| Norway |
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A referendum on whether Norway should join the European Union was held on 28 November 1994. After a long period of heated debate, the "No" side won with 52.2 per cent of the vote, on a turnout of 88.6 per cent. Membership of what was then the European Community had previously been rejected in a 1972 referendum, and by French Veto in 1962 and 1967.
The "No" campaign was led by Anne Enger Lahnstein, leader of the Centre Party.[1] The main themes of the "No" campaign were loss of sovereignty if Norway should join the Union, as well as the fundamental differences in economic structure between Norway and the EU, as Norway has an economy based heavily on natural resources (especially oil and fish), in contrast to the EU's more industrial economy.
Prime Minister Gro Harlem Brundtland led the "Yes" campaign. Her party, the Labour Party, was divided on the question of Norwegian membership of the Union. She refused to threaten to resign if the referendum failed to result in a "Yes" vote, on the grounds that more serious divisions could have arisen in the Labour Party. The main arguments of the "Yes" side were that as a European country, and that Norway's economy would benefit from membership.
Several explanations have been put forward as to why the "No" side won, including bad campaign management and preparation on the part of the "Yes" campaign, old cultural cleavages in Norwegian society, and the country's membership of the European Economic Area, which already made Norway part of the same European Union's common market.
Contents |
| Norwegian European Union membership referendum, 1994[2][3] | ||
|---|---|---|
| Yes or no | Votes | Percentage |
 No |
1,516,803 | 52.2% |
| Yes | 1,389,997 | 47.8% |
| Valid votes | 2,906,750 | 99.9% |
| Invalid or blank votes | 3,571 | 0.1% |
| Total votes | 2,910,321 | 100.00% |
| Voter turnout | 89.0% | |
| Electorate | 3,266,064 | |
| Constituency | Electorate | Spoilt votes | Total poll (%) | For (%) | Against (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Østfold | 185,441 | 307 | 163,338 (88) | 87,390 (54) | 75,998 (46) |
| Akershus | 322,029 | 443 | 293,331 (91) | 187,126 (64) | 106,205 (36) |
| Oslo | 360,340 | 497 | 317,585 (88) | 211,550 (67) | 106,035 (33) |
| Hedmark | 146,468 | 215 | 129,674 (89) | 55,367 (43) | 74,307 (57) |
| Oppland | 142,911 | 251 | 126,245 (88) | 55,702 (44) | 70,543 (56) |
| Buskerud | 174,271 | 240 | 154,345 (89) | 88,281 (57) | 66,064 (43) |
| Vestfold | 155,338 | 123 | 138,099 (89) | 78,698 (57) | 59,401 (43) |
| Telemark | 125,401 | 106 | 110,136 (88) | 46,478 (42) | 63,658 (58) |
| Aust-Agder | 73,841 | 68 | 64,927 (88) | 28,805 (44) | 36,122 (56) |
| Vest-Agder | 108,226 | 58 | 96,318 (89) | 43,947 (46) | 52,371 (54) |
| Rogaland | 251,790 | 166 | 227,485 (90) | 103,066 (45) | 124,419 (55) |
| Hordaland | 313,511 | 244 | 281,543 (90) | 122,942 (44) | 158,601 (56) |
| Sogn og Fjordane | 80,104 | 52 | 71,650 (89) | 22,761 (32) | 48,889 (68) |
| Møre og Romsdal | 180,426 | 178 | 160,713 (89) | 61,715 (38) | 98,998 (62) |
| Sør-Trøndelag | 194,869 | 239 | 171,007 (88) | 77,035 (45) | 93,972 (55) |
| Nord-Trøndelag | 96,344 | 50 | 86,110 (89) | 31,018 (36) | 55,092 (64) |
| Nordland | 183,703 | 226 | 162,474 (88) | 46,394 (29) | 116,080 (71) |
| Troms | 113,840 | 57 | 101,428 (89) | 28,860 (28) | 72,568 (72) |
| Finnmark | 57,211 | 51 | 50,342 (88) | 12,862 (26) | 37,480 (74) |
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   | Biography on Norwegian government's website - Anne Enger Lahnstein - regjeringen.no |
| | No to the EU - Hjem - Nei til EU |
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