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# Wikibooks

Up to date as of January 23, 2010

## Contents

Radioactivity is the conversion of one nuclear state to another only happen with elements that has unstable Nuclei. It involves Decay of Radioactive Element accompany by an emission of streams of Charged Particles namely Alpha, Beta , Gamma or electromagnetic radiation in the form of Invisible Light and a release of enormous Heat Energy calculated by Einstien's Formula E = m C2 where m correspond to difference in mass during the radioactivity .

Nucleus breaks into smaller Nucleies called Fission
Small Nucleis form a bigger Nuclei called Fusion

Most sources of natural, predictable radiation come from the decay of atomic nuclei, resulting in either alpha - α or beta - β particles. In general, α decay is more common among the heavier elements, as it reduces the proton:neutron ratio, while β decay is much more prominent among lighter elements, as it converts a neutron into a proton.

### Alpha Decay

$U^{238} \longrightarrow Th^{234} + He^{4}(\alpha)$

This is the first decay in the famous Uranium decay. U-238 is essentially non-radioactive (especially compared to hyper-active U-235), and has a half-life of over four billion years.

### Beta Decay

$C^{14} \longrightarrow N^{14} + e(\beta)$

This is the decay that allows for carbon dating, and has a half-life of over 5000 years.

### Gamma Decay

Gamma radiation is much more difficult to come by, as emitting a gamma ray does not allow an atomic nuclei to decay. The most famous source of high-energy gamma rays is what happens when an electron and a positron annihilate:

$: e^{+} + e^{-} \longrightarrow \gamma + \gamma$

Radioactivity Radiation is a stream of high energy particles namely Alpha, Beta , Gamma called Electromagnetic Radiation that travels at speed equal to Speed of Light but not visible as Light . Radioactivity Radiation can penetrate into matter's material and have capability of release Electrons off the matter's surface to become free electrons . Thus change matter's conduction of Electricity

## Heat Energy

During the process of decay there is a difference in mass and this difference in mass cause an enormous Heat Energy to be released in the air calculated by famous Einstein's formula

E = Δm c2