| Otho Holland Williams | |
|---|---|
| March 1, 1749 – July 15, 1794 | |
 Painting of Williams in 1784 by Charles Willson Peale |
|
| Place of birth | Prince George's County, Maryland |
| Place of death | Woodstock, Virginia |
| Allegiance |  United States |
| Service/branch | Continental Army |
| Rank | Continental Army
|
| Unit | Continental Army
|
| Commands held | Continental Army
|
| Battles/wars | American Revolutionary War |
| Other work | 1st Commissioner of the Port of Baltimore |
Otho Holland Williams (March 1, 1749 – July 15, 1794) was a Continental Army officer from Maryland in the American Revolutionary War. He entered service volunteering at a Lieutenant in 1775 and eventually rising to the rank of Brigadier General.[1] He later served as an Associate Justice for Baltimore County, and as the first Commissioner of the Port of Baltimore.
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Otho Holland Williams was born on March 1, 1749, the third generation of his family born on the North American Continent, his ancestors having emigrated from Wales.[2] For the first year of his life, he lived with his parents Joseph and Prudence Williams in Prince George's County until the family settled at the mouth of the Conecocheague near present day Williamsport. His family home was Springfield Farm, listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974.[3] Shortly before Joseph Williams death, he placed his thirteen year old son into the care of his brother-in-law Mr.Ross who worked in the Clerk's office in Frederick County. After studying the duties of the office, Williams took charge of the office himself before moving to Baltimore for similar employment at the age of eighteen.[2][4] In the spring of 1774, Williams returned to Frederick and entered into commercial life.
On June 14, 1775, upon the call for soldiers by the Continental Congress, Williams joined Capt. Thomas Price's Independent Rifle Company of Maryland as first lieutenant.[5] The company then marched to Boston, Massachusetts. Soon after the company's arrival in Boston, Williams was promoted to the command of the company. By order of the Continental Congress on June 27, 1776, the rifle company was integrated into the Maryland and Virginia Rifle Regiment, with Hugh Stephenson as colonel, Moses Rawlings as lieutenant colonel and Williams as major.[6]
The regiment did not see much action until the Battle of Fort Washington where Williams was taken prisoner by the British.[1] He was taken to New York, where due to his rank he was permitted to go at large on his parole. During this time in New York, it was common for British officers to amuse themselves by insulting American prisoners with pointed questions such as "What Trade were you of before you entered the service?" When a high ranking British officer asked this question of Williams he replied:
"That he was in a profession which taught him to resist tyranny and punish insolence, and that proofs of his profession would follow a reputation towards him."[7]
It is suggested that the officer offended by this retort informed General Phillips--then in command of the New York garrison--that Williams was sending military information to General Washington contrary to the terms of his parole. Williams was promptly arrested and confined to a sixteen square foot room without ventilation in the city's provost jail which he shared with Ethan Allen.[7] Due to possible maltreatment by his captors and malnourishment, his health was affected to the point where he never fully recovered from his imprisonment.
After the surrender of John Burgoyne at the Battles of Saratoga, Williams was exchanged on January 16, 1778. During his imprisonment, Williams had been promoted to Colonel and given command of the 6th Maryland Regiment of the Maryland Line. Shortly after his release, he stated in a letter to the governor of Maryland that the regiment contained "...not above a hundred effective men... and that those are very indifferently clothed." He further stated: "I heartily desire to join the army as soon as possible but certainly it had better be reinforced by a regiment without a colonel than by a colonel without a regiment."[8] After joining the Continental Army shortly before the Battle of Monmouth he was to learn that the regiment was noted for a looseness of discipline and not being able to stand with others in the line during battle. Soon after his taking effective command, the 6th Maryland Regiment became known as the equal, if not superior, to any in the whole army.[9]
After the unsuccessful attempt to capture Savannah, Georgia, under the command of General Benjamin Lincoln, the Southern Department of the Continental Army retreated to Charleston, South Carolina. General Sir Henry Clinton moved his forces, surrounded the city where Lincoln's army had taken refuge and cut off any chance of relief for the Continental Army. Prior to his surrender, Lincoln had been able to get messages to General Washington and the Continental Congress requesting aid. At the end of April 1780, Washington dispatched General de Kalb with 1,400 Maryland and Delaware troops. The Maryland Line made up a large portion of this force. With Williams serving in the post of Adjutant general to General De Kalb.
General de Kalb's forces took almost a month to descend the Chesapeake Bay and did not arrive in Petersburg, VA until the middle of June, almost a month after Lincoln had surrendered his army. The Continental Congress appointed Horatio Gates to command the Southern Department. He assumed command on July 25, 1780 and immediately marched into South Carolina with the intent of engaging the British Army, now under the command of Charles Cornwallis.
After brief aggressive maneuvering which threatened the British position in the Carolinas, Cornwallis moved his forces to engage the American forces. The two armies engaged one another in the Battle of Camden on August 16, 1780, six miles north of Camden, South Carolina. Due to several tactical errors on the part of Horatio Gates, the British were able to achieve a decisive victory. Deserted by their commander and facing opposition on all sides, the Continental Army was forced to retreat. During this engagement, Williams had been stationed to the rear of the army and was unable to contribute and General de Kalb was mortally wounded. Prior to his death three days later, de Kalb paid a glowing tribute to the Maryland Troop under his command.
After the successful retreat across the Dan River, during which Williams led his men during many highly successful rear guard actions checking the enemy's advance and baffling every British attempt to bring the American army into a general engagement, General Greene chose to offer battle to General Cornwallis's forces on March 15, 1781 on ground of his own choosing at Guilford Court House, inside the city limits of present day Greensboro, North Carolina.
After the British forces had broken Greene's first line made up of North Caroline Militia and the second line made up of Virginia Militia they threatened the third line made up by the 1st Maryland Regiment, under the command of Colonel John Gunby, and the 2nd Maryland Regiment. The Brigade of Guards, under the command of a Colonel Stewart, broke through the 2nd Maryland Regiment, captured two field pieces and threatened the rear of the 1st Maryland forces whom were already engaged with sizable force under the command of a Colonel Webster.
The 1st Maryland Regiment charged and swept Webster's forces from the field. They then turned to face the oncoming guards unit. After a brief exchange of musket fire, in which 1st Maryland's commander's horse was shot from under him, the 1st Maryland Regiment charged the Guards unit who were quickly routed.
Greene, not able to see this part of the battle from his vantage point, had already ordered a retreat. Thus, unsupported, the Maryland troops were soon forced to withdraw. During this retreat the 6th Maryland Regiment under Williams again acted as the rear guard of the army and is credited with holding off the British forces allowing Greene to move his forces to safety.
Greene, in recognition of William's gallantry appointed Williams to the post of Adjutant general of the Army.[10]
The Battle of Eutaw Springs can be divided into two distinct engagements. During the first action, Greene had given the following order to Williams:
"Let Williams advance and sweep the field with his bayonets."[10]
The 6th Maryland Regiment advanced and broke the British line forcing them to fall back several miles and allowing the Continental Army to gain control of the British Camp. The Americans then began to pillage the camp which allowed time for the British to form a new line anchored by a stone house that the Continental Army was unable to move later in the day.
Near the close of the War, he was sent by General Greene with dispatches to congress and on May 9, 1782 promoted to Brigadier General.[1]
After the War, he returned to Maryland and settled in Baltimore. He was soon appointed Commissioner of the Port by the Governor of Maryland, an appointment that was renewed when George Washington assumed the Presidency of the United States.
In 1786 he married his wife, Mary, the second daughter of William Smith with whom he had four sons. Williams acquired a large fortune, enabling him, in 1787, to buy is father's house near the Potomac River and dedicated himself to improving the farm and laying out the town of Williamsport, Maryland, and which was name in his honor.[10][11] Williams wanted the capital of the United States to be located in Williamsport and wrote a letter to Washington to that effect on November 1, 1790 enclosing a map of the town.[12]
On December 21, 1792, the Maryland State Legislature name Williams an Associate Justice for Baltimore County.[13]
Washington thought so highly of Williams that that in 1792, when Daniel Morgan refused the rank of Brigadier General of the American Army, the president had Henry Knox, the United States Secretary of War, write Williams asking him to accept the position. The position would have made Williams the second in command of the American Army, but citing poor health and no ambition for the position, Williams declined the appointment.[11][14]
His health deteriorating, Williams was induced to try the "sea airs" and in 1793 journeyed to Barbados which afforded him some benefits. In 1794 upon reaching Woodstock on his way to Sweet Springs, Virginia Williams became to ill to travel. On Tuesday, July 15, 1794, at the age of 46, Otho Holland Williams died. His remains were interred under a simple monument on the summit of a hill on his Williamsport homestead. His wife died one year later leaving their children orphaned and under the care of her father.[11][14]
  | Maryland Historical Trust - National Register Listings in Maryland |
| | A sketch of the life and services of Otho Holland Williams'' - A sketch of the life and services of Gen. Otho Holland Williams by Tiffany - Project Gutenberg |
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