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| Passive–aggressive personality disorder | |
|---|---|
| Classification and external resources | |
| ICD-10 | F60.8 |
| ICD-9 | 301.84 |
Passive–aggressive behavior (negative personality trait) is passive, sometimes obstructionist resistance to following through with expectations in interpersonal or occupational situations.
It is a personality trait marked by a pervasive pattern of negative attitudes and passive, usually disavowed resistance in interpersonal or occupational situations.
It can manifest itself as learned helplessness, procrastination, stubbornness, resentment, sullenness, or deliberate/repeated failure to accomplish requested tasks for which one is (often explicitly) responsible. It is a defense mechanism, and usually only partly conscious.[citation needed]
Passive aggressive behavior was first clinically used in the context of defying authoritative figures. But noncompliance is not indicative of true passive aggressive behavior, which is the manifestation of emotions that have been repressed based on a self-imposed need for acceptance.
In DSM-1 in 1952, the passive-aggressive was defined in a narrow way, grouped together with the passive-dependent. This is similar to the circuitous negativist (see below) where the negativist has dependent features.[1]
The book Living with the Passive-Aggressive Man lists 11 responses that may help identify passive-aggressive behavior. [2]
A passive-aggressive person may not have all of these behaviors, and may have other non-passive-aggressive traits.
Passive-aggressive personality disorder was listed as an Axis II personality disorder in the DSM-III-R, but was moved in the DSM-IV to Appendix B ("Criteria Sets and Axes Provided for Further Study") because of controversy and the need for further research on how to also categorize the behaviors in a future edition. As an alternative, the diagnosis Personality disorder not otherwise specified may be used instead.
The World Health Organization's ICD-10 lists passive-aggressive personality disorder under (F60.8) Other specific personality disorders.
It is a requirement of ICD-10 that a diagnosis of any specific personality disorder also satisfies a set of general personality disorder criteria.
Theodore Millon identified four subtypes of negativist [1][3]. Any individual negativist may exhibit none or one of the following:
Passive aggressive disorder may stem from a specific childhood stimulus (e.g., alcohol/drug addicted parents) in an environment where it was not safe to express frustration or anger. Families in which the honest expression of feelings is forbidden tend to teach children to repress and deny their feelings and to use other channels to express their frustration.
Children who sugarcoat their hostility do not grow beyond it. Never developing better coping strategies or skills sets for self-expression, they can become adults who, beneath the seductive veneer, harbor vindictive intent.[4]
Martin Kantor suggests a treatment approach using psychodynamic, supportive, cognitive, behavioral and interpersonal therapeutic methods. These methods apply to both the passive aggressive person and their target victim.[5]
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Here are sentences from other pages on Passive–aggressive behavior, which are similar to those in the above article.
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