at home or abroad.
^ Amongst the blacklist is the little known actor Ronald Reagan who had been considering the launch of a political career as a Californian Democrat.- Today In Alternate History [Archived]: October 2007 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC althistory.blogspot.com [Source type: General]
While training as an archivist in France, Nhu adopted the Catholic ideology of
personalism, although critics claimed that Nhu had misused their philosophy.
.^ After being removed from power, Diem was assassinated along with his brother Nhu.- madamenhu 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC www.geocities.com [Source type: Original source]
^ The CIA’s close relationship with Ngo Dinh Nhu, chief political adviser to his brother President Ngo Dinh Diem, is demonstrated by the presence of CIA officer Paul Harwood and his spouse at the confirmation ceremony for the Nhu’s daughter Le Thuy.- Vietnam War: Declassified documents show the extent of the CIA’s Vietnam War i On Global Trends - Vox 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC euraktiva.vox.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Ngô Ðình Nhu pronunciation (help·info), born in Vietnam, was the younger brother and chief political advisor of South Vietnam's first President, Ngô Ðình Diệm.- Political Nhu, Ngô Ðình Nhu 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC pnhu.com [Source type: General]
.^ The elections were held, with Nhu and the family's Can Lao Party, which supplied Diem's electoral base, organising and supervising the elections.
^ In August the Pathet Lao communist party and guerrilla group is formed.- Major Events of the Vietnam War 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC vietnamwar.lib.umb.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ In April a branch of Lao Dong (Workers Party of Vietnam - Ho Chi Minh, secretary-general) is finally formed in the South.- Major Events of the Vietnam War 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC vietnamwar.lib.umb.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
He remained as the head of it until his death.
.^ The South Vietnamese government is under discussion, when news comes in of the assassinations of Ngo Dinh Diem, the president of South Vietnam, and his brothe Ngo Dinh Nhu.- The Tears Of Autumn -- Charles McCarry (Ken's Reading) 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC kenficara.net [Source type: General]
^ Madame Nhu went on to predict a dark future for Vietnam and that, by being involved in the coup, the troubles of the United States in Vietnam were only beginning.- Political Nhu, Ngô Ðình Nhu 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC pnhu.com [Source type: General]
^ An outspoken defender of her brother-in-law's policies, Madame Nhu was not in Vietnam when the coup of November 1, 1963 led to the deaths of her husband and President Diem.- The origins of war :: Interviews 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC vietnamwar.lib.umb.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ Pervaded by family corruption, Nhu competed with his brother Ngo Dinh Can , who ruled the northern areas for US contracts and rice trade.
^ At the same time a systematic purging of the opposition - carried out by the Can Lao secret police under Diem's brother Ngo Dinh Nhu - of alleged supporters of the Viet Minh resulted in an estimated 75,000 people being killed and more than 50,000 imprisoned.
^ For example, highly trained trail watchers are an important part of the effort to end Viet Cong infiltration from across the Laos and Cambodia borders.- Letters: The CIA and its reporter friends: Anatomy of a backlash - Salon 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC letters.salon.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
He and his wife were also believed to be involved in corruption and racketeering.
.^ The success of U.S. relations with Cambodia depended heavily on the mercurial, sometimes volatile, personality of Prince Sihanouk, whose foreign policy decisions were usually unpredictable and often ill-conceived from the Western point of view.- 95/03/06 Foreign Relations, 1961-63, Vol XXIII, Southeast Asia 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC wpik.org [Source type: Original source]
^ Therefore POL 15-1 S VIET contains documentation on South Vietnam's President; POL 15-1 CAMB would contain documentation of Cambodia's Head of State, Prince Norodom Sihanouk.- Introduction to segment of "Foreign Relations of the United States, Volume IV, Vietnam August-December 1963" 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC www.ratical.org [Source type: Reference]
^ Prince Norodom Sihanouk gains independence for Cambodia from France.- Major Events of the Vietnam War 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC vietnamwar.lib.umb.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
Nhu publicly extolled his intellectual abilities, and was widely regarded as conceited by the public.
.^ Tran Van chuong .
^ Between November 1963 and July 1965 critical decisions were made that took the United States into war against the communists.- President Johnson and the Joint Chiefs. | Goliath Business News 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC goliath.ecnext.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Twice the CIA flatly refused to carry out instructions from Ambassador Henry Cabot Lodge, according to a high United States source here.- Letters: The CIA and its reporter friends: Anatomy of a backlash - Salon 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC letters.salon.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ The Americans, who had heretofore strongly supported Diem, gave evidence of wavering, and this was all that a group of soldiers needed to depose him.- Ngo Dinh Diem – FREE Ngo Dinh Diem information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Ngo Dinh Diem research 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The occasion was a tour of the US by Madame Ngo Dinh Nhu, sister-in-law of President Diem and wife of the head of South Vietnam's secret police: Mme.- Behind the Headlines 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC www.antiwar.com [Source type: Original source]
^ But Diem made an inconsistent American client, often spurning Washington’s advice and alienating the Buddhist majority with heavy-handed authoritarianism that eventually prompted Buddhist monks to begin public self-immolation as a form of protest.- ExecutedToday.com » 1963: Ngo Dinh Diem 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC www.executedtoday.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ His family had served as mandarins in the imperial court in Hue, and his father Ngo Dinh Kha was a counselor to Emperor Thanh Thai during the French colonisation.
^ But by his move against the Buddhist monks, who have the growing support of the country's vast Buddhist majority, Roman Catholic Diem may finally have shattered his own political usefulness.- South Viet Nam: The Crackdown - TIME 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC www.time.com [Source type: News]
^ The Buddhist crisis had begun as a religious one, but gradually turned into a major political conflict.- South Viet Nam: The Crackdown - TIME 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC www.time.com [Source type: News]
.^ Main article: Xa Loi Pagoda raids As Buddhist demonstrations against the Diem government continued throughout the summer of 1963, the special forces loyal to Diem's brother Nhu raided the Xa Loi Pagoda in Saigon in August.
^ Using their rifle butts as clubs, squads of tough, riot-trained "special forces" smashed into the pagoda, battering a path through a small guard of young Buddhist monks.- South Viet Nam: The Crackdown - TIME 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC www.time.com [Source type: News]
^ Green Beret – Member of the US Army Special Forces – called for their distinctive green beret headgear authorized by President Kennedy.- Vietnam Dictionary 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC parker5nc.tripod.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ Ngo Dinh Diem was killed in a military coup, which the U.S. had encouraged, on November 2, 1963, twelve years before the fall of Saigon—and twenty days before J.F.K.’s assassination.- Close Read: Two Wars and a Fresca: Close Read : The New Yorker 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC www.newyorker.com [Source type: News]
^ In other words, the military strategist who led the European theater in World War II had singled out the key terrain.- OpinionJournal - THINKING THINGS OVER 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC www.opinionjournal.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Conceived in three phases, the first phase involves attacks against remote border areas in an effort to lure American troops away from South Vietnam's cities.- Vietnam War Timeline 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC vietnamresearch.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
Nhu was aware of the plots, but remained confident that he could outmanoevre them, and began to plot a counter-coup, as well as the assassinations of US Ambassador
Henry Cabot Lodge, Jr. and other American and opposition figures.
.^ Pervaded by family corruption, Nhu competed with his brother Ngo Dinh Can , who ruled the northern areas for US contracts and rice trade.
^ Diem and his brother, Ngo Dinh Nhu (who headed the secret police), were murdered.- What caused the Vietnam War? | Smart QandA: Answers and facts you can trust, verified with Encyclopedia.com 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC qanda.encyclopedia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The vanity of an ambitious young general, Ton That Dinh, appears to have been a key factor to the train of events that led to the overthrow of the Ngo family regime and the deaths of President Ngo Dinh Diem and his brother Ngo Dinh Nhu.- http://www.mosquitonet.com/~prewett/budcri262272.html 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC www.mosquitonet.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ Ngo Dinh Diem - The South Vietnamese President murdered by one of his military officers in a November 2, 1963 coup.- Vietnam Dictionary 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC parker5nc.tripod.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Although Kennedy and his administration backed the corrupt Ngo Dinh Diem regime in South Vietnam, they ultimately decided to back a coup to overthrow Diem in November 1963 .- SparkNotes: The Vietnam War (1945–1975): Key People & Terms 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC www.sparknotes.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ They captured Diem and Nhu, and executed them on the morning of Nov.- OpinionJournal - THINKING THINGS OVER 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC www.opinionjournal.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Over 50,000 are arrested by police controlled by Diem's brother Nhu with many innocent civilians tortured then executed.- Vietnam War Timeline 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC vietnamresearch.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- The History Place - Vietnam War 1945-1960 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC www.historyplace.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
Early years
.^ Nhu's family originated from the village of Phu Cam in central Vietnam.
.^ His family had served as mandarins in the imperial court in Hue, and his father Ngo Dinh Kha was a counselor to Emperor Thanh Thai during the French colonisation.
^ Pervaded by family corruption, Nhu competed with his brother Ngo Dinh Can , who ruled the northern areas for US contracts and rice trade.
^ When the French deposed the emperor on the pretext of insanity, Kha retired in protest and became a farmer.
.^ When the French deposed the emperor on the pretext of insanity, Kha retired in protest and became a farmer.
^ His family had served as mandarins in the imperial court in Hue, and his father Ngo Dinh Kha was a counselor to Emperor Thanh Thai during the French colonisation.
Nhu was the fourth of six sons, born in 1910.
[1]
.^ These priests are in their thirties and early forties, men clearly affected by thirty years of political revolution and political war in Vietnam.- http://www.mosquitonet.com/~prewett/budcri262272.html 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC www.mosquitonet.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ Ngo Dinh Diem Ngo Dinh Diem was born in Vietnam in 1901.- Diem, Ngo Dinh - MSN Encarta 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC encarta.msn.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ One of the deceased is Ngo Dinh Diem, the president of South Vietnam.- [IP] Unlike JFK's war, Bush fights for Iraqi liberty 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC www.interesting-people.org [Source type: Original source]
- [IP] more on Unlike JFK's war, Bush fights for Iraqi liberty 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC www.interesting-people.org [Source type: Original source]
^ Ngo Dinh Diem is the president, .- Monks & Mandala - Burning Man 2003 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC home.mindspring.com [Source type: News]
.^ In 1933 Diem was appointed minister of the interior by the emperor Bao Dai .- Diem, Ngo Dinh - MSN Encarta 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC encarta.msn.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ October 23, 1955 - Bao Dai is ousted from power, defeated by Prime Minister Diem in a U.S.-backed plebiscite which was rigged.- Vietnam War Timeline 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC vietnamresearch.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- The History Place - Vietnam War 1945-1960 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC www.historyplace.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[2] Nhu nevertheless showed little interest in following in their footsteps.
[3] Despite their differing interests, Nhu and his brothers were devoutly Catholic and Confucianist.
[3]
.^ He graduated from the École Nationale des Chartes , a French archivists’ school, and returned to Vietnam from France at the outbreak of World War II. He was influenced by personalism , a concept he had acquired in the Latin Quarter .
[3] .^ He graduated from the École Nationale des Chartes , a French archivists’ school, and returned to Vietnam from France at the outbreak of World War II. He was influenced by personalism , a concept he had acquired in the Latin Quarter .
^ While Diem was living in exile, the Viet Minh were fighting the French, who sought to reclaim their Asian colonies after World War II. In 1954 the French conceded defeat, and the leaders of the Viet Minh believed that Vietnam would gain full independence.- Diem, Ngo Dinh - MSN Encarta 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC encarta.msn.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Indeed, involvement began during World War II and grew during the 1950s as the United States first supported the French, then the fledgling nationalist government of South Vietnam against the communist North.- President Johnson and the Joint Chiefs. | Goliath Business News 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC goliath.ecnext.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
It had been conceived in the 1930s by Catholic progressives such as
Emmanuel Mounier.
.^ Mounier’s heirs in Paris, who edited the left wing Catholic review ’’Esprit’’ denounced Nhu as a fraud.
[1] Personalism condemned liberal
capitalism for the
Great Depression and individualistic greed and exploitation, and disagreed with communism because of its opposition to spiritiuality.
[4]
.^ He worked at Hanoi’s National Library and in 1943, he married Tran Le Xuan, making her known as "Madame Nhu" .- Political Nhu, Ngô Ðình Nhu 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC pnhu.com [Source type: General]
^ The occasion was a tour of the US by Madame Ngo Dinh Nhu, sister-in-law of President Diem and wife of the head of South Vietnam's secret police: Mme.- Behind the Headlines 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC www.antiwar.com [Source type: Original source]
^ The book "Tran Le Xuan: Giac Mong Chien Truong," also mentions the anecdote of Madame Nhu banning divorce to prevent her sister, Tran Le Chi, from divorcing her wealthy husband for her French lover.- http://www.lib.washington.edu/Southeastasia/vsg/elist_2006/Madame%20Nhu.html 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC www.lib.washington.edu [Source type: Original source]
.^ Diem soon resigned his post, however, because neither the French nor Bao Dai would support reforms he advocated.- Ngo Dinh Diem – FREE Ngo Dinh Diem information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Ngo Dinh Diem research 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ His reputation as a nationalist grew nonetheless, largely based on his abandonment of high position in protest of French colonial rule.- Ngo Dinh Diem – FREE Ngo Dinh Diem information | Encyclopedia.com: Find Ngo Dinh Diem research 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ However, the coup against Diem fizzles due to mistrust and suspicion within the ranks of the military conspirators.- Vietnam War Timeline 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC vietnamresearch.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[5] He also raised orchids during his time in Da Lat.
[3]
.^ Even while they were backing the Viet Minh in the war against the French, they never recognized them as the legitimate representatives of the Vietnamese people until 1950, five years after Ho Chi Minh had proclaimed the independence of Vietnam.
^ For it was the United States and its allies during World War II, and not just the Kremlin, who were the first sponsors of what was then called the Viet-Minh (League for the Independence of Vietnam) led by then-nationalist leader Ho Chi Minh in an insurgency against the Japanese occupation army and the Vichy French colonial authorities.- Behind the Headlines 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC www.antiwar.com [Source type: Original source]
^ When Uncle Ho and his Allied-supplied guerrilla fighters rode into Hanoi in the summer of 1945, victorious, the future Communist dictator read the words of the Declaration of Independence in the public square.- Behind the Headlines 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC www.antiwar.com [Source type: Original source]
[6] .^ ON NOVEMBER 2, 1963, AFTER SOUTH Vietnamese President Ngo Dinh Diem began negotiations with North Vietnamese communists, he was shot at point-blank range, along with his brother and political adviser, Ngo Dinh Nhu, during a U.S.-backed coup.- The Conspiracy Theories 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC karws.gso.uri.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Ngô Ðình Nhu pronunciation (help·info), born in Vietnam, was the younger brother and chief political advisor of South Vietnam's first President, Ngô Ðình Diệm.- Political Nhu, Ngô Ðình Nhu 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC pnhu.com [Source type: General]
^ Ngô Ðình Nhu was in charge of his brother's regime of secret police and political movements, the Can Lao.- Political Nhu, Ngô Ðình Nhu 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC pnhu.com [Source type: General]
[3] .^ The remark could be insightful to a study either on their familial and political relationship; or, considering the relative "trendiness" of her style and the subsequent controversy over it, on gender relationships that were going on at large at the time.- http://www.lib.washington.edu/Southeastasia/vsg/elist_2006/Madame%20Nhu.html 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC www.lib.washington.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ Political pressure now mounts on the Kennedy administration to disassociate itself from Diem's repressive, family-run government.- Vietnam War Timeline 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC vietnamresearch.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[6] .^ In 1950, when Diem was forced into exile by Ho Chi Minh, he fled to a Catholic seminary in New York, where he became friendly with then-senator John Kennedy.- The Conspiracy Theories 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC karws.gso.uri.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ June 30, 1950 - President Harry S. Truman orders U.S. ground troops into Korea following Communist North Korea's invasion of the South.- Vietnam War Timeline 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC vietnamresearch.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- The History Place - Vietnam War 1945-1960 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC www.historyplace.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ In 1950 Diem left Vietnam for self-imposed exile.- Diem, Ngo Dinh - MSN Encarta 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC encarta.msn.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[7]
.^ The key point is you can fire the idea over, and let us draft up the story, we're not insisting on final copy.- Today In Alternate History [Archived]: October 2007 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC althistory.blogspot.com [Source type: General]
[3] However, he appeared to imbue personalist ideas into his elder brother, who used the philosophy's terminology in his speeches.
.^ But the analysis of high American political officers was that the movement was anti-Communist as well as anti-Government.- http://www.mosquitonet.com/~prewett/budcri262272.html 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC www.mosquitonet.com [Source type: Original source]
^ "Hanoi Jane" made a radio broadcast, as well as the infamous photo of posing with North Vietnamese forces on an anti-aircraft weapon.- Vietnam Dictionary 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC parker5nc.tripod.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Since the assassination of the founder and prophet, Huynh Phu So, by Ho Chi Minh's forces, the Hoa Hao have been fiercely anti-Communist.- Glossary of Military Terms & Slang from the Vietnam War D-J 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC www2.iath.virginia.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Vietnam War Glossary 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC www.ichiban1.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[4] .^ He did not have his own party and is dependent on the US. His younger brother is believed to be one of the leading figures in the drug business.- Bush's 'Puppet In Kabul' Will Not Go Quietly: Patrick Cockburn 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC www.huffingtonpost.com [Source type: General]
^ ON NOVEMBER 2, 1963, AFTER SOUTH Vietnamese President Ngo Dinh Diem began negotiations with North Vietnamese communists, he was shot at point-blank range, along with his brother and political adviser, Ngo Dinh Nhu, during a U.S.-backed coup.- The Conspiracy Theories 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC karws.gso.uri.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Ho Chi Minh’s leading general and the primary commander of Vietnamese Communist forces from the earliest days of the Viet Minh.- SparkNotes: The Vietnam War (1945–1975): Key People & Terms 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC www.sparknotes.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ The question of press coverage of developments in Vietnam and U.S. involvement became less sensitive during the latter part of 1963, but still remained an important issue.- Introduction to segment of "Foreign Relations of the United States, Volume IV, Vietnam August-December 1963" 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC www.ratical.org [Source type: Reference]
In April 1952, Nhu gave a talk on the topic at the newly opened
Vietnamese National Military Academy in Da Lat.
[4] .^ All soldiers deserve respect, but in a fight between a Marine and a Navy Pilot, I’ll take the Marine, especially when this Navy pilot is bereft of his senses.- Firedoglake » Timmeh’s Tool Time Redux 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC www.firedoglake.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Catholic soldiers fought with Buddhist soldiers within the national army, engaged upon a life or death war against the communist regime of the North.
^ FULRO is still conducting resistance against Communist operations to subjugate the indigenous tribal peoples.- Glossary of Military Terms & Slang from the Vietnam War D-J 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC www2.iath.virginia.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Vietnam War Glossary 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC www.ichiban1.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
He called on all Vietnamese to engage in a perosnalist-driven social revolution to strengthen the society and country.
[8]
.^ He worked at Hanoi’s National Library and in 1943, he married Tran Le Xuan, making her known as "Madame Nhu" .- Political Nhu, Ngô Ðình Nhu 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC pnhu.com [Source type: General]
^ Many South Vietnamese pilots also land on the carriers, flying American-made helicopters which are then pushed overboard to make room for more arrivals.- Vietnam War Timeline 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC vietnamresearch.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ I found the comments from Nhu Miller and Judith Stowe illustrative of the complicated familial components that make the Vietnamese sides of the war fascinating if not also frustrating to grasp at times.- http://www.lib.washington.edu/Southeastasia/vsg/elist_2006/Madame%20Nhu.html 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC www.lib.washington.edu [Source type: Original source]
[8] .^ But Kennedy found to his great chagrin that David Bell, the head of the Agency for International Development (a well-known CIA front), had already cut off that aid.
^ Amongst the blacklist is the little known actor Ronald Reagan who had been considering the launch of a political career as a Californian Democrat.- Today In Alternate History [Archived]: October 2007 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC althistory.blogspot.com [Source type: General]
^ With due deference to Nhu Miller, Pham Ngoc Thach & Pham Ngoc Thao who have streets named after them were not directly related, according to family sources.- http://www.lib.washington.edu/Southeastasia/vsg/elist_2006/Madame%20Nhu.html 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC www.lib.washington.edu [Source type: Original source]
[8]
.^ His family had served as mandarins in the imperial court in Hue, and his father Ngo Dinh Kha was a counselor to Emperor Thanh Thai during the French colonisation.
^ Pervaded by family corruption, Nhu competed with his brother Ngo Dinh Can , who ruled the northern areas for US contracts and rice trade.
^ The elections were held, with Nhu and the family's Can Lao Party, which supplied Diem's electoral base, organising and supervising the elections.
[8] .^ The year is approximately 2199, and humanity is fighting a war against an irresistible group consciousness known as the Mesh created in the early 21st century.- Today In Alternate History [Archived]: October 2007 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC althistory.blogspot.com [Source type: General]
^ Communist activist Ho Chi Minh secretly returns to Vietnam after 30 years in exile and organizes a nationalist organization known as the Viet Minh (Vietnam Independence League).- Vietnam War Timeline 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC vietnamresearch.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- The History Place - Vietnam War 1945-1960 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC www.historyplace.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
The body consisted of a network of cells, and most members knew the identities of only a few colleagues.
.^ Nothing earth-shattering was ever discovered (the board was shut down in September), though many documents still remain hidden from view.- The Conspiracy Theories 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC karws.gso.uri.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[8]
.^ As early as 1954 that Saigon leader Ngo Dinh Diem would ultimately fail to gain the support of the South Vietnamese people.- An American Lion - An American Lion - The Daily Blog - The Afghan Nightmare is Nearly Complete 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC www.anamericanlion.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[8] .^ A brother of Ngo Dinh Diem who effectively became a warlord after Diem appointed him head of the Can Lao, the South Vietnamese secret police.- SparkNotes: The Vietnam War (1945–1975): Key People & Terms 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC www.sparknotes.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ And there's also Mme Nhu's brother, Tran Van Khiem who murdered his parents in Washington D.C. This family deserves to be a book of some kind.- http://www.lib.washington.edu/Southeastasia/vsg/elist_2006/Madame%20Nhu.html 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC www.lib.washington.edu [Source type: Original source]
Nhu and his supporters began publishing a
Saigon journal called
Xa Hoi (Society) which endorsed Buu's movement and unionism in general.
[9]
.^ In light of talks opening up with China for the first time in decades, Secretary of State Henry Kissinger calls Vietnam a “sideshow”.- Major Events of the Vietnam War 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC vietnamwar.lib.umb.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ It is no coincidence that the open flaring up of the religious war began in his See, in Hue.
.^ March 8, 1949 - The French install Bao Dai as puppet head of state in South Vietnam.- Vietnam War Timeline 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC vietnamresearch.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- The History Place - Vietnam War 1945-1960 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC www.historyplace.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ He eventually became Secretary of State.- Vietnam Dictionary 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC parker5nc.tripod.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Even while they were backing the Viet Minh in the war against the French, they never recognized them as the legitimate representatives of the Vietnamese people until 1950, five years after Ho Chi Minh had proclaimed the independence of Vietnam.
.^ One year before "self-determination," which could be no later than 1969, the United Nations would appoint a staff to advise and assist with arrangements.- 95/03/06 Foreign Relations, 1961-63, Vol XXIII, Southeast Asia 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC wpik.org [Source type: Original source]
^ At the United Nations, Luns proposed transfer of the territory to the United Nations, which would dispatch a commission to organize a plebiscite on Papuan self-determination.- 95/03/06 Foreign Relations, 1961-63, Vol XXIII, Southeast Asia 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC wpik.org [Source type: Original source]
^ Rostow recommended speaking frankly to the Dutch by warning them that the ultimate end of their policies would be military collision with Indonesia and that meaningful self-determination for "stone-age Papuans" would take too long.- 95/03/06 Foreign Relations, 1961-63, Vol XXIII, Southeast Asia 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC wpik.org [Source type: Original source]
[10]
.^ Campaigning for Bao Dai was prohibited, and the result was rigged, with Bao Dai supporters attacked by Nhu's workers.
.^ Big Boys: artillery; slang for tanks Big Red One: nickname for the 1st Infantry Division Binh Xuyen: the organized crime syndicate that controlled much of the Vietnamese underworld and Saigon police until deposed by Diem's forces in 1955.- Vietnam War Glossary 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC www.ichiban1.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Cao Dai: a religious and political sect formed in the 1920s by a group of South Vietnamese intellectuals, combining the three major religions of Vietnam --Buddhism, Confucianism, and Christianity -- with the worship of Vietnamese and Western heroes.- Vietnam War Glossary 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC www.ichiban1.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Though more widespread and with a larger membership than Ho Chi Minh's Viet Minh or Lao Dong Party, the Dai Viets were fragmented into regional factions.- Vietnam War Glossary 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC www.ichiban1.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ October 23, 1955 - Bao Dai is ousted from power, defeated by Prime Minister Diem in a U.S.-backed plebiscite which was rigged.- Vietnam War Timeline 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC vietnamresearch.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- The History Place - Vietnam War 1945-1960 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC www.historyplace.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ In the South, Bao Dai has installed Ngo Dinh Diem as his prime minister.- Vietnam War Timeline 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC vietnamresearch.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- The History Place - Vietnam War 1945-1960 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC www.historyplace.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Bao Dai proved to be an ineffective ruler and was unable to exercise any of his powers without the support of the French colonial regime.- SparkNotes: The Vietnam War (1945–1975): Key People & Terms 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC www.sparknotes.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ Main article: 1955 South Vietnamese election Nhu's brother Diệm had been appointed Prime Minister of the State of Vietnam by Emperor Bao Dai after the French had been defeated at the Battle of Dien Bien Phu .
^ Campaigning for Bao Dai was prohibited, and the result was rigged, with Bao Dai supporters attacked by Nhu's workers.
^ Ngo Dinh Nhu, long considered powers behind the scenes, came into full public view and accomplished what some observers consider a palace coup against President Ngo Dinh Diem.- http://www.mosquitonet.com/~prewett/budcri262272.html 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC www.mosquitonet.com [Source type: Original source]
[11]
.^ October 23, 1955 - Bao Dai is ousted from power, defeated by Prime Minister Diem in a U.S.-backed plebiscite which was rigged.- The History Place - Vietnam War 1945-1960 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC www.historyplace.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
The leaders of most of the other parties agreed to participate, but Nhu and his organizations were absent.
.^ Katharine Hepburn plays Eugene O'Neill's mother in "Long Day's Journey into Night."- 1962 LIFE Magazine Issues For Sale at 2Neat Magazines 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC www.2neatmagazines.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Whatever the truth of the matter, Jackson's appearance on national television the next day with his bloodied turtleneck jersey vaulted him into national prominence.- Today In Alternate History [Archived]: October 2007 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC althistory.blogspot.com [Source type: General]
.^ March 8, 1949 - The French install Bao Dai as puppet head of state in South Vietnam.- Vietnam War Timeline 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC vietnamresearch.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- The History Place - Vietnam War 1945-1960 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC www.historyplace.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ In March France recognizes an “independent” state of Vietnam; Bao Dai becomes its leader in June.- Major Events of the Vietnam War 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC vietnamwar.lib.umb.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[12]
Rise to power
.^ Vietnam's puppet emperor, Bao Dai, abdicates.- Vietnam War Timeline 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC vietnamresearch.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- The History Place - Vietnam War 1945-1960 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC www.historyplace.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Dien Bien Phu - The site of a major battle that turned the war against the French in Vietnam in 1954.- Vietnam Dictionary 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC parker5nc.tripod.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ June 18, 1965 - Nguyen Cao Ky takes power in South Vietnam as the new prime minister with Nguyen Van Thieu functioning as official chief of state.- Vietnam War Timeline 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC vietnamresearch.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ At the start of 1955, French Indochina was dissolved, leaving Diem in temporary control of the south.
^ The French command disbands and French troops leave South Vietnam.- Major Events of the Vietnam War 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC vietnamwar.lib.umb.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The South Vietnamese secret police during the Ngo Dien Diem regime, which was controlled by Diem’s hated brother Ngo Dinh Nhu.- SparkNotes: The Vietnam War (1945–1975): Key People & Terms 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC www.sparknotes.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[13] .^ A referendum was scheduled for October 23, 1955 to determine the future direction of the south.
^ October 26, 1955 - The Republic of South Vietnam is proclaimed with Diem as its first president.- Vietnam War Timeline 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC vietnamresearch.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- The History Place - Vietnam War 1945-1960 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC www.historyplace.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ October 23, 1955 - Bao Dai is ousted from power, defeated by Prime Minister Diem in a U.S.-backed plebiscite which was rigged.- Vietnam War Timeline 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC vietnamresearch.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- The History Place - Vietnam War 1945-1960 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC www.historyplace.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ It was contested by Bao Dai , the Emperor, advocating the restoration of the monarchy, while Diem ran on a republican platform.
^ Vietnam's puppet emperor, Bao Dai, abdicates.- Vietnam War Timeline 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC vietnamresearch.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- The History Place - Vietnam War 1945-1960 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC www.historyplace.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ October 23, 1955 - Bao Dai is ousted from power, defeated by Prime Minister Diem in a U.S.-backed plebiscite which was rigged.- Vietnam War Timeline 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC vietnamresearch.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- The History Place - Vietnam War 1945-1960 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC www.historyplace.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ He founded the Can Lao Party (CLP), a secret police force overseen by his brother, Ngo Dinh Nhu, and Nhu's wife, Madame Nhu.
^ Headed by Diem's brother, Ngo Dinh Nhu, this was the forerunner of the Can Lao.- Glossary of Military Terms & Slang from the Vietnam War D-J 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC www2.iath.virginia.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Vietnam War Glossary 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC www.ichiban1.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[14][15] .^ Campaigning for Bao Dai was prohibited, and the result was rigged, with Bao Dai supporters attacked by Nhu's workers.
^ To the Buddhists, this and continued attacks from a newspaper supporting Ngo Dinh Nhu had an ominous sound.- http://www.mosquitonet.com/~prewett/budcri262272.html 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC www.mosquitonet.com [Source type: Original source]
^ October 23, 1955 - Bao Dai is ousted from power, defeated by Prime Minister Diem in a U.S.-backed plebiscite which was rigged.- Vietnam War Timeline 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC vietnamresearch.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- The History Place - Vietnam War 1945-1960 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC www.historyplace.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ His regime received 100% of the vote that year, in an election which registered more votes than there were voters.
^ Trujillo won the 1930 presidential election with more votes than there were registered voters, but because he was anti-communist, Washington was happy.
.^ Diem's tally also exceeded the registration numbers in other districts.
[14][16]
In his youth he had formed student movements. He created a web of covert political, security, labor and other organizations.
.^ Emulating the communists, he built a structure of five man cells to spy on dissidents and promote those loyal to Diem’s regime.
^ Logically, if Ho was a nationalist and not a communist, the United States had no strategic interest in South Vietnam, and if the Diem regime was unpopular, then American intervention must have been a mistake.- Book review by Ian Horwood of Mark Moyar, 'Triumph Forsaken: The Vietnam War, 1954–1965' by Stephanie Snow 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC www.history.ac.uk [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The Diem regime argues that free elections are impossible in the Communist North.- Major Events of the Vietnam War 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC vietnamwar.lib.umb.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[5]Power
.^ Nhu held no official role in the government, but ruled the southern region of South Vietnam, commanding private armies and secret police.
^ The occasion was a tour of the US by Madame Ngo Dinh Nhu, sister-in-law of President Diem and wife of the head of South Vietnam's secret police: Mme.- Behind the Headlines 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC www.antiwar.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Joint Communique · Cable 243 · Krulak Mendenhall mission · McNamara Taylor mission · Secret peace talks between North and South Vietnam in 1963 .
.^ Finally Ngo Dinh Diem asked again: .- http://www.mosquitonet.com/~prewett/budcri262272.html 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC www.mosquitonet.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Ngo Dinh Diem is the president, .- Monks & Mandala - Burning Man 2003 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC home.mindspring.com [Source type: News]
^ Along with his wife and Archbishop Ngo Dinh Thuc , he lived in the Presidential Palace with Diem, as part of a nepotistic regime.
[17] .^ Pervaded by family corruption, Nhu competed with his brother Ngo Dinh Can , who ruled the northern areas for US contracts and rice trade.
^ WikiPortallus: Ngo Dinh Nhu.html .
^ Ngo Dinh Nhu.html .
[18] .^ Command of operations unit for all U.S. military forces in Vietnam, based in Long Binh.- Vietnam War Glossary 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC www.ichiban1.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Green Beret – Member of the US Army Special Forces – called for their distinctive green beret headgear authorized by President Kennedy.- Vietnam Dictionary 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC parker5nc.tripod.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The U.S. quickly recognizes Diem’s government as the “legitimate” government of all of Vietnam and begins to finance the government and the newly established Army of the Republic of South Vietnam (ARVN).- Major Events of the Vietnam War 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC vietnamwar.lib.umb.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[5] .^ Tortures and killings of "communist suspects" were committed on a daily basis.
^ Labor unions were banned, criticism of the President became unlawful, and thousands of suspected communists (including children) were arrested and tortured.
^ Death squads tortured and killed thousands of "communists".
.^ No member of VSG seeking to resurrect noble anti-communist Vietnamese would knowingly permit this effort to be politicized beyond recognition.- http://www.lib.washington.edu/Southeastasia/vsg/elist_2006/Madame%20Nhu.html 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC www.lib.washington.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ But the analysis of high American political officers was that the movement was anti-Communist as well as anti-Government.- http://www.mosquitonet.com/~prewett/budcri262272.html 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC www.mosquitonet.com [Source type: Original source]
^ The succession of corrupt military dictators ruled Guatemala for over 30 years, one anti-communist tyrant after another receiving U.S. support, aid, and training.
[19] .^ His agents infiltrated labor unions and social organizations, and he expanded the police forces from 20 to 32 officers.
.^ They conducted arrests without warrants and selective suppression of criminal activity and graft while turning a blind eye to regime loyalists.
[20]
Nhu was an
opium addict and
Adolf Hitler admirer.
.^ He founded the Can Lao Party (CLP), a secret police force overseen by his brother, Ngo Dinh Nhu, and Nhu's wife, Madame Nhu.
^ All political and union activities were suspended, wages were reduced by 60%, and dissidents were tortured by Nazi and US-trained military and police.
[21] He and his wife amassed a fortune by running numbers and lottery rackets, manipulating currency and extorting money from Saigon businesses.
[22]In 1956, Diem created a rubber stamp unicameral legislature, the National Assembly.
.^ August 29, 1963 - Lodge sends a message to Washington stating "...there is no possibility, in my view, that the war can be won under a Diem administration."- Vietnam War Timeline 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC vietnamresearch.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ As long as a designated number of members voted affirmatively and no negative votes were cast, an action would be approved.- 95/03/06 Foreign Relations, 1961-63, Vol XXIII, Southeast Asia 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC wpik.org [Source type: Original source]
^ In 1953, US President Douglas MacArthur formally approved the top secret document National Security Council Paper No.- Today In Alternate History [Archived]: October 2007 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC althistory.blogspot.com [Source type: General]
[23]In June 1958, the ARVN were involved in border clashes with Cambodia and made gains in the northeastern Cambodian province of
Stung Treng.
[24] This provoked a war of words between Diem and Sihanouk.
[25] On August 31, 1959, Nhu failed in an attempt to assassinate Sihanouk. He ordered his agents to send parcel bombs to the Cambodian leader.
.^ The United States might have done more to assuage Sihanouk's fears, but its other concerns in Southeast AsiaSouth Vietnam, Laos, and Indonesia took precedence.- 95/03/06 Foreign Relations, 1961-63, Vol XXIII, Southeast Asia 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC wpik.org [Source type: Original source]
^ Therefore POL 15-1 S VIET contains documentation on South Vietnam's President; POL 15-1 CAMB would contain documentation of Cambodia's Head of State, Prince Norodom Sihanouk.- Introduction to segment of "Foreign Relations of the United States, Volume IV, Vietnam August-December 1963" 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC www.ratical.org [Source type: Reference]
^ The conflict in South Vietnam caused friction between Prince Sihanouk of Cambodia and the United States.- 95/03/06 Foreign Relations, 1961-63, Vol XXIII, Southeast Asia 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC wpik.org [Source type: Original source]
.^ Five-man teams of American advisors who were assigned to live and work in the Vietnamese villages.- Vietnam War Glossary 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC www.ichiban1.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Akin to the American slang word “Commies,” an originally mildly derisive term for Communist forces in South Vietnam who opposed the U.S.-backed government in Saigon.- SparkNotes: The Vietnam War (1945–1975): Key People & Terms 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC www.sparknotes.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ Some speculate that the note really contained violent threats; others think it was a warning from Oswald that someone in Dallas was going to kill the president.- The Conspiracy Theories 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC karws.gso.uri.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
The explosion happened adjacent to a room in the palace where Sihanouk's parents were present.
[26][27] .^ The Khmer Serei began broadcasting anti-Sihanouk messages into Cambodia from a transmitter thought to be in South Vietnam.- 95/03/06 Foreign Relations, 1961-63, Vol XXIII, Southeast Asia 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC wpik.org [Source type: Original source]
^ By the time of U.S. involvement, the Viet Cong was a sizable guerrilla force hidden among South Vietnam’s population, making its members extremely difficult to find or target.- SparkNotes: The Vietnam War (1945–1975): Key People & Terms 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC www.sparknotes.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ A short time later the Eisenhower administration provides economic and military aid to South Vietnam under the leadership of Diem.- Major Events of the Vietnam War 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC vietnamwar.lib.umb.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[28] .^ The Ngo Dinh Diem of earlier years, many observers believe, would have been able to move toward a quick settlement of the dispute.- http://www.mosquitonet.com/~prewett/budcri262272.html 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC www.mosquitonet.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Batista ruled or several years, then left for Miami, returning in 1952 just in time for another coup, against elected president Carlos Prio Socorras.
^ In late November and early December 1963, Sihanouk revived his oft-repeated but unsubstantiated charge of U.S. complicity against him.- 95/03/06 Foreign Relations, 1961-63, Vol XXIII, Southeast Asia 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC wpik.org [Source type: Original source]
.^ Religion A special mention should be made of developments in the United States during the last few decades.- A Vietnamese Persecution Of Vietnamese Buddhism 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC www.articlesbase.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Then, on June 8, Mrs. Ngo Dinh Nhu's Women's Solidarity Movement issued a bitter statement implying that the Buddhists were infiltrated by Communists.- http://www.mosquitonet.com/~prewett/budcri262272.html 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC www.mosquitonet.com [Source type: Original source]
^ The United States might have done more to assuage Sihanouk's fears, but its other concerns in Southeast AsiaSouth Vietnam, Laos, and Indonesia took precedence.- 95/03/06 Foreign Relations, 1961-63, Vol XXIII, Southeast Asia 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC wpik.org [Source type: Original source]
[26].^ U.S. military personnel working with Vietnamese civilians.- Vietnam War Glossary 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC www.ichiban1.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The last two US military personnel killed in Vietnam, Charles McMahon, Jr. Darwin Jude, died on April 29,1975.- Vietnam Dictionary 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC parker5nc.tripod.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The relationship among the United States Government, the Diem government, and dissident elements in South Vietnam: From late August 1963, when this volume begins, to the overthrow of the Diem government on November 1, 1963, the United States strongly supported the Republic of Vietnam, but the relationship was strained.- Introduction to segment of "Foreign Relations of the United States, Volume IV, Vietnam August-December 1963" 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC www.ratical.org [Source type: Reference]
.^ Nguyen Van Thieu helped organize the coup that killed Pres.- Timeline 1963 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC timelines.ws [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ In November the same status is accorded to Cambodia.- Major Events of the Vietnam War 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC vietnamwar.lib.umb.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The last two US military personnel killed in Vietnam, Charles McMahon, Jr. Darwin Jude, died on April 29,1975.- Vietnam Dictionary 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC parker5nc.tripod.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[30][31]
Strategic Hamlet Program
.^ STRategic Air) strategic hamlet program: a controversial pacification and village self-defense program implemented by the Diem government that attempted to turn all sixteen thousand South Vietnamese hamlets into fortified compounds.- Vietnam War Glossary 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC www.ichiban1.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ March 1962 - Operation Sunrise begins the Strategic Hamlet resettlement program in which scattered rural populations in South Vietnam are uprooted from their ancestral farmlands and resettled into fortified villages defended by local militias.- Vietnam War Timeline 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC vietnamresearch.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Accordingly, the U.S. would gradually limit its involvement to economic and military aid, and work towards building up the ARVN so as to allow it to take over a larger share of the fighting.- Major Events of the Vietnam War 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC vietnamwar.lib.umb.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ They operated in the clear (daylight takeoffs) from Kadena AB, Okinawa and out of select US bases in Vietnam.- Vietnam Dictionary 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC parker5nc.tripod.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ All was routine on this morning sortie into the Delta, Faas recalled, until the pilot of his helicopter told his passengers by intercom that the operation was being aborted.- SignOnSanDiego.com > News > Nation -- Reporters and photographers remember David Halberstam in Vietnam 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC www.signonsandiego.com [Source type: News]
^ With due deference to Nhu Miller, Pham Ngoc Thach & Pham Ngoc Thao who have streets named after them were not directly related, according to family sources.- http://www.lib.washington.edu/Southeastasia/vsg/elist_2006/Madame%20Nhu.html 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC www.lib.washington.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ The ao dai is the symbol of Vietnam in general and of Hue in particular, because Hue is the land where the ao dai come into being.
[32] .^ Ngo Dinh Diem oppressed the Vietnamese people so badly that many of them turned to the communists for protection from his ruthless rule.
[33] Thao helped to ruin Nhu's scheme by having strategic hamlets built in communist strongholds.
.^ Workers who asked for wage increases were labeled communists, and shot on the spot, as were farmers who tried to stop Trujillo from confiscating their land.
As a result, the Vietcong were able to more effectively penetrate the villages to access supplies and personnel.
[34][35]
Buddhist crisis
.^ Thousands of Buddhists demonstrated, and the Government broke up the demonstration by firing into the crowd and killing nine.- http://www.mosquitonet.com/~prewett/budcri262272.html 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC www.mosquitonet.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Then came in 2506/1963 the persecution of Buddhism and the Buddhist crisis which turned the monks political and militant.- A Vietnamese Persecution Of Vietnamese Buddhism 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC www.articlesbase.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ In defiance, the Buddhists lined the streets flying their flags regardless of the new law; this defiance turned bloody when troops fired into the crowd, killing nine.- Timeline 1963 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC timelines.ws [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ The Buddhists staged a peaceful demonstration march against the edict.
^ In the case of President Diem, when he put Catholicism first, he alienated the vast majority of the South Vietnamese masses and of the South Vietnamese army who, it must be remembered, were Buddhists and on the whole supported him politically.
^ The Diem Government decided to demonstrate its strength by enforcing a law against the display of flags other than the national flag.- Timeline 1963 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC timelines.ws [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
The movement threatened the stability of the Ngo family's rule. Nhu was known to favor a stronger line against the Buddhists.
.^ Through months of protests, statements, and demonstrations, two political aspects of the crisis have stood out.- http://www.mosquitonet.com/~prewett/budcri262272.html 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC www.mosquitonet.com [Source type: Original source]
^ By this time, over a million American soldiers have rotated through Vietnam, with length of service for draftees being one year, and most Americans serving in support units.- Vietnam War Timeline 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC vietnamresearch.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ In light of talks opening up with China for the first time in decades, Secretary of State Henry Kissinger calls Vietnam a “sideshow”.- Major Events of the Vietnam War 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC vietnamwar.lib.umb.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[36] During this time, his wife Madame Nhu, who was the de facto first lady due to Diem's bachelor life, inflamed the situation by mockingly applauding the suicides of
Thích Quảng Đức and others, referring to them as "barbecues" while Nhu stated "if the Buddhists want to have another barbecue, I will be glad to supply the gasoline".
[37]
.^ June 18, 1965 - Nguyen Cao Ky takes power in South Vietnam as the new prime minister with Nguyen Van Thieu functioning as official chief of state.- Vietnam War Timeline 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC vietnamresearch.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ October 23, 1955 - Bao Dai is ousted from power, defeated by Prime Minister Diem in a U.S.-backed plebiscite which was rigged.- Vietnam War Timeline 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC vietnamresearch.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- The History Place - Vietnam War 1945-1960 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC www.historyplace.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ In the South, Bao Dai has installed Ngo Dinh Diem as his prime minister.- Vietnam War Timeline 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC vietnamresearch.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- The History Place - Vietnam War 1945-1960 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC www.historyplace.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[38] .^ Ky's actions result in a new series of immolations by Buddhist monks and nuns as an act of protest against his Saigon regime and its American backers.- Vietnam War Timeline 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC vietnamresearch.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[38][39] .^ He founded the Can Lao Party (CLP), a secret police force overseen by his brother, Ngo Dinh Nhu, and Nhu's wife, Madame Nhu.
^ At almost the same moment, in Xa Loi pagoda, a young priest was threatening: "If I tell some of the other Buddhists what has been signed they will be very angry."- http://www.mosquitonet.com/~prewett/budcri262272.html 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC www.mosquitonet.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Secret police organized by Ngo Dinh Nhu (Diem's brother) raid Buddhist temples.- Major Events of the Vietnam War 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC vietnamwar.lib.umb.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
When
Peter Arnett and
Malcolm Browne began taking photos,
[39] the police punched Arnett in the nose, floored him, threw rocks and broke his camera.
[40] Browne took photos of Arnett's bloodied face, and while the police smashed his camera, the
film survived.
.^ The self-immolation of Buddhist monks in Saigon further undermined the Diem regime in the eyes of the US administration.
^ Many people said the face of one > the sisters was that of Madame Nhu, the disliked sister-in-law of President > Ngo Dinh Diem.- http://www.lib.washington.edu/Southeastasia/vsg/elist_2006/Madame%20Nhu.html 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC www.lib.washington.edu [Source type: Original source]
[41][42] The Saigon press corps officially protest Nhu's men's "open physical intimidation to prevent the covering of news which we feel Americans have a right to know".
[41]
.^ To the Buddhists, this and continued attacks from a newspaper supporting Ngo Dinh Nhu had an ominous sound.- http://www.mosquitonet.com/~prewett/budcri262272.html 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC www.mosquitonet.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Lewis (2002:33) reports, “There’s such a variety of levels in this class that it’s really difficult to organize a good lesson.” .
^ Secret police organized by Ngo Dinh Nhu (Diem's brother) raid Buddhist temples.- Major Events of the Vietnam War 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC vietnamwar.lib.umb.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[36] .^ These men felt that the Government was provoking a major crisis and that its refusal to meet some of the Buddhist demands was arrogant and self-defeating.- http://www.mosquitonet.com/~prewett/budcri262272.html 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC www.mosquitonet.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Second, the lasting impact of the crisis will stem not from who was right and who was wrong, not from the merits of the Buddhist demands, but from how the Government handles events.- http://www.mosquitonet.com/~prewett/budcri262272.html 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC www.mosquitonet.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Because of his loyalty to Britain and his strongly anti-communist stance, Amin was picked by the British to replace the elected Ugandan government in a 1971 coup.
[43] .^ Ky's actions result in a new series of immolations by Buddhist monks and nuns as an act of protest against his Saigon regime and its American backers.- Vietnam War Timeline 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC vietnamresearch.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ This volume and its companion, volume III, are the first to be published in the Foreign Relations series in which the Department's central files come exclusively from the new system.- Introduction to segment of "Foreign Relations of the United States, Volume IV, Vietnam August-December 1963" 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC www.ratical.org [Source type: Reference]
^ It is a new volume in the Foreign Relations of the United States (FRUS) series, published by the U.S. Government Printing Office.- Introduction to segment of "Foreign Relations of the United States, Volume IV, Vietnam August-December 1963" 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC www.ratical.org [Source type: Reference]
[43]
.^ The Diem Government decided to demonstrate its strength by enforcing a law against the display of flags other than the national flag.- Timeline 1963 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC timelines.ws [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Zia eventually lifted martial law and called for general elections in 1985.
^ Second, the lasting impact of the crisis will stem not from who was right and who was wrong, not from the merits of the Buddhist demands, but from how the Government handles events.- http://www.mosquitonet.com/~prewett/budcri262272.html 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC www.mosquitonet.com [Source type: Original source]
[44][45][46] .^ Kennedy had approved the coup but was assured that an attempt would be made to evacuate Diem and Nhu from Saigon; he was appalled to learn that they had been murdered.- The Conspiracy Theories 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC karws.gso.uri.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ Also, Tran Van Chuong's family was wealthy and powerful in its own right, would the additional wealth warrant such intrigue from Madame Nhu, who was already part of the most powerful family at the time?- http://www.lib.washington.edu/Southeastasia/vsg/elist_2006/Madame%20Nhu.html 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC www.lib.washington.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ The New York Times later called Garrison's crusade against Shaw "one of the most disgraceful chapters in the history of American jurisprudence."- The Conspiracy Theories 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC karws.gso.uri.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[45][47] .^ In a Time magazine interview, General Westmoreland taunts the Viet Cong, saying "I hope they try something because we are looking for a fight."- Vietnam War Timeline 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC vietnamresearch.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Many persons in Saigon contend that in general intelligence operatives here are at the highest caliber, and say they have played vital roles in some of the most successful programs of the complicated counter-insurgency machinery.- Firedoglake » Timmeh’s Tool Time Redux 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC www.firedoglake.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Then, on June 8, Mrs. Ngo Dinh Nhu's Women's Solidarity Movement issued a bitter statement implying that the Buddhists were infiltrated by Communists.- http://www.mosquitonet.com/~prewett/budcri262272.html 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC www.mosquitonet.com [Source type: Original source]
[45][46] .^ Diem declares martial law.- Major Events of the Vietnam War 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC vietnamwar.lib.umb.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The next day, the Netherlands formally agreed to resume the Middleburg talks.- 95/03/06 Foreign Relations, 1961-63, Vol XXIII, Southeast Asia 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC wpik.org [Source type: Original source]
.^ They had no set plan and too few troops.- http://www.mosquitonet.com/~prewett/budcri262272.html 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC www.mosquitonet.com [Source type: Original source]
^ They misinform and disinform the public when they claim there is no such record of this, and that no one can really say what Kennedy was planning to do.- Introduction to segment of "Foreign Relations of the United States, Volume IV, Vietnam August-December 1963" 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC www.ratical.org [Source type: Reference]
^ Smoke - Smoke grenades or smoke generators used to conceal troop movements or identify positions.- Vietnam Dictionary 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC parker5nc.tripod.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ Green Beret – Member of the US Army Special Forces – called for their distinctive green beret headgear authorized by President Kennedy.- Vietnam Dictionary 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC parker5nc.tripod.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ He founded the Can Lao Party (CLP), a secret police force overseen by his brother, Ngo Dinh Nhu, and Nhu's wife, Madame Nhu.
^ Arvin: soldier in the ARVN, or the ARVN itself ARVN: Army of the Republic of Vietnam; the South Vietnamese Regular Army A-team: basic ten man team of the U.S. Special Forces.- Vietnam War Glossary 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC www.ichiban1.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[48][49]
.^ Diem declares martial law.- Major Events of the Vietnam War 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC vietnamwar.lib.umb.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Diem responds to the deepening unrest by imposing martial law.- Vietnam War Timeline 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC vietnamresearch.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Many people said the face of one > the sisters was that of Madame Nhu, the disliked sister-in-law of President > Ngo Dinh Diem.- http://www.lib.washington.edu/Southeastasia/vsg/elist_2006/Madame%20Nhu.html 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC www.lib.washington.edu [Source type: Original source]
.^ Firstly, much of Madame Nhu's bad press can be traced to the nature of American correspondence journalism during the time.- http://www.lib.washington.edu/Southeastasia/vsg/elist_2006/Madame%20Nhu.html 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC www.lib.washington.edu [Source type: Original source]
.^ Now, too, the protest leaders were storing up human resources for demonstrations to impress the new United States Ambassador, Henry Cabot Lodge, when he arrived.- http://www.mosquitonet.com/~prewett/budcri262272.html 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC www.mosquitonet.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Impersonating Oswald, Alek was ordered by Khrushchev to “return” to the United States and eliminate Kennedy before he could win the Cold War for America.- Today In Alternate History [Archived]: October 2007 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC althistory.blogspot.com [Source type: General]
^ If they elected travel to the United States they had to purchase round-trip tickets to ensure they would return on time.- Vietnam Dictionary 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC parker5nc.tripod.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ However, the merest whiff of such research will produce a paroxysm of commentary about ARVN's abused beauty and operational strength (deserved among its special forces, perhaps).- http://www.lib.washington.edu/Southeastasia/vsg/elist_2006/Madame%20Nhu.html 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC www.lib.washington.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ My thanks to Prof. Tai for her tip on the biography - and to another List member who called my attention to a conference paper on the American perception of Mme Nhu.- http://www.lib.washington.edu/Southeastasia/vsg/elist_2006/Madame%20Nhu.html 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC www.lib.washington.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ Five-man teams of American advisors who were assigned to live and work in the Vietnamese villages.- Vietnam War Glossary 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC www.ichiban1.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
The men were dressed in regular army uniforms,
[50] such as paratrooper uniforms,
[51] in order to frame the army for the raids.
.^ Over the next few years, the South Vietnamese Army will be boosted to over 500,000 men in accordance with 'Vietnamization' of the war in which they will take over the fighting from Americans.- Vietnam War Timeline 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC vietnamresearch.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ High American officials had seen these same omens and had suggested that the Government become more responsive.- http://www.mosquitonet.com/~prewett/budcri262272.html 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC www.mosquitonet.com [Source type: Original source]
^ He then approves Operation Flaming Dart, the bombing of a North Vietnamese army camp near Dong Hoi by U.S. Navy jets from the carrier Ranger .- Vietnam War Timeline 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC vietnamresearch.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ A. Peter Dewey is killed by Viet Minh guerrillas who mistook him for a French officer.- Vietnam War Timeline 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC vietnamresearch.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- The History Place - Vietnam War 1945-1960 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC www.historyplace.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The South Vietnamese Army is run by officers personally chosen by President Diem, not for their competence, but for their loyalty to him.- Vietnam War Timeline 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC vietnamresearch.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ News of the massacre surfaced in 1969 , outraging Americans and turning public opinion against the U.S. military.- SparkNotes: The Vietnam War (1945–1975): Key People & Terms 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC www.sparknotes.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ To the Buddhists, this and continued attacks from a newspaper supporting Ngo Dinh Nhu had an ominous sound.- http://www.mosquitonet.com/~prewett/budcri262272.html 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC www.mosquitonet.com [Source type: Original source]
^ January 30, 1964 - General Minh is ousted from power in a bloodless coup led by General Nguyen Khanh who becomes the new leader of South Vietnam.- Vietnam War Timeline 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC vietnamresearch.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ November 3, 1969 - President Nixon delivers a major TV speech asking for support from "the great silent majority of my fellow Americans" for his Vietnam strategy.- Vietnam War Timeline 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC vietnamresearch.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ Kennedy had approved the coup but was assured that an attempt would be made to evacuate Diem and Nhu from Saigon; he was appalled to learn that they had been murdered.- The Conspiracy Theories 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC karws.gso.uri.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Stroessner still looked as if he'd be dictator for life, but in 1988 one of his closest generals, Andres Rodriguez, a known drug dealer, took over after a coup.
^ Diem telephones the rebel generals and attempts, but fails, to talk them out of the coup.- Vietnam War Timeline 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC vietnamresearch.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[50][51]
.^ "The combat police are in Xa Loi!- http://www.mosquitonet.com/~prewett/budcri262272.html 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC www.mosquitonet.com [Source type: Original source]
^ "The combat police are breaking into Xa Loi!- http://www.mosquitonet.com/~prewett/budcri262272.html 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC www.mosquitonet.com [Source type: Original source]
^ M-60: the standard lightweight machine gun used by U.S. forces in Vietnam M-79: a U.S. military hand-held grenade launcher MA: mechanical ambush.- Vietnam War Glossary 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC www.ichiban1.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ Green Beret – Member of the US Army Special Forces – called for their distinctive green beret headgear authorized by President Kennedy.- Vietnam Dictionary 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC parker5nc.tripod.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Special Forces – An elite small unit (A/B/C teams) of US Army soldiers designed to train local residents in fighting and guerrilla war techniques.- Vietnam Dictionary 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC parker5nc.tripod.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ White Mice - South Vietnamese Police, who served primarily in Saigon and wore white uniforms – uniform, helmets/hats, and gloves.- Vietnam Dictionary 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC parker5nc.tripod.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[53] Two of Nhu's senior aides were seen outside Xa Loi directing the operation.
[51] .^ BAR - Browning Automatic Rifle - .30 cal automatic weapon.- Vietnam Dictionary 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC parker5nc.tripod.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Rock 'n' roll - Fire a weapon (usually an M-16) on full automatic.- Vietnam Dictionary 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC parker5nc.tripod.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[54] It took around two hours to complete the raids because many of the occupants had barricaded themselves inside the various rooms.
[52]
.^ After a Buddhist monk publicly burned himself to death in 1963 in protest of the Diem regime, Madame Nhu derided the incident as a “barbecuing” and stated that she would provide gasoline and matches for the next monk who wanted to follow suit.- SparkNotes: The Vietnam War (1945–1975): Key People & Terms 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC www.sparknotes.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Now in Vietnam Thich Quang Duc becomes .- Monks & Mandala - Burning Man 2003 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC home.mindspring.com [Source type: News]
^ (AP, 6/11/03) 1963 Jun 11, Buddhist monk Quang Duc immolated himself on a Saigon street to protest the government of South Vietnamese President Ngo Dinh Diem.- Timeline 1963 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC timelines.ws [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ At almost the same moment, in Xa Loi pagoda, a young priest was threatening: "If I tell some of the other Buddhists what has been signed they will be very angry."- http://www.mosquitonet.com/~prewett/budcri262272.html 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC www.mosquitonet.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ The Long Dress splits into two flaps, a front and back panel from the waist down, made comfortable and easy to move in.
^ In 2007, using advanced techniques demonstrated on International Visit Today In Alternate History Day Rat hacks into the networks of global news agencies.- Today In Alternate History [Archived]: October 2007 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC althistory.blogspot.com [Source type: General]
^ But a 1976 Amnesty International report identified 88 government torturers, and stated that alleged subversives had their heads slammed into walls, their genitals and pubic hair torched, and were beaten with clubs, fists, bottles, and rifle butts.
[55] .^ August 21, 1964 - In Saigon, students and Buddhist militants begin a series of escalating protests against General Khanh's military regime.- Vietnam War Timeline 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC vietnamresearch.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Opinion polls taken in the U.S. shortly after the bombing indicate a 70 percent approval rating for the President and an 80 percent approval of U.S. military involvement in Vietnam.- Vietnam War Timeline 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC vietnamresearch.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ In 1980, Theravada Buddhist rituals enabled Myint to cross the river of time, and become the fourteen year old sensation Annabella Lwin.- Today In Alternate History [Archived]: October 2007 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC althistory.blogspot.com [Source type: General]
[56] .^ Saigon is placed under the control of a military management committee headed by the NLF. During May the U.S. becomes involved in the brief Mayaguez Affair with the Cambodians.- Major Events of the Vietnam War 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC vietnamwar.lib.umb.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Her role in leading the women's paramilitary groups alone was significant enough, but also her control of the Saigon press.- http://www.lib.washington.edu/Southeastasia/vsg/elist_2006/Madame%20Nhu.html 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC www.lib.washington.edu [Source type: Original source]
[55][57]
The violence was worse in Hue.
.^ This offensive left approximately 14,000 Vietnamese civilians dead – most of them scholars, city officials, teachers, etc, considered to be enemies by the VC and NVA. .- Vietnam Dictionary 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC parker5nc.tripod.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ When Government forces raided Buddhist pagodas on Aug.- Firedoglake » Timmeh’s Tool Time Redux 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC www.firedoglake.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ Thousands of Buddhists demonstrated, and the Government broke up the demonstration by firing into the crowd and killing nine.- http://www.mosquitonet.com/~prewett/budcri262272.html 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC www.mosquitonet.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Thich Quang Duc became a hero to the Buddhists in Vietnam, and he dramatized their cause for the rest of the world.- http://www.mosquitonet.com/~prewett/budcri262272.html 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC www.mosquitonet.com [Source type: Original source]
^ June 28, 1972 - South Vietnamese troops begin a counter-offensive to retake Quang Tri Province, aided by U.S. Navy gunfire and B-52 bombardments.- Vietnam War Timeline 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC vietnamresearch.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
Many Buddhists were shot or clubbed to death.
[59] The most determined resistance occurred outside the
Dieu De Pagoda in Hue.
.^ It is estimated that booby traps accounted for 25%-30% of injuries to U.S. military personnel in Vietnam.- Vietnam Dictionary 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC parker5nc.tripod.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ By year's end, U.S. troop levels reach 389,000 with 5008 combat deaths and 30,093 wounded.- Vietnam War Timeline 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC vietnamresearch.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Drugs - By 1969, it is estimated by some that over 50 percent of US military personnel took illicit drugs on a regular basis.- Vietnam Dictionary 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC parker5nc.tripod.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[55][59].^ April 19, 1971 - 'Vietnam Veterans Against the War' begin a week of nationwide protests.- Vietnam War Timeline 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC vietnamresearch.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Margaret Thatcher, one of Sir Geoffrey Howe's oldest and staunchest supporters, resigned from her position as Deputy Prime Minister in protest at Howe's European policy.- Today In Alternate History [Archived]: October 2007 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC althistory.blogspot.com [Source type: General]
^ The amendment was passed in response to protests that young U.S. soldiers fighting and dying in Vietnam lacked the legal right to vote for or against the politicians who were running the war.- SparkNotes: The Vietnam War (1945–1975): Key People & Terms 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC www.sparknotes.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[55] The raids were repeated in cities and towns across the country. The total number of dead and disappeared was never confirmed, but estimates range up to several hundred. At least 1,400 were arrested.
[56][59][60] .^ After a Buddhist monk publicly burned himself to death in 1963 in protest of the Diem regime, Madame Nhu derided the incident as a “barbecuing” and stated that she would provide gasoline and matches for the next monk who wanted to follow suit.- SparkNotes: The Vietnam War (1945–1975): Key People & Terms 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC www.sparknotes.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The South Vietnamese secret police during the Ngo Dien Diem regime, which was controlled by Diem’s hated brother Ngo Dinh Nhu.- SparkNotes: The Vietnam War (1945–1975): Key People & Terms 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC www.sparknotes.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Meanwhile, during an American TV interview, Nhu's wife, the flamboyant Madame Nhu, coldly refers to the Buddhist immolations as a 'barbecue.'- Vietnam War Timeline 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC vietnamresearch.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[61]
.^ Toe popper - US antipersonnel (plastic explosive) mine designed to wound rather than kill.- Vietnam Dictionary 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC parker5nc.tripod.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ These men felt that the Government was provoking a major crisis and that its refusal to meet some of the Buddhist demands was arrogant and self-defeating.- http://www.mosquitonet.com/~prewett/budcri262272.html 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC www.mosquitonet.com [Source type: Original source]
^ C-4 - A plastic explosive preferred by soldiers, it is highly stable, lightweight, and only exploded by detonators.- Vietnam Dictionary 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC parker5nc.tripod.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[62] .^ From 1958 to the beginning of 1959, Madame Ngo Dinh Nhu led the movement of low-necked, and a décolleté Ao Dai.
^ Synthetic fabrics are preferred because they do not crush, and are quick drying, making the Ao Dai a practical uniform in daily life.
^ People are sent to detention camps; individuals are interrogated and interned from a few days to several weeks later.- Major Events of the Vietnam War 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC vietnamwar.lib.umb.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
He claimed that the Buddhist Intersect Committee operated under the control of "political speculators who exploited religion and terrorism".
[64]
Nhu's actions prompted riots from university students, which were met by arrests, imprisonment, and university shutdowns.
.^ For instance, at the beginning of the high schools program, grade 10 students must learn a unit about writing informal letters to invite, refuse invitations.
^ With such multilevel students, it is very difficult to fulfill activities required by the textbooks when they reach to high school program.
^ Program offered in many high schools and colleges, geared to prepare students to become military officers.- Vietnam War Glossary 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC www.ichiban1.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[65] .^ Nation's dogs say goodbye as children return to school, Parkwood Elementary, Inkster Michigan, Charles F. Hartmen Junior High in Houston, more.- 1962 LIFE Magazine Issues For Sale at 2Neat Magazines 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC www.2neatmagazines.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ For instance, at the beginning of the high schools program, grade 10 students must learn a unit about writing informal letters to invite, refuse invitations.
^ Program offered in many high schools and colleges, geared to prepare students to become military officers.- Vietnam War Glossary 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC www.ichiban1.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[66] .^ Hippie - The name of those who dropped out of society during the sixties.- Vietnam Dictionary 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC parker5nc.tripod.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[67]In a media interview, Nhu vowed to kill his father-in-law. He said "I will have his head cut off. I will hang him in the center of a square and let him dangle there.
.^ When I was asked to talk about Vietnam, I wanted to mention many, many things because I feel very proud of whatever belongs to my country.
[68] .^ Combat Master Piece - .38-caliber (six inch barrel) pistol used by military, especially USAF Security Police personnel.- Vietnam Dictionary 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC parker5nc.tripod.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[68].^ August 29, 1963 - Lodge sends a message to Washington stating "...there is no possibility, in my view, that the war can be won under a Diem administration."- Vietnam War Timeline 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC vietnamresearch.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ December 24, 1964 - Viet Cong terrorists set off a car bomb explosion at the Brinks Hotel, an American officers' residence in downtown Saigon.- Vietnam War Timeline 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC vietnamresearch.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ While the growing insurgencies in Laos and South Vietnam dominated the Kennedy administration's policy toward Southeast Asia, there were significant issues in the rest of the region.- 95/03/06 Foreign Relations, 1961-63, Vol XXIII, Southeast Asia 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC wpik.org [Source type: Original source]
.^ But Diem arrogantly refuses even to discuss such matters with Lodge.- Vietnam War Timeline 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC vietnamresearch.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ August 29, 1963 - Lodge sends a message to Washington stating "...there is no possibility, in my view, that the war can be won under a Diem administration."- Vietnam War Timeline 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC vietnamresearch.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Seeking revenge, the wealthy and powerful Diem family -- perhaps led by the widowed Madame Nhu, Saigon's "Dragon Lady" -- settled the score three weeks later in Dallas.- The Conspiracy Theories 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC karws.gso.uri.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
As the probability of Diem doing so was seen as highly unlikely, the message effectively meant the fomenting of a coup.
.^ ON NOVEMBER 2, 1963, AFTER SOUTH Vietnamese President Ngo Dinh Diem began negotiations with North Vietnamese communists, he was shot at point-blank range, along with his brother and political adviser, Ngo Dinh Nhu, during a U.S.-backed coup.- The Conspiracy Theories 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC karws.gso.uri.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ U.S. intelligence estimates of the viability of the Diem government and the potential prospects of coup plotters: The ability of the U.S. Government to estimate the viability of the Diem government and the prospects for potential coup plotters are of central importance during a period in which there was extensive planning for a coup and then a successful overthrow of President Diem.- Introduction to segment of "Foreign Relations of the United States, Volume IV, Vietnam August-December 1963" 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC www.ratical.org [Source type: Reference]
^ August 29, 1963 - Lodge sends a message to Washington stating "...there is no possibility, in my view, that the war can be won under a Diem administration."- Vietnam War Timeline 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC vietnamresearch.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[69][70][71] .^ Voice of America broadcasts were carrying Western news reports on the events.- http://www.mosquitonet.com/~prewett/budcri262272.html 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC www.mosquitonet.com [Source type: Original source]
[72] Lodge believed that Nhu's influence had risen to unprecedented levels.
.^ The majority of the teachers (87.5%) said that they divided students into pairs or groups of students sharing the same desks because that was the quickest way.
^ Corps - South Vietnam was divided into four military sections (Corps): designated I, II, III, and IV. Also, two or more military divisions.- Vietnam Dictionary 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC parker5nc.tripod.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ His sacking was presented as a "retirement" and Gen Ziauddin stepped into the most powerful job in the military.- Today In Alternate History [Archived]: October 2007 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC althistory.blogspot.com [Source type: General]
[64]
.^ Mike High and Martina Nguyen said plenty about American attitudes towards Mme Nhu, but Prof. Marr's comment brought to mind native attitudes towards the Americans.- http://www.lib.washington.edu/Southeastasia/vsg/elist_2006/Madame%20Nhu.html 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC www.lib.washington.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ Questions like these strike me as legitimate ones to ask about Mme Nhu, because studies on the regime tend to place her on the side than closer to the center.- http://www.lib.washington.edu/Southeastasia/vsg/elist_2006/Madame%20Nhu.html 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC www.lib.washington.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ (HN, 1/2/99) 1963 Jan 2, Dick Powell (b.1904), American film star, producer and director, died.- Timeline 1963 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC timelines.ws [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[73] and to pursue covert actions aimed at dividing and discrediting
.^ Ton That Dinh, at thirty-eight years of age, had risen meteorically to the rank of brigadier general.- http://www.mosquitonet.com/~prewett/budcri262272.html 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC www.mosquitonet.com [Source type: Original source]
[73] .^ The vanity of an ambitious young general, Ton That Dinh, appears to have been a key factor to the train of events that led to the overthrow of the Ngo family regime and the deaths of President Ngo Dinh Diem and his brother Ngo Dinh Nhu.- http://www.mosquitonet.com/~prewett/budcri262272.html 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC www.mosquitonet.com [Source type: Original source]
^ There is no doubt that Ngo Dinh Diem, an extremely suspicious man, trusted primarily [Roman] Catholics and in particular Catholics from the central region.- http://www.mosquitonet.com/~prewett/budcri262272.html 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC www.mosquitonet.com [Source type: Original source]
^ He owes much of his success to the fact that the Ngo family trusted him as it trusted only one other general, Huynh Van Cao.- http://www.mosquitonet.com/~prewett/budcri262272.html 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC www.mosquitonet.com [Source type: Original source]
He was thus given command of the
III Corps forces surrounding the capital as he and Tung were the most trusted officers and could be relied upon to defend the family against any coups.
[74][75]
.^ February 5, 1975 - NVA military leader General Van Tien Dung secretly crosses into South Vietnam to take command of the final offensive.- Vietnam War Timeline 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC vietnamresearch.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ New Orleans district attorney Jim Garrison, filmmaker Oliver Stone, and former chief of special operations for the Joint Chiefs of Staff Fletcher Prouty.- The Conspiracy Theories 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC karws.gso.uri.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Green Beret – Member of the US Army Special Forces – called for their distinctive green beret headgear authorized by President Kennedy.- Vietnam Dictionary 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC parker5nc.tripod.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[76][77] .^ The majority of the teachers (87.5%) said that they divided students into pairs or groups of students sharing the same desks because that was the quickest way.
^ The 35 th U.S. president, whose decision to send U.S. “military advisors” into Vietnam in 1962 marked the first official U.S. involvement in the country.- SparkNotes: The Vietnam War (1945–1975): Key People & Terms 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC www.sparknotes.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Green Beret – Member of the US Army Special Forces – called for their distinctive green beret headgear authorized by President Kennedy.- Vietnam Dictionary 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC parker5nc.tripod.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[78] Diệm and Nhu were undeterred by suspension of aid, keeping Tung and his men in the capital.
[79] Nhu accused the Americans of "destroying the psychology of our country and called
Henry Cabot Lodge, Jr. a "man of no morality".
[80]
.^ The wife of Ngo Dinh Nhu and de facto first lady of the corrupt South Vietnamese government under Ngo Dinh Diem.- SparkNotes: The Vietnam War (1945–1975): Key People & Terms 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC www.sparknotes.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ As planned the loading of weaponry was then reported back to Germany's US embassy, which then informed the German government, which in response placed advertisements in newspapers across the U.S.A. warning that any ships carrying weapons, would be classed as warships.- Today In Alternate History [Archived]: October 2007 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC althistory.blogspot.com [Source type: General]
^ In Hue one student demonstration was stopped by Government forces throwing gas grenades.- http://www.mosquitonet.com/~prewett/budcri262272.html 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC www.mosquitonet.com [Source type: Original source]
In this plan, Tung's men would assassinate Ambassador
Henry Cabot Lodge Jr. and other key officials among the confusion.
[68] .^ Thich Quang Duc became a hero to the Buddhists in Vietnam, and he dramatized their cause for the rest of the world.- http://www.mosquitonet.com/~prewett/budcri262272.html 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC www.mosquitonet.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Buddhist leader Tri Quang blames President Johnson personally for the situation.- Vietnam War Timeline 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC vietnamresearch.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ When Government forces raided Buddhist pagodas on Aug.- Firedoglake » Timmeh’s Tool Time Redux 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC www.firedoglake.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
According to the plan, Tung's men would then burn down the embassy and portray it as a riot staged by the populace.
[68]
.^ March 28, 1975 - Da Nang is shelled as 35,000 NVA prepare to attack.- Vietnam War Timeline 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC vietnamresearch.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Earlier, seven Marines had been killed nearby while searching for Viet Cong following a mortar attack against the air base at Da Nang.- Vietnam War Timeline 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC vietnamresearch.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ May 1963 - Buddhists riot in South Vietnam after they are denied the right to display religious flags during their celebration of Buddha's birthday.- Vietnam War Timeline 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC vietnamresearch.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ Most observers believe the Buddhist affair began as a religious protest with primarily religious objectives.- http://www.mosquitonet.com/~prewett/budcri262272.html 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC www.mosquitonet.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ The plane was equipped with rapid-fire machine guns.- Vietnam Dictionary 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC parker5nc.tripod.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Mounted on an M-48 tank chassis, the armament consisted of four electric, solenoid-fired, 50 caliber machine guns.- Vietnam Dictionary 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC parker5nc.tripod.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The Soviet made RPD, a bi-pod mounted, belt fed weapon similar to the American M-60 machine gun.- Vietnam War Glossary 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC www.ichiban1.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[81] Nhu's special forces
grenaded the pond, finally killing the carp.
.^ Because of these terrible constraints, there were lot of pitiful stories, which were full of tears about women’s fates in the old time.
^ Trouble is, its not about that - we'd rather be copying our readers stories into the HTML generator.- Today In Alternate History [Archived]: October 2007 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC althistory.blogspot.com [Source type: General]
.^ In 1960, when paratroopers had all but scored a coup d'etat, they began negotiating with Ngo Dinh Diem only to.........- http://www.mosquitonet.com/~prewett/budcri262272.html 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC www.mosquitonet.com [Source type: Original source]
[81]
Coup and death
.^ ON NOVEMBER 2, 1963, AFTER SOUTH Vietnamese President Ngo Dinh Diem began negotiations with North Vietnamese communists, he was shot at point-blank range, along with his brother and political adviser, Ngo Dinh Nhu, during a U.S.-backed coup.- The Conspiracy Theories 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC karws.gso.uri.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ According to Ellen Hammer, Diem did order her silence at least once in the summer of 1963, but we know precious little about the pattern of their dynamics.- http://www.lib.washington.edu/Southeastasia/vsg/elist_2006/Madame%20Nhu.html 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC www.lib.washington.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ Ngo Dinh Nhu, long considered powers behind the scenes, came into full public view and accomplished what some observers consider a palace coup against President Ngo Dinh Diem.- http://www.mosquitonet.com/~prewett/budcri262272.html 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC www.mosquitonet.com [Source type: Original source]
[82] .^ From 1958 to the beginning of 1959, Madame Ngo Dinh Nhu led the movement of low-necked, and a décolleté Ao Dai.
^ ON NOVEMBER 2, 1963, AFTER SOUTH Vietnamese President Ngo Dinh Diem began negotiations with North Vietnamese communists, he was shot at point-blank range, along with his brother and political adviser, Ngo Dinh Nhu, during a U.S.-backed coup.- The Conspiracy Theories 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC karws.gso.uri.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Then, on June 8, Mrs. Ngo Dinh Nhu's Women's Solidarity Movement issued a bitter statement implying that the Buddhists were infiltrated by Communists.- http://www.mosquitonet.com/~prewett/budcri262272.html 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC www.mosquitonet.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ Why they remained is not certain-perhaps they thought the Americans could still protect them, and perhaps they thought Ngo Dinh Nhu would fall.- http://www.mosquitonet.com/~prewett/budcri262272.html 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC www.mosquitonet.com [Source type: Original source]
[84] Another objective of the public relations stunt was to give a false impression of the strength of the regime.
[82]
.^ The coup to overthrow Torres, led by US-trained officer and Gulf Oil beneficiary Hugo Banzer, had direct support from Washington.
^ It is given the name LAM SON 719 and involves some of the best of the ARVN. This turns into a disaster, costs the ARVN many of its best officers and men, and demoralizes the Army.- Major Events of the Vietnam War 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC vietnamwar.lib.umb.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[85] .^ Khanh and young officers, led by Nguyen Cao Ky and Nguyen Van Thieu, oust older generals including Gen.- Vietnam War Timeline 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC vietnamresearch.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Duong Van "Big" Minh becomes the new president of South Vietnam and appeals for a cease-fire.- Vietnam War Timeline 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC vietnamresearch.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The second was Tran Van Don, a suave, aristocratic graduate of St. Cyr, the French West Point.- http://www.mosquitonet.com/~prewett/budcri262272.html 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC www.mosquitonet.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ Early in July Vice-President Nguyen Ngoc Tho, a Buddhist, announced that a preliminary investigation of the Hue incident showed that the Vietcong were responsible for the deaths.- http://www.mosquitonet.com/~prewett/budcri262272.html 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC www.mosquitonet.com [Source type: Original source]
^ The last two US military personnel killed in Vietnam, Charles McMahon, Jr. Darwin Jude, died on April 29,1975.- Vietnam Dictionary 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC parker5nc.tripod.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The 35 th U.S. president, whose decision to send U.S. “military advisors” into Vietnam in 1962 marked the first official U.S. involvement in the country.- SparkNotes: The Vietnam War (1945–1975): Key People & Terms 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC www.sparknotes.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[86] .^ This motive became apparent when elements within the British government and security services led by Heath announced a military takeover of the States (or “anschluss”).- Today In Alternate History [Archived]: October 2007 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC althistory.blogspot.com [Source type: General]
^ With due deference to Nhu Miller, Pham Ngoc Thach & Pham Ngoc Thao who have streets named after them were not directly related, according to family sources.- http://www.lib.washington.edu/Southeastasia/vsg/elist_2006/Madame%20Nhu.html 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC www.lib.washington.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ Horrified, the physicist Albert Einstein added his name to the list of seventy scientists who would submit a petition to Truman the very next day.- Today In Alternate History [Archived]: October 2007 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC althistory.blogspot.com [Source type: General]
.^ Saigon celebrates the downfall of Diem's regime.- Vietnam War Timeline 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC vietnamresearch.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ ON NOVEMBER 2, 1963, AFTER SOUTH Vietnamese President Ngo Dinh Diem began negotiations with North Vietnamese communists, he was shot at point-blank range, along with his brother and political adviser, Ngo Dinh Nhu, during a U.S.-backed coup.- The Conspiracy Theories 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC karws.gso.uri.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ After a Buddhist monk publicly burned himself to death in 1963 in protest of the Diem regime, Madame Nhu derided the incident as a “barbecuing” and stated that she would provide gasoline and matches for the next monk who wanted to follow suit.- SparkNotes: The Vietnam War (1945–1975): Key People & Terms 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC www.sparknotes.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
Nhu would then round up opposition figures.
[85][87][88]
.^ Defense to the south of Saigon was in the hands of Huynh Van Cao in the Mekong delta area.- http://www.mosquitonet.com/~prewett/budcri262272.html 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC www.mosquitonet.com [Source type: Original source]
^ IV Corps – The southern most military region in South Vietnam – the Mekong Delta.- Vietnam Dictionary 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC parker5nc.tripod.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ February 5, 1975 - NVA military leader General Van Tien Dung secretly crosses into South Vietnam to take command of the final offensive.- Vietnam War Timeline 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC vietnamresearch.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ Corps - South Vietnam was divided into four military sections (Corps): designated I, II, III, and IV. Also, two or more military divisions.- Vietnam Dictionary 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC parker5nc.tripod.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The family gave Ton That Dinh a command to the north of Saigon so that it could block any attempt to overthrow the Government from that direction.- http://www.mosquitonet.com/~prewett/budcri262272.html 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC www.mosquitonet.com [Source type: Original source]
^ III Corps – The military region north of Saigon to the Highlands in the north.- Vietnam Dictionary 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC parker5nc.tripod.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ During November 11 and 12 a military coup is launched against Diem, but fails.- Major Events of the Vietnam War 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC vietnamwar.lib.umb.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Diem telephones the rebel generals and attempts, but fails, to talk them out of the coup.- Vietnam War Timeline 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC vietnamresearch.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ In 1960, when paratroopers had all but scored a coup d'etat, they began negotiating with Ngo Dinh Diem only to.........- http://www.mosquitonet.com/~prewett/budcri262272.html 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC www.mosquitonet.com [Source type: Original source]
[87][89][90][91]
.^ Second, if other troops rebelled, then Ngo Dinh Diem and Ngo Dinh Nhu could call in their loyal commanders.- http://www.mosquitonet.com/~prewett/budcri262272.html 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC www.mosquitonet.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Why they remained is not certain-perhaps they thought the Americans could still protect them, and perhaps they thought Ngo Dinh Nhu would fall.- http://www.mosquitonet.com/~prewett/budcri262272.html 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC www.mosquitonet.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ Conceived in three phases, the first phase involves attacks against remote border areas in an effort to lure American troops away from South Vietnam's cities.- Vietnam War Timeline 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC vietnamresearch.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Into the vacuum Ngo Dinh Nhu moved on Wednesday, August 21.- http://www.mosquitonet.com/~prewett/budcri262272.html 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC www.mosquitonet.com [Source type: Original source]
^ NVA troops that had been held in reserve during Ia Drang, along with troops that had retreated, kill 155 Americans and wound 124.- Vietnam War Timeline 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC vietnamresearch.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ Over the next few years, the South Vietnamese Army will be boosted to over 500,000 men in accordance with 'Vietnamization' of the war in which they will take over the fighting from Americans.- Vietnam War Timeline 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC vietnamresearch.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ "If these [people] want a fight, they'll get it," French military commander Gen.- Vietnam War Timeline 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC vietnamresearch.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ A U.S. military strategy designed to send U.S. troops out into the field proactively to locate and kill Viet Cong forces.- SparkNotes: The Vietnam War (1945–1975): Key People & Terms 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC www.sparknotes.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
That will deceive them."
[92] .^ From 1958 to the beginning of 1959, Madame Ngo Dinh Nhu led the movement of low-necked, and a décolleté Ao Dai.
^ In 1972, on this day in Saigon, Henry Kissinger and Vietnamese President Ngo Dinh Diem and his younger brother, Ngo Dinh Nhu met to discuss a proposed cease-fire that had been worked out between Americans and North Vietnamese in Paris.- Today In Alternate History [Archived]: October 2007 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC althistory.blogspot.com [Source type: General]
^ Ngo Dinh Nhu - Controversial sister-in-law of the early President of Vietnam, Diem.- Vietnam Dictionary 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC parker5nc.tripod.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[88] Tung and Nhu agreed to send all four Saigon-based special forces companies out of the capital on October 29.
[92]
The dead body of Diem in the back of an armoured personnel carrier
.^ (SFEC, 4/11/99, p.43) 1963 Nov 1-1963 Nov 2, South Vietnamese President Ngo Dinh Diem and his brother were assassinated in a military coup.- Timeline 1963 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC timelines.ws [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ July 4, 1963 - South Vietnamese General Tran Van Don, a Buddhist, contacts the CIA in Saigon about the possibility of staging a coup against Diem.- Vietnam War Timeline 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC vietnamresearch.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ In November a coup supported by the U.S. overthrows Diem and his brother Nhu who are assassinated.- Major Events of the Vietnam War 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC vietnamwar.lib.umb.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[89] .^ Johnson issues presidential orders to the Marines to hold the base and demands a guarantee "signed in blood" from the Joint Chiefs of Staff that they will succeed.- Vietnam War Timeline 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC vietnamresearch.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ (SFEC, 4/11/99, p.43) 1963 Nov 1-1963 Nov 2, South Vietnamese President Ngo Dinh Diem and his brother were assassinated in a military coup.- Timeline 1963 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC timelines.ws [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ At Tan Son Nhut, frantic civilians begin swarming the helicopters.- Vietnam War Timeline 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC vietnamresearch.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ ON NOVEMBER 2, 1963, AFTER SOUTH Vietnamese President Ngo Dinh Diem began negotiations with North Vietnamese communists, he was shot at point-blank range, along with his brother and political adviser, Ngo Dinh Nhu, during a U.S.-backed coup.- The Conspiracy Theories 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC karws.gso.uri.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ In 1972, on this day in Saigon, Henry Kissinger and Vietnamese President Ngo Dinh Diem and his younger brother, Ngo Dinh Nhu met to discuss a proposed cease-fire that had been worked out between Americans and North Vietnamese in Paris.- Today In Alternate History [Archived]: October 2007 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC althistory.blogspot.com [Source type: General]
^ As a response to the success of NLF political and military cadres Diem and his brother Ngo Dinh Nhu intensify the strategic hamlet concept proposed by a British counterinsurgency expert, Sir Robert Thompson.- Major Events of the Vietnam War 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC vietnamwar.lib.umb.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[90]
.^ At 8 p.m., Diem and Nhu slip out of the presidential palace unnoticed and go to a safe house in the suburbs that belongs to a wealthy Chinese merchant.- Vietnam War Timeline 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC vietnamresearch.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Diem and his brother Nhu are trapped inside the palace and reject all appeals to surrender.- Vietnam War Timeline 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC vietnamresearch.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ (AP, 12/20/98)(HN, 12/20/98) 1963 Dec 20, The trial of 21 camp guards from Auschwitz began.- Timeline 1963 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC timelines.ws [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ Plot and counterplot in a complex pattern of intrigue culminated in the military coup d'etat in South Vietnam Friday.1 .- http://www.mosquitonet.com/~prewett/budcri262272.html 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC www.mosquitonet.com [Source type: Original source]
[93] .^ Armed with AK47s, they returned through time to 1783 to create the future that they believed was stolen from them.- Today In Alternate History [Archived]: October 2007 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC althistory.blogspot.com [Source type: General]
^ At 8 p.m., Diem and Nhu slip out of the presidential palace unnoticed and go to a safe house in the suburbs that belongs to a wealthy Chinese merchant.- Vietnam War Timeline 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC vietnamresearch.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ They should be wearing orange vests picking up litter on the highway.- Firedoglake » Timmeh’s Tool Time Redux 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC www.firedoglake.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[93][94] .^ NOBODY tried to talk with NBC reporters, which would be relayed up the chain?- Firedoglake » Timmeh’s Tool Time Redux 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC www.firedoglake.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ President Diem and his brother Nhu escape unharmed.- Vietnam War Timeline 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC vietnamresearch.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Over 50,000 are arrested by police controlled by Diem's brother Nhu with many innocent civilians tortured then executed.- Vietnam War Timeline 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC vietnamresearch.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ Khanh and young officers, led by Nguyen Cao Ky and Nguyen Van Thieu, oust older generals including Gen.- Vietnam War Timeline 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC vietnamresearch.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The interim military junta formed under Duong Van Minh following the assassination of Diem is overthrown in a second coup by General Nguyen Khanh.- Major Events of the Vietnam War 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC vietnamwar.lib.umb.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Corps - South Vietnam was divided into four military sections (Corps): designated I, II, III, and IV. Also, two or more military divisions.- Vietnam Dictionary 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC parker5nc.tripod.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ Just because the CIA would lie, cheat, steal, overthrow governments, and try to assassinate other countries' leaders does not mean that it would kill its own.- The Conspiracy Theories 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC karws.gso.uri.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Second, if other troops rebelled, then Ngo Dinh Diem and Ngo Dinh Nhu could call in their loyal commanders.- http://www.mosquitonet.com/~prewett/budcri262272.html 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC www.mosquitonet.com [Source type: Original source]
^ He owes much of his success to the fact that the Ngo family trusted him as it trusted only one other general, Huynh Van Cao.- http://www.mosquitonet.com/~prewett/budcri262272.html 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC www.mosquitonet.com [Source type: Original source]
Diem turned down his younger brother.
[93]
.^ Coup leader Duong Van Minh explained that "They had to be killed… Pres.- Timeline 1963 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC timelines.ws [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ A 3rd brother was later tricked into surrendering to US forces and was turned over to coup leaders and killed by firing squad.- Timeline 1963 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC timelines.ws [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Kennedy had approved the coup but was assured that an attempt would be made to evacuate Diem and Nhu from Saigon; he was appalled to learn that they had been murdered.- The Conspiracy Theories 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC karws.gso.uri.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[95] .^ Diem and his brother Nhu are trapped inside the palace and reject all appeals to surrender.- Vietnam War Timeline 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC vietnamresearch.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Ngo Dinh Nhu, long considered powers behind the scenes, came into full public view and accomplished what some observers consider a palace coup against President Ngo Dinh Diem.- http://www.mosquitonet.com/~prewett/budcri262272.html 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC www.mosquitonet.com [Source type: Original source]
^ In the 1980s, Madame Nhu again made news when her brother Tran Van Khiem allegedly strangled both their parents in their Washington home over his inheritance.- http://www.lib.washington.edu/Southeastasia/vsg/elist_2006/Madame%20Nhu.html 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC www.lib.washington.edu [Source type: Original source]
.^ The betrayal leads to the deaths of all crew-members except Rat, Trinity, Tank and Morpheus, who is imprisoned in a government building within the Mesh.- Today In Alternate History [Archived]: October 2007 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC althistory.blogspot.com [Source type: General]
[94] .^ Khanh and young officers, led by Nguyen Cao Ky and Nguyen Van Thieu, oust older generals including Gen.- Vietnam War Timeline 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC vietnamresearch.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ At 8 p.m., Diem and Nhu slip out of the presidential palace unnoticed and go to a safe house in the suburbs that belongs to a wealthy Chinese merchant.- Vietnam War Timeline 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC vietnamresearch.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Diem and his brother Nhu are trapped inside the palace and reject all appeals to surrender.- Vietnam War Timeline 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC vietnamresearch.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[96]
.^ Diem and his brother Nhu are trapped inside the palace and reject all appeals to surrender.- Vietnam War Timeline 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC vietnamresearch.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ In November a coup supported by the U.S. overthrows Diem and his brother Nhu who are assassinated.- Major Events of the Vietnam War 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC vietnamwar.lib.umb.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Ngo Dinh Nhu - Controversial sister-in-law of the early President of Vietnam, Diem.- Vietnam Dictionary 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC parker5nc.tripod.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
The ARVN officers had promised the Ngo brothers safe exile and an "honorable retirement".
[97] The US did not want Diem and Nhu near Vietnam "because of the plots they will mount to try to regain power".
[98]
.^ Duong Van "Big" Minh becomes the new president of South Vietnam and appeals for a cease-fire.- Vietnam War Timeline 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC vietnamresearch.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Coup leader Duong Van Minh explained that "They had to be killed… Pres.- Timeline 1963 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC timelines.ws [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The interim military junta formed under Duong Van Minh following the assassination of Diem is overthrown in a second coup by General Nguyen Khanh.- Major Events of the Vietnam War 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC vietnamwar.lib.umb.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[99] Nhu and Diem fled to the nearby Catholic Church of St. Francis Xavier,
[98] where they were taken into custody and put into an
armoured personnel carrier,
[100] to be taken back to military headquarters.
.^ Khanh and young officers, led by Nguyen Cao Ky and Nguyen Van Thieu, oust older generals including Gen.- Vietnam War Timeline 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC vietnamresearch.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Duong Van "Big" Minh becomes the new president of South Vietnam and appeals for a cease-fire.- Vietnam War Timeline 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC vietnamresearch.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Coup leader Duong Van Minh explained that "They had to be killed… Pres.- Timeline 1963 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC timelines.ws [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[101]
Before the convoy had departed for the church, Minh was reported to have gestured to Nhung with two fingers. This was taken to be an order to kill both brothers.
.^ ON NOVEMBER 2, 1963, AFTER SOUTH Vietnamese President Ngo Dinh Diem began negotiations with North Vietnamese communists, he was shot at point-blank range, along with his brother and political adviser, Ngo Dinh Nhu, during a U.S.-backed coup.- The Conspiracy Theories 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC karws.gso.uri.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ In the 1980s, Madame Nhu again made news when her brother Tran Van Khiem allegedly strangled both their parents in their Washington home over his inheritance.- http://www.lib.washington.edu/Southeastasia/vsg/elist_2006/Madame%20Nhu.html 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC www.lib.washington.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ One year before "self-determination," which could be no later than 1969, the United Nations would appoint a staff to advise and assist with arrangements.- 95/03/06 Foreign Relations, 1961-63, Vol XXIII, Southeast Asia 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC wpik.org [Source type: Original source]
[102].^ ON NOVEMBER 2, 1963, AFTER SOUTH Vietnamese President Ngo Dinh Diem began negotiations with North Vietnamese communists, he was shot at point-blank range, along with his brother and political adviser, Ngo Dinh Nhu, during a U.S.-backed coup.- The Conspiracy Theories 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC karws.gso.uri.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ However, on July 20th, backed by Washington, Diem announces his refusal to take part in the general elections scheduled for the following year by the Geneva Agreements.- Major Events of the Vietnam War 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC vietnamwar.lib.umb.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Reporters - Many in the US government and military believed them to be the other enemy during the Vietnam War.- Vietnam Dictionary 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC parker5nc.tripod.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ "I don't know who called him, but he was on the phone, on the phone, on the phone .- The Conspiracy Theories 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC karws.gso.uri.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
The name-calling grew passionate. The captain had hated Nhu before. Now he was charged with emotion."
[100] Nghia said that "[Nhung] lunged at Nhu with a bayonet and stabbed him again and again, maybe fifteen or twenty times. Still in a rage, he turned to Diem, took out his revolver and shot him in the head. Then he looked back at Nhu, who was lying on the floor, twitching. He put a bullet into his head too. Neither Diem nor Nhu ever defended themselves. Their hands were tied."
[100]
.^ In 1985, enlightened feminist author Margaret Atwood her husband and child make a failed attempt to escape from the Republic of Gilead and cross into native Canada.- Today In Alternate History [Archived]: October 2007 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC althistory.blogspot.com [Source type: General]
^ A 3rd brother was later tricked into surrendering to US forces and was turned over to coup leaders and killed by firing squad.- Timeline 1963 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC timelines.ws [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ They both ask challenging questions and are committed to bringing the public the facts so that we can make decisions and prod our reps towards the light.- Firedoglake » Timmeh’s Tool Time Redux 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC www.firedoglake.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[103] .^ May 2, 1966 - Secretary of Defense McNamara privately reports the North Vietnamese are infiltrating 4500 men per month into the South.- Vietnam War Timeline 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC vietnamresearch.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
They had to be killed.
.^ Diem was too much respected among simple, gullible people in the countryside."- Timeline 1963 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC timelines.ws [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Communist guerrillas and propagandists in the countryside capitalize on this by making simple promises of land reform and a better standard of living to gain popular support among peasants.- Vietnam War Timeline 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC vietnamresearch.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Diem, a Roman Catholic in an overwhelmingly Buddhist country, encourages Vietnamese Catholics living in Communist North Vietnam to flee south.- Vietnam War Timeline 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC vietnamresearch.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
We had to kill Nhu because he was so widely feared—and he had created organizations that were arms of his personal power."
[104]
.^ Diem and Nhu are then taken into custody by rebel officers and placed in the back of an armored personnel carrier.- Vietnam War Timeline 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC vietnamresearch.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ April 29, 1975 - NVA shell Tan Son Nhut air base in Saigon, killing two U.S. Marines at the compound gate.- Vietnam War Timeline 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC vietnamresearch.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ March 2, 1968 - 48 U.S. Army soldiers are killed during an ambush at Tan Son Nhut airport in Saigon.- Vietnam War Timeline 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC vietnamresearch.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The emphasis is thus placed on local military self-sufficiency, back by U.S. air power and technical assistance to assure security.- Vietnam War Timeline 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC vietnamresearch.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[105][106] Nobody was ever prosecuted for the killings.
[107]
Notes
- ^ a b Karnow, pp. 229–233.
- ^ Jacobs, pp. 10–20.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Miller, p. 448.
- ^ a b c d Miller, p. 449.
- ^ a b c Karnow, pp. 280–284.
- ^ a b Jacobs, pp. 20–23.
- ^ Jacobs, pp. 24–32.
- ^ a b c d e f Miller, p. 450.
- ^ Miller, p. 451.
- ^ Miller, p. 452.
- ^ Miller, pp. 452–453.
- ^ Miller, p. 453.
- ^ Maclear, pp. 65–68.
- ^ a b Karnow, p. 239.
- ^ Langguth, p. 99.
- ^ Jacobs, p. 95.
- ^ Karnow (1997)
- ^ Karnow, p. 246.
- ^ Maclear, pp. 70–90.
- ^ Tucker, p. 461.
- ^ Olson, p. 65.
- ^ Olson, p. 98.
- ^ Scigliano, p. 155.
- ^ Osborne, p. 107.
- ^ Osborne, p. 108.
- ^ a b Osborne, p. 112.
- ^ Clymer, pp. 74–76.
- ^ Dommen, p. 364.
- ^ Hammer, pp. 131–133.
- ^ Jacobs, pp. 131–132.
- ^ Karnow, pp. 280–281.
- ^ Karnow, p. 274.
- ^ Tang, p. 47.
- ^ Jacobs, p. 127.
- ^ Langguth, pp. 168–169.
- ^ a b Halberstam, p. 139.
- ^ Tucker, pp. 292–293.
- ^ a b Jones, p. 286.
- ^ a b Langguth, p. 219.
- ^ Prochnau, p. 328.
- ^ a b Hammer, p. 157.
- ^ Jones, p. 285.
- ^ a b Halberstam, p. 140.
- ^ Dommen, p. 524.
- ^ a b c Hammer, p. 166.
- ^ a b Jones, p. 300.
- ^ Jacobs, pp. 168–169.
- ^ Karnow, p. 301.
- ^ Halberstam, pp. 144–145.
- ^ a b Hammer, p. 167.
- ^ a b c Halberstam, p. 145.
- ^ a b c Halberstam, p. 143.
- ^ a b Jones, p. 297.
- ^ Jacobs, p. 153.
- ^ a b c d e f "The Crackdown". TIME. 1963-08-31. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,940704-1,00.html. Retrieved 2007-08-18.
- ^ a b c Hammer, p. 168.
- ^ Jones, p. 298.
- ^ Dommen, pp. 508–511.
- ^ a b c Jacobs, pp. 152–153.
- ^ Halberstam, p. 144.
- ^ Moyar, pp. 212–216, 231–234.
- ^ Jones, pp. 298–299.
- ^ Halberstam, p. 146.
- ^ a b Jones, p. 306.
- ^ Halberstam, p. 153.
- ^ Jacobs, pp. 153–154.
- ^ Halberstam, p. 154.
- ^ a b c d Jones, p. 393.
- ^ Jacobs, pp. 162–163.
- ^ Karnow, pp. 303–304.
- ^ Halberstam, pp. 157–158.
- ^ Halberstam, p. 152.
- ^ a b Jones, pp. 358–359.
- ^ Tucker, p. 404.
- ^ Jacobs, p. 169.
- ^ Jones, p. 390.
- ^ Hammer, pp. 246–247.
- ^ a b Hammer, pp. 235–236.
- ^ Hammer, pp. 272–273.
- ^ Karnow, pp. 300–324.
- ^ a b Prochnau, p. 411.
- ^ a b Karnow, p. 318.
- ^ Karnow, p. 317.
- ^ Jones, pp. 398–399.
- ^ a b Hatcher, p. 149.
- ^ a b Sheehan, p. 368.
- ^ a b Tucker, pp. 291–298.
- ^ a b Karnow, p. 319.
- ^ a b Karnow, pp. 307–322.
- ^ a b Gettleman 1966, pp. 280–282.
- ^ Hatcher, pp. 145–146.
- ^ a b c Jones, p. 399.
- ^ a b c Hammer, p. 293.
- ^ a b Karnow, p. 323.
- ^ Jones, p. 418.
- ^ Jones, pp. 412–415.
- ^ Hammer, p. 297.
- ^ a b Hammer, p. 294.
- ^ Hammer, p. 292.
- ^ a b c Jones, p. 429.
- ^ Hammer, pp. 297–298.
- ^ Karnow, p. 326.
- ^ Jones, p. 436.
- ^ Jones, p. 435.
- ^ Shaplen, p. 210.
- ^ Jacobs, p. 189.
- ^ Jones, p. 180.
References
- Buttinger, Joseph (1967). Vietnam: A Dragon Embattled. .
- Currey, Cecil B. (1999).^ Charity in the US, helping out John Regan family in Zwingle, Iowa and the Imperial Ball in New York City.
- 1962 LIFE Magazine Issues For Sale at 2Neat Magazines 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC www.2neatmagazines.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ On the same voyage are four others, Alex Haley, Thalmus Rasulala, Cicely Tyson, LeVar Burton who are returned to New York City 1976.- Today In Alternate History [Archived]: October 2007 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC althistory.blogspot.com [Source type: General]
^ May 13, 1967 - In New York City, 70,000 march in support of the war, led by a New York City fire captain.- Vietnam War Timeline 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC vietnamresearch.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
Victory at Any Cost: the genius of Viet Nam's Gen. ..^ "The resistance will be long and arduous, but our cause is just and we will surely triumph," declares Viet Minh military commander Vo Nguyen Giap.- Vietnam War Timeline 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC vietnamresearch.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Leader of the offensive, legendary General Vo Nguyen Giap, the victor at Dien Bien Phu, was then quietly ousted in favor of his deputy Gen.- Vietnam War Timeline 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC vietnamresearch.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Vo Nguyen Giap - The North Vietnamese General commanding the siege of Khe Sanh.- Vietnam Dictionary 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC parker5nc.tripod.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
Brassey. ISBN 1-57488-194-9.
- Dommen, Arthur J. (2001). .^ It advocates U.S. military and economic assistance to nations around the world struggling against Communism, but no more Vietnam-style ground wars involving American troops.
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^ Cochin-china: the French name for its southern Vietnam colony, encompassing the III Corps and Mekong Delta rice-producing lowlands, which earlier was part of Cambodia.- Vietnam War Glossary 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC www.ichiban1.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Indochina - The countries of Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia colonized and ruled by the French… renamed Indochine/Indochina.- Vietnam Dictionary 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC parker5nc.tripod.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. ISBN 0253338549.
- Gettleman, Marvin E. (1966). .^ Before his death, Dewey had filed a report on the deepening crisis in Vietnam, stating his opinion that the U.S. "ought to clear out of Southeast Asia."
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Harmondsworth, Middlesex: Penguin Books.
- Halberstam, David; Singal, Daniel J. (2008). .^ Also during the interview, Kennedy comments on America's commitment to Vietnam "If we withdrew from Vietnam, the Communists would control Vietnam.
- Vietnam War Timeline 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC vietnamresearch.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ SR-71 - A US top-secret spy plane used during the Vietnam era (if you saw it, you never acknowledged it).- Vietnam Dictionary 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC parker5nc.tripod.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ January 15, 1962 - During a press conference, President Kennedy is asked if any Americans in Vietnam are engaged in the fighting.- Vietnam War Timeline 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC vietnamresearch.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 0-7425-6007-4.
- Hammer, Ellen J. (1987). A Death in November. .^ On the same voyage are four others, Alex Haley, Thalmus Rasulala, Cicely Tyson, LeVar Burton who are returned to New York City 1976.
- Today In Alternate History [Archived]: October 2007 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC althistory.blogspot.com [Source type: General]
^ Woodstock - A music festival held during the summer of 1969 at a farm near this city in New York State.- Vietnam Dictionary 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC parker5nc.tripod.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Workers of the International Typographical Union ended their strike that had closed nine New York City newspapers.- Timeline 1963 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC timelines.ws [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
ISBN 0-525-24210-4.
- Hatcher, Patrick Lloyd (1990). .^ For that matter, what constituted American thinking about elite women in a third-world country like South Vietnam?
- http://www.lib.washington.edu/Southeastasia/vsg/elist_2006/Madame%20Nhu.html 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC www.lib.washington.edu [Source type: Original source]
Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. ISBN 0804717362.
- Hickey, Gerald Cannon (2002). .^ On this same day, President Ford gives a speech at Tulane University stating the conflict in Vietnam is "a war that is finished as far as America is concerned."
- Vietnam War Timeline 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC vietnamresearch.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
Lubbock, Texas: Texas Tech University Press. ISBN 0896724905.
- Isaacs, Arnold R. (1983). Without Honor: Defeat in Vietnam and Cambodia. Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 0801830605.
- Jacobs, Seth (2006). .^ Many people said the face of one > the sisters was that of Madame Nhu, the disliked sister-in-law of President > Ngo Dinh Diem.
- http://www.lib.washington.edu/Southeastasia/vsg/elist_2006/Madame%20Nhu.html 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC www.lib.washington.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ August 29, 1963 - Lodge sends a message to Washington stating "...there is no possibility, in my view, that the war can be won under a Diem administration."- Vietnam War Timeline 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC vietnamresearch.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Organized in 1954 to unify the non-Communist nationalist organizations in South Vietnam in the period before Ngo Dinh Diem came to full power.- Vietnam War Glossary 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC www.ichiban1.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. ISBN 0-7425-4447-8.
- Jones, Howard (2003). Death of a Generation. .^ Charity in the US, helping out John Regan family in Zwingle, Iowa and the Imperial Ball in New York City.
- 1962 LIFE Magazine Issues For Sale at 2Neat Magazines 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC www.2neatmagazines.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ While some schools include English in their curriculum (Let’s Go series published by Oxford University Press), others do not.
^ On the same voyage are four others, Alex Haley, Thalmus Rasulala, Cicely Tyson, LeVar Burton who are returned to New York City 1976.- Today In Alternate History [Archived]: October 2007 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC althistory.blogspot.com [Source type: General]
ISBN 0-19-505286-2.
- Karnow, Stanley (1997). Vietnam: A history. .^ On the same voyage are four others, Alex Haley, Thalmus Rasulala, Cicely Tyson, LeVar Burton who are returned to New York City 1976.
- Today In Alternate History [Archived]: October 2007 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC althistory.blogspot.com [Source type: General]
^ May 13, 1967 - In New York City, 70,000 march in support of the war, led by a New York City fire captain.- Vietnam War Timeline 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC vietnamresearch.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ December 1, 1969 - The first draft lottery since World War II is held in New York City.- Vietnam War Timeline 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC vietnamresearch.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
ISBN 0-670-84218-4.
- Langguth, A. J. (2000). Our Vietnam. .^ On the same voyage are four others, Alex Haley, Thalmus Rasulala, Cicely Tyson, LeVar Burton who are returned to New York City 1976.
- Today In Alternate History [Archived]: October 2007 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC althistory.blogspot.com [Source type: General]
^ Woodstock - A music festival held during the summer of 1969 at a farm near this city in New York State.- Vietnam Dictionary 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC parker5nc.tripod.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Workers of the International Typographical Union ended their strike that had closed nine New York City newspapers.- Timeline 1963 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC timelines.ws [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
ISBN 0-684-81202-9.
- Maclear, Michael (1981). .^ On this same day, President Ford gives a speech at Tulane University stating the conflict in Vietnam is "a war that is finished as far as America is concerned."
- Vietnam War Timeline 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC vietnamresearch.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
Methuen. ISBN 0-423-00580-4.
- Miller, Edward (October 2004). .
- Moyar, Mark (2006).^ Organized in 1954 to unify the non-Communist nationalist organizations in South Vietnam in the period before Ngo Dinh Diem came to full power.
- Vietnam War Glossary 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC www.ichiban1.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Ngo Dinh Diem oppressed the Vietnamese people so badly that many of them turned to the communists for protection from his ruthless rule.
^ (SFEC, 4/11/99, p.43) 1963 Nov 1-1963 Nov 2, South Vietnamese President Ngo Dinh Diem and his brother were assassinated in a military coup.- Timeline 1963 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC timelines.ws [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ Dien Bien Phu - The site of a major battle that turned the war against the French in Vietnam in 1954.- Vietnam Dictionary 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC parker5nc.tripod.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ Charity in the US, helping out John Regan family in Zwingle, Iowa and the Imperial Ball in New York City.- 1962 LIFE Magazine Issues For Sale at 2Neat Magazines 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC www.2neatmagazines.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ On the same voyage are four others, Alex Haley, Thalmus Rasulala, Cicely Tyson, LeVar Burton who are returned to New York City 1976.- Today In Alternate History [Archived]: October 2007 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC althistory.blogspot.com [Source type: General]
^ May 13, 1967 - In New York City, 70,000 march in support of the war, led by a New York City fire captain.- Vietnam War Timeline 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC vietnamresearch.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
ISBN 0521869110.
- Olson, James S. (1996). Where the Domino Fell. St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0-312-08431-5.
- Osborne, Milton (1994). Sihanouk: Prince of Light, Prince of Darkness. Crows Nest, New South Wales: Allen & Unwin. ISBN 1863736425.
- Prochnau, William (1995). Once upon a Distant War. .^ Charity in the US, helping out John Regan family in Zwingle, Iowa and the Imperial Ball in New York City.
- 1962 LIFE Magazine Issues For Sale at 2Neat Magazines 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC www.2neatmagazines.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ On the same voyage are four others, Alex Haley, Thalmus Rasulala, Cicely Tyson, LeVar Burton who are returned to New York City 1976.- Today In Alternate History [Archived]: October 2007 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC althistory.blogspot.com [Source type: General]
^ May 13, 1967 - In New York City, 70,000 march in support of the war, led by a New York City fire captain.- Vietnam War Timeline 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC vietnamresearch.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
ISBN 0-812-92633-1.
- Scigliano, Robert (1964). .^ Nearly 60 percent of rural villages in South Vietnam are now under Viet Cong control.
- Vietnam War Timeline 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC vietnamresearch.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ December 20, 1960 - The National Liberation Front is established by Hanoi as its Communist political organization for Viet Cong guerrillas in South Vietnam.- Vietnam War Timeline 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC vietnamresearch.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ February 4, 1965 - National Security Advisor McGeorge Bundy visits South Vietnam for the first time.- Vietnam War Timeline 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC vietnamresearch.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
Houghton Mifflin.
- Shaplen, Robert (1965). The Lost Revolution: Vietnam 1945–1965. London: Andre Deutsch.
- Sheehan, Neil (1988). .^ June 9, 1972 - Senior U.S. military advisor John Paul Vann is killed in a helicopter crash near Pleiku.
- Vietnam War Timeline 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC vietnamresearch.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ USAID – US Agency for International Development (see Vann, John Paul).- Vietnam Dictionary 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC parker5nc.tripod.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ V Vann, John Paul - Characterized the war in Vietnam with this statement, “ A bright and shining lie .” His first tour of duty in Vietnam was with the US Army – he elected to leave the Army as a Lieutenant Colonel and was later hired as a civilian to become the Director of US AID. .- Vietnam Dictionary 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC parker5nc.tripod.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ On the same voyage are four others, Alex Haley, Thalmus Rasulala, Cicely Tyson, LeVar Burton who are returned to New York City 1976.- Today In Alternate History [Archived]: October 2007 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC althistory.blogspot.com [Source type: General]
^ Woodstock - A music festival held during the summer of 1969 at a farm near this city in New York State.- Vietnam Dictionary 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC parker5nc.tripod.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Workers of the International Typographical Union ended their strike that had closed nine New York City newspapers.- Timeline 1963 20 November 2009 10:010 UTC timelines.ws [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
ISBN 0-67972414-1.
- Truong Nhu Tang (1986). Journal of a Vietcong. Cape. ISBN 0224028197.
- Tucker, Spencer C. (2000). Encyclopedia of the Vietnam War. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 1-57607-040-0.
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Ngô Ðình Nhu (help·info), (October 7, 1910 – November 2, 1963), was the younger brother and chief political advisor of South Vietnam's first President, Ngô Ðình Diệm.^ 
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