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Police Service of Northern Ireland (incorporating the Royal Ulster Constabulary)[1]
Common name	Police Service of Northern Ireland
Abbreviation	PSNI
Badge of the Police Service of Northern Ireland (incorporating the Royal Ulster Constabulary)[1].
Flag of the Police Service of Northern Ireland (incorporating the Royal Ulster Constabulary)[1].
Agency overview
Formed	4 November, 2001
Preceding agency	Royal Ulster Constabulary
Legal personality	Governmental: Government agency
Jurisdictional structure
Operations jurisdiction*	Country of Northern Ireland, UK
Police Service of Northern Ireland area
Size	13,843 km²
Population	Approx 1.7 million
Governing body	Northern Ireland Policing Board
General nature	Law enforcement Local civilian police
Operational structure
Headquarters	Knock, Belfast
Officers	9,200
Agency executive	Matt Baggott, Chief Constable
Departments	12 Crime Operations Department Criminal Justice Department Human Resources Department Department of Media and Public Relations Professional Standards Department Search and Rescue Team Crime Support Department Finance and Support Services Legal Services Department Operational Support Department Rural Region Urban Region
Regions	8
Facilities
Stations	79 [2]
Notables Award George Cross
Website
http://www.psni.police.uk
Footnotes
* Divisional agency: Division of the country, over which the agency has usual operational jurisdiction.

The Police Service of Northern Ireland GC (Irish: Seirbhís Phóilíneachta Thuaisceart Éireann,^[3] Ulster Scots: Polis Service o Norlin Airlan)^[4] is the police service that covers Northern Ireland. It is the successor to the Royal Ulster Constabulary a controversial police force which,^[5] in turn, was the successor to the Royal Irish Constabulary.

The RUC was renamed on 4 November 2001 as a result of a 10 year reform of policing set up under the Belfast Agreement. This agreement required the creation of an Independent Commission on Policing for Northern Ireland, which became known as the Patten Commission after its chairman, Chris Patten. He originally proposed the name Northern Ireland Police Service; however the abbreviation NIPS was thought inappropriate for a variety of reasons. The final decision included in the Police (Northern Ireland) Act 2000 was to rename the force to the Police Service of Northern Ireland (incorporating the Royal Ulster Constabulary), to be shortened to the Police Service of Northern Ireland for operational purposes.^[6]

All major political parties in Northern Ireland, Nationalist and Unionist support the PSNI. At first the political party Sinn Féin, which represents about a quarter of Northern Ireland voters, had refused to endorse the PSNI until Patten's recommendations are implemented in full. However, as part of the St Andrews Agreement Sinn Féin announced its full acceptance of the Police Service of Northern Ireland at a special Ard Fheis on the issue of policing on 28 January 2007.^[7]

The other major nationalist party in the region, the Social Democratic and Labour Party (SDLP), has joined the Northern Ireland Policing Board and says that it is satisfied that the Patten recommendations are being implemented. In the summer of 2005, the SDLP's Alex Attwood estimated that 80% of Patten's recommendations have been implemented.

In September 2005 the PSNI established the Historical Enquiries Team to investigate the 3,269 unsolved murders committed during the Troubles.

Organisation

In 2001 the old police divisions and sub-divisions were replaced with 29 District Command Units(DCUs), broadly coterminous with local council areas. In 2007 these 29 Districts were replaced by 8 Districts ('A' through 'H') in anticipation of local government restructuring under the Review of Public Administration (RPA). These council boundaries have not been finalised by the Northern Ireland Assembly, however, and may change. Each district is headed by a chief superintendent. Districts are divided into areas, commanded by a chief inspector and they in turn are divided into sectors, commanded by inspectors.

Jurisdiction

Police Officers of the PSNI have full police powers throughout Northern Ireland and the adjacent United Kingdom waters. Generally they do not have any police powers in the other two legal jurisdictions of the United Kingdom - England & Wales or Scotland.

Accountability

The PSNI is supervised by the Northern Ireland Policing Board.

The Police Ombudsman for Northern Ireland deals with any complaints regarding the PSNI and investigates any allegations of misconduct by police officers. The current Police Ombudsman is former Oversight Commissioner Al Hutchinson who took over from Nuala O'Loan in November 2007.

The Oversight Commissioner was appointed to ensure that the Patten recommendations were implemented 'comprehensively and faithfully' and attempted to assure the community that all aspects of the report were being implemented and being seen to be implemented. The Oversight role ended on 31 May 2007, with the final report indicating that of Patten's 175 recommendations, 140 had been completed with a further 16 "substantially completed" [1]

Recruitment

The PSNI has a positive discrimination policy of recruiting 50% of its officers from a Catholic background and 50% from a non-Catholic background, in order to avert the perceived religious imbalance that existed towards the RUC from Nationalists and as recommended by the Patten Report. Deloitte recruit officers on behalf of the PSNI. The name and symbols of the organisation are designed to incorporate both aspects of Northern Ireland's Community. It is hoped that 30% of the force will be made up of Catholics by 2011. By 2006, 20% of PSNI officers were Catholic, compared with just 8.3% of the old RUC.^[8]

Policies

In September 2006 it was confirmed that Assistant Chief Constable Judith Gillespie approved the PSNI policy of using children as informants including in exceptional circumstances to inform on their own family but not their parents. The document added safeguards included having a parent or "appropriate adult" present at meetings between juveniles and their handler. It also stressed a child's welfare should be paramount when considering the controversial tactics and required that any risk had been properly explained to them and a risk assessment completed.^[9]

Uniform

The colour of the PSNI uniform is green. Pre-1970s RUC uniforms retained a dark green, which was often mistaken as black. A lighter shade of green was introduced following the Hunt reforms of the early 1970s, although Hunt recommended that British blue should be introduced. The Patten report, however, recommended the retention of the green uniform (Recommendation No. 154) ^[10]. The RUC officially described this as 'rifle green'. When the six new versions of the PSNI uniform were introduced, in March 2002, the term 'bottle green' was used for basically the same colour. This was perhaps seen as being a less confrontational description, in keeping with the spirit of the time.

The PSNI badge features the St. Patrick's saltire, and six symbols representing different and shared traditions:

• The Scales of Justice (representing equality and justice)
• The harp (a traditional Irish symbol but not the Brian Boru harp used as official emblem in the Republic)
• A torch (representing enlightenment and a new beginning)
• An olive branch (a peace symbol from Ancient Greece)
• A shamrock (a traditional Irish symbol, used by St Patrick, patron saint of all Ireland, to explain the Christian Trinity)
• A crown (a traditional symbol of royalty but not that worn by or representing the British Sovereign)

The flag of the PSNI is the badge in the centre of a dark green field. Under the Police Emblems and Flags Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2002 no other flag can be used by the PSNI and it is the only one permitted to be flown on any PSNI building, vehicle, aircraft or even vessel.^[11]

Equipment

Body Armour

PSNI officers now routinely wear flak jackets as opposed to the stab vests worn by most UK police officers and the Gardaí. Flak jackets were reintroduced for officers in Ballymena in late 2004,^[12] and in December 2007 for PSNI officers patrolling in the Greater Belfast & Greater Derry City areas owing to the threat from dissident republicans.^[13] More conspicuous than stab vests (owing to the fact they are worn over high-viz jackets), flak jackets have become an increasingly common sight on officers across Northern Ireland in recent years.

Firearms

Unlike the majority of police forces in the United Kingdom, the PSNI is the only territorial police force that is routinely armed.^[14] Officers are issued Glock 17 semi-automatic pistols, replacing the Ruger Security Six revolvers that the RUC, and later PSNI were issued with. Previously they routinely carried long arms: either the Heckler & Koch MP5, or rifles such as Heckler & Koch G3s, G36Cs or HK33s as well as Ruger Mini-14 select fire rifles, however the Heckler & Koch weapons are still routinely carried in areas of higher threat such as North and West Belfast or various border areas.

Vehicles

The most well known PSNI vehicle is the Land Rover Tangi but with the improving security situation these are less likely to be used for everyday patrols and are more likely to be used for crowd control instead. Typical vehicles include MG ZTs, Skoda Octavias, Vauxhall Vectras, Ford Mondeos and Volkswagen Passat Estates. 4X4 vehicles include Mitsubishi Shoguns and Range Rovers. Higher spec cars include Volkswagen Golf R32s, Vauxhall Vectra VXRs and Mitsubishi Lancer Evolutions. Many older armoured vehicles are still in use, but newer cars are more likely to be non-armoured. They have also taken delivery of some new BMW R 1200 RT motorbikes to replace the old Honda motorbikes which they have.

Air support

In May 2005 the PSNI took delivery of its first helicopter, a Eurocopter EC 135, registration G-PSNI. The PSNI (and the RUC) relied heavily on British Army helicopter support during the Troubles and into the 21st century.

Other items of equipment include Hiatts Speedcuffs, CS (irritant) Spray, extendible batons, a first aid pouch, an encrypted radio and a torch with traffic wand.

Headquarters

The service's headquarters are located in Knock, an area in east Belfast.

Chief Constables

Saintfield Police station

Dungiven Police station. Note the high walls to protect against mortar attacks.

The senior officer in charge of the PSNI is its Chief Constable. To date this position has been held by four people:

• Chief Constable Sir Ronnie Flanagan OBE, from the formation of the PSNI. Flanagan was previously the Chief Constable of the RUC.
• Acting Chief Constable Colin Cramphorn, from 1 April 2002. Cramphorn was formerly Flanagan's deputy, and with Flanagan's resignation Cramphorn acted as Chief Constable while the Policing Board sought a permanent replacement. Cramphorn is believed to have turned down the post of Chief Constable due to the political expectations that he was required to fulfil, but which he apparently believed were inappropriate at that time.
• Chief Constable Sir Hugh Orde OBE, from 29 May 2002. Cramphorn continued as Orde's deputy until September 2002, when he was appointed Chief Constable of West Yorkshire Police.
• Deputy Chief Constable Judith Gillespie, acting from August 2009 till 22 September 2009.
• Chief Constable Matt Baggott CBE, QPM, from 22 September 2009.

Ranks

• Chief Constable
• Deputy Chief Constable
• Assistant Chief Constable
• Chief Superintendent
• Superintendent
• Chief Inspector
• Inspector
• Sergeant
• Constable
• Reserve Constable (This rank will be a non-rank from 2010 or there abouts)

See also

• Policing in the United Kingdom
• List of Government departments and agencies in Northern Ireland

References

Weitzer, Ronald. 1995. Policing Under Fire: Ethnic Conflict and Police-Community Relations in Northern Ireland (Albany, NY: State University of New York Press).

Weitzer, Ronald. 1996. “Police Reform in Northern Ireland,” Police Studies, v.19, no.2. pages:27-43.

Weitzer, Ronald. 1992. “Northern Ireland's Police Liaison Committees,” Policing and Society, vol.2, no.3, pages 233-243.

Footnotes

External links

• Police Service of Northern Ireland
• The badge and flag of the PSNI
• Police Ombudsman for Northern Ireland website
• PSNI Roll of Honour
• PSNI recruitment managed by Consensia
• [2]