From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Plato (left) and
Aristotle (right), from a detail of
The School of Athens, a fresco by
Raphael. Plato's Republic and Aristotle's Politics secured the two Greek philosophers as two of the most influential political philosophers.
.^ Government and laws are the agreement we all make to secure everyone's freedom.- Daily Kos: Debating Political Philosophy 2 February 2010 9:24 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
^ They are sweet, kind, sensitive people who often think the government should solve major problems – they will continue thinking about the problems.” .- Think Progress » Gingrich Blames Virginia Tech Tragedy On Liberalism 28 January 2010 0:17 UTC thinkprogress.org [Source type: General]
^ This agency will be formed out of career Law Enforcement Officials from Justice, FBI, and the CBO, or some such combination, in order to not allow Executive Appointments, or Congress itself, to be the personel in charge of selecting who gets investigated.- Daily Kos: Debating Political Philosophy 2 February 2010 9:24 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ Yet we want those to be general enough to be able to be used in arguing about more specific political issues and policies.- Daily Kos: Debating Political Philosophy 2 February 2010 9:24 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
^ It's a disgusting political philosophy that leads to such beliefs as: poverty is a mark of immorality.- Daily Kos: Debating Political Philosophy 2 February 2010 9:24 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
^ What we need now is not a new political philosophy, we need philosophical underpinnings for specific policy proposals.- Daily Kos: Debating Political Philosophy 2 February 2010 9:24 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
[1] Political philosophy can also be understood by analysing it through the perspectives of
metaphysics,
epistemology and
axiology thereby unearthing the ultimate reality side, the knowledge or methodical side and the value aspects of politics.
.^ No rules on property rights!- Daily Kos: Debating Political Philosophy 2 February 2010 9:24 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
^ I think his speech perfectly described the Democratic Party's political philosophy and gave the party a defining narrative.- Daily Kos: Debating Political Philosophy 2 February 2010 9:24 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Socialism refers to a broad array of doctrines or political movements that envisage a socio-economic system in which property and the distribution of wealth are subject to government control.- Daily Kos: Debating Political Philosophy 2 February 2010 9:24 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
History of political philosophy
Antiquity
Western philosophy
As an academic discipline, Western political philosophy has its origins in ancient Greek society.
.^ In NY state, there is a corrupt dynamic wherein people in upstate towns support politicians, who ensure there is a steady supply of inmates from cities to fill the prisons in those upstate towns.- Daily Kos: Debating Political Philosophy 2 February 2010 9:24 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
^ This is especially true when you consider that his peers were the Founding Fathers, most of whom were quite comfortable with monarchy and aristocracy and openly hostile toward democracy.- Daily Kos: Debating Political Philosophy 2 February 2010 9:24 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
^ There is something seriously wrong with a female who claims to be a 28% moron, who supports the troglodyte party.- Think Progress » Gingrich Blames Virginia Tech Tragedy On Liberalism 28 January 2010 0:17 UTC thinkprogress.org [Source type: General]
.^ I posted my personal political philosophy (first articulation thereof) here: Common Sense/Common Good Progressive Framework .- Daily Kos: Debating Political Philosophy 2 February 2010 9:24 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
^ A coherent philosophy is also important, so I won't discount the notion of a story, the overarching narrative that expresses our political philosophy concisely.- Daily Kos: Debating Political Philosophy 2 February 2010 9:24 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
[3] .^ A coherent philosophy is also important, so I won't discount the notion of a story, the overarching narrative that expresses our political philosophy concisely.- Daily Kos: Debating Political Philosophy 2 February 2010 9:24 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
[4]Far East philosophy
.^ Recommended by: Buffalo Girl But Practical Politics means having the tools and means to communicate to people in ONE district at a time whether it is a school board or a Congressional Race.- Daily Kos: Debating Political Philosophy 2 February 2010 9:24 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
In India,
Chanakya, in his
Arthashastra, developed a viewpoint which recalls both the Legalists and
Niccolò Machiavelli.
.^ The ruling culture in DC states that the big danger out there is to be seen as 'weak on national security.'- Daily Kos: Debating Political Philosophy 2 February 2010 9:24 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
In the case of China, philosophers found themselves obliged to confront social and political breakdown, and seek solutions to the crisis that confronted their entire civilization.
.^ The problem is always the other they are terrorists, immigrants, religious fanatics,or any thing that threatens our 'way of life'.- Daily Kos: Debating Political Philosophy 2 February 2010 9:24 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Our Declaration of Independence, the Constitution, and the Bill of Rights embdy a political philosophy: how this land should be governed, and what's the basis for that governance.- Daily Kos: Debating Political Philosophy 2 February 2010 9:24 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
^ The problem is we have intelligent philosophers on our side, but there is a stigma to talk about them.- Daily Kos: Debating Political Philosophy 2 February 2010 9:24 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ We want to find goals which reasonable people of different philosophies can accept and which can be shown to be attractive from a number of different such perspectives.- Daily Kos: Debating Political Philosophy 2 February 2010 9:24 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Yes, there's still some opposition (42 out of 200) from the conservative/chickenhawk wing, but please get your facts right.- Daily Kos: Debating Political Philosophy 2 February 2010 9:24 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
^ It's a disgusting political philosophy that leads to such beliefs as: poverty is a mark of immorality.- Daily Kos: Debating Political Philosophy 2 February 2010 9:24 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ I actually think that what people call a "philosophy" when they ask for a political philosophy is somewhat short of what philosophers call a a political philosophy.- Daily Kos: Debating Political Philosophy 2 February 2010 9:24 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
^ What political philosophy now would be a clear contrast.- Daily Kos: Debating Political Philosophy 2 February 2010 9:24 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
^ We want to find goals which reasonable people of different philosophies can accept and which can be shown to be attractive from a number of different such perspectives.- Daily Kos: Debating Political Philosophy 2 February 2010 9:24 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
[6]
Medieval Christianity
Saint Augustine
The early
Christian philosophy of
Augustine of Hippo was by and large a rewrite of Plato in a Christian context.
.^ He has been pPesident of the Society of Christian Ethics, the largest association of religious ethicists in the world, and Secretary of the American Academy of Religion, the professional association of educators in religion in the United States.- Testimony - March 5, 2002 (Christopher Reeve Homepage) 11 September 2009 9:50 UTC www.chrisreevehomepage.com [Source type: Original source]
Augustine also preached that one was not a member of his or her city, but was either a citizen of the
City of God (Civitas Dei) or the City of Man (Civitas Terrena).
.^ I am watching many Americans die--well, human beings period, but many Americans, people in my neighborhood, people in my city and in the State, people I've worked with, I've known, die from the devastating Alzheimer's, diabetes, and other kinds of disease, and cancer.- Testimony - March 5, 2002 (Christopher Reeve Homepage) 11 September 2009 9:50 UTC www.chrisreevehomepage.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Do you think that this type of explanation could work at all?; and do you think it is compatible with the "legal and rare" phrasing?- Daily Kos: Debating Political Philosophy 2 February 2010 9:24 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Of course, without any knowledge of these views, all she can do is what she’s done to many others here–bait them.- Think Progress » Gingrich Blames Virginia Tech Tragedy On Liberalism 28 January 2010 0:17 UTC thinkprogress.org [Source type: General]
[7]Saint Thomas Aquinas
In political philosophy, Aquinas is most meticulous when dealing with varieties of law. According to Aquinas, there are four different kinds of laws:
1) God's cosmic law
2) God's scriptural law
3) Natural law or rules of conduct universally applicable within reason
4) Human law or specific rules applicable to specific circumstances.
Medieval Islam
Mutazilite vs Asharite
The rise of
Islam, based on both the
Qur'an and
Muhammad strongly altered the power balances and perceptions of origin of power in the Mediterranean region.
.^ Philosophy The second coming (relations between science and religion) .- Politics Research Papers - Direct Essays 11 September 2009 19:019 UTC www.directessays.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Tags: Democrats , political philosophy ( all tags ) :: Previous Tag Versions .- Daily Kos: Debating Political Philosophy 2 February 2010 9:24 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Our Declaration of Independence, the Constitution, and the Bill of Rights embdy a political philosophy: how this land should be governed, and what's the basis for that governance.- Daily Kos: Debating Political Philosophy 2 February 2010 9:24 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ Inflation has been more subdued than in the 1970s what are the reasons for this and will they endure .- Politics Research Papers - Direct Essays 11 September 2009 19:019 UTC www.directessays.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
By the late ancient period, however, the "traditionalist"
Asharite view of Islam had in general triumphed. According to the Asharites, reason must be subordinate to the Quran and the Sunna.
[8]Islamic political philosophy, was, indeed, rooted in the very sources of
Islam, i.e. the
Qur'an and the
Sunnah, the words and practices of Muhammad. However, in the Western thought, it is generally supposed that it was a specific area peculiar merely to the great philosophers of Islam:
al-Kindi (Alkindus),
al-Farabi (Abunaser),
İbn Sina (Avicenna),
Ibn Bajjah (Avempace),
Ibn Rushd (Averroes), and
Ibn Khaldun. The political conceptions of Islam such as kudrah (power),
sultan,
ummah, cemaa (obligation)-and even the "core" terms of the Qur'an, i.e.
ibadah, din (religion), rab (master) and
ilah- is taken as the basis of an analysis. Hence, not only the ideas of the Muslim political philosophers but also many other
jurists and
ulama posed political ideas and theories. For example, the ideas of the
Khawarij in the very early years of
Islamic history on
Khilafa and
Ummah, or that of
Shia Islam on the concept of
Imamah are considered proofs of political thought. The clashes between the
Ehl-i Sunna and
Shia in the 7th and 8th centuries had a genuine political character.
Ibn Khaldun
The 14th century
Arab scholar
Ibn Khaldun is considered one of the greatest political theorists.
.^ Government regulation of business, wages and labor, other than the punishment of fraud, is socialist.- Daily Kos: Debating Political Philosophy 2 February 2010 9:24 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
^ If any large institution (e.g., a government, a political party) has no plan, they founder on the shoals of confusion and contradiction.- Daily Kos: Debating Political Philosophy 2 February 2010 9:24 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Thousands of other children were conceived and born as a result of what is now considered lower- technology procedures such as intrauterine insemination.- Testimony - March 5, 2002 (Christopher Reeve Homepage) 11 September 2009 9:50 UTC www.chrisreevehomepage.com [Source type: Original source]
For Ibn Khaldun, government should be restrained to a minimum for as a necessary evil, it is the constraint of men by other men.
[9]Islamic political philosophy did not cease in the classical period. Despite the fluctuations in its original character during the medieval period, it has lasted even in the modern era. Especially with the emergence of
Islamic radicalism as a political movement, political thought has revived in the Muslim world.
.^ We let that hope be hijacked (yes, hijacked ) by an outdated 20th century brand of politics, a politics of hopelessness and endless, pointless fear and defense.- Daily Kos: Debating Political Philosophy 2 February 2010 9:24 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
Medieval Europe
.^ However, given the new found attention to political philosophy and narrative, I think it would be worth it for everyone to take a second look at Mr. Swords' post.- Daily Kos: Debating Political Philosophy 2 February 2010 9:24 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
^ I actually think that what people call a "philosophy" when they ask for a political philosophy is somewhat short of what philosophers call a a political philosophy.- Daily Kos: Debating Political Philosophy 2 February 2010 9:24 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
^ That said, socialism and social libertarianism is the fundamental philosophy of the Democrats and the political Left; just as Christianity and economic libertarianism is the fundamental philosophy of the Republicans and the political Right.- Daily Kos: Debating Political Philosophy 2 February 2010 9:24 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ I actually think the idea is correct, though reasonable people can disagree over exactly what it means in concrete instances.- Daily Kos: Debating Political Philosophy 2 February 2010 9:24 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
The Scholastics by combining the philosophy of Aristotle with the Christianity of St. Augustine emphasized the potential harmony inherent in reason and revelation.
[10] Perhaps the most influential political philosopher of medieval Europe was St.
Thomas Aquinas who helped reintroduce
Aristotle's works, which had only been preserved by the
Muslims, along with the commentaries of
Averroes.
.^ Progressives resist entering into a mind-set that views politics in terms of strategy rather than philosophy.- Daily Kos: Debating Political Philosophy 2 February 2010 9:24 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
[11]
Medieval political philosophers, such as Aquinas in
Summa Theologica, developed the idea that a king who is a tyrant is no king at all and could be overthrown.
Magna Carta, cornerstone of Anglo-American political liberty, explicitly proposes the right to revolt against the ruler for justice sake. Other documents similar to Magna Carta are found in other European countries such as Spain and Hungary.
[12]
European Renaissance
.^ I commented yesterday on the mounting discussion among Democrats about the need for a political philosophy for our party.- Daily Kos: Debating Political Philosophy 2 February 2010 9:24 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Wasting time arguing about political philosophy looks senseless when the cold-stone, literal facts sit right in front of you.- Daily Kos: Debating Political Philosophy 2 February 2010 9:24 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Having a degree in political philosophy, I often feel guilty about not blogging on the subject.- Daily Kos: Debating Political Philosophy 2 February 2010 9:24 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ Therefore, all authoritarian political systems are of a criminal nature...- Daily Kos: Debating Political Philosophy 2 February 2010 9:24 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
Niccolò Machiavelli
One of the most influential works during this burgeoning period was
Niccolò Machiavelli's
The Prince, written between 1511-12 and published in 1532, after Machiavelli's death. That work, as well as
The Discourses, a rigorous analysis of the
classical period, did much to influence modern political thought in the West. A minority (including
Jean-Jacques Rousseau) could interpret The Prince as a satire meant to be given to the Medici after their recapture of Florence and their subsequent expulsion of Machiavelli from Florence.
[13] .^ Rather, rewriting it in terms of the people affected, and how they'll benefit more than when they try to copy what works for the Republicans (minus the lies).- Daily Kos: Debating Political Philosophy 2 February 2010 9:24 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
^ The world order which we seek is the cooperation of free countries, working together in a friendly, civilized society.- Daily Kos: Debating Political Philosophy 2 February 2010 9:24 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
^ And he made me proud of my working class roots rather than embarassed by them.- Daily Kos: Debating Political Philosophy 2 February 2010 9:24 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
At any rate, Machiavelli presents a
pragmatic and somewhat consequentialist view of politics, whereby good and evil are mere means used to bring about an end, i.e. the secure and powerful state.
Thomas Hobbes, well known for his theory of the
social contract, goes on to expand this view at the start of the 17th century during the
English Renaissance.
.^ We believe in a greater good that we strive for without infringing on the rights of individuals.- Daily Kos: Debating Political Philosophy 2 February 2010 9:24 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
^ We believe that nothing, not even war, requires the sacrifices by individuals of the rights guaranteed by the Constitution.- Daily Kos: Debating Political Philosophy 2 February 2010 9:24 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
^ I don't believe that they've got that quite right.- Daily Kos: Debating Political Philosophy 2 February 2010 9:24 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ Karl Marx was a valiant advocate of capitalism, as he believed that only the transformative power of capitalism could efficiently harness the means of production to solve societies' material needs.- Daily Kos: Debating Political Philosophy 2 February 2010 9:24 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
^ The only way to prevent this from happening is to adopt the restrictions on human cloning set forth in H.R. 2505.- Testimony - March 5, 2002 (Christopher Reeve Homepage) 11 September 2009 9:50 UTC www.chrisreevehomepage.com [Source type: Original source]
[14]John Locke
.^ But where to begin, for liberal Americans especially, should be with some popular introduction to John Rawls and his A Theory of Justice (1971), and the rich and continuing debates on that work.- Daily Kos: Debating Political Philosophy 2 February 2010 9:24 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
^ The basic conflict in Africa is between the proponents of two different political systems: state government, which is authoritarian, and tribal government, which is libertarian.- Daily Kos: Debating Political Philosophy 2 February 2010 9:24 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Political Theory responses to Locke, Montesqieu, Marx and Rousseau .- Politics Research Papers - Direct Essays 11 September 2009 19:019 UTC www.directessays.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
In it Locke proposes a state of nature theory that directly complements his conception of how political development occurs and how it can be founded through contractual obligation.
.^ However, given the new found attention to political philosophy and narrative, I think it would be worth it for everyone to take a second look at Mr. Swords' post.- Daily Kos: Debating Political Philosophy 2 February 2010 9:24 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Therefore, all authoritarian political systems are of a criminal nature...- Daily Kos: Debating Political Philosophy 2 February 2010 9:24 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
The theory of the
divine right of kings became a passing fancy, exposed to the type of ridicule with which John Locke treated it. Unlike Machiavelli and Hobbes but like Aquinas, Locke would accept Aristotle's dictum that man seeks to be happy in a state of social harmony as a social animal.
.^ Theology original sin and the fall of man .- Politics Research Papers - Direct Essays 11 September 2009 19:019 UTC www.directessays.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
For Locke, knowledge is neither innate, revealed nor based on authority but subject to uncertainty tempered by reason, tolerance and moderation. According to Locke, an absolute ruler as proposed by Hobbes is unnecessary, for natural law is based on reason and equality, seeking peace and survival for man.
European Age of Enlightenment
Eugene Delacroix's
Liberty Leading the People (1830, Louvre), a painting created at a time where old and modern political philosophies came into violent conflict.
.^ We want a government gives a crap about ordinary Americans' lives & struggles - that America gives people the opportunity to do their best.- Daily Kos: Debating Political Philosophy 2 February 2010 9:24 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Michael Tomasky, editor of American Prospect, wrote this insightful article about our need for a philosophy.- Daily Kos: Debating Political Philosophy 2 February 2010 9:24 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
^ We need to stop worrying about starting a "class" war.- Daily Kos: Debating Political Philosophy 2 February 2010 9:24 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ Recommended by: shaharazade One could say something like this: the party needs to stand for equal opportunity, a brighter future, etc.- Daily Kos: Debating Political Philosophy 2 February 2010 9:24 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
^ It's been generally stated that there are two types of cloning, one to try to reproduce a human being, the other to produce perhaps stem cells for whatever purpose.- Testimony - March 5, 2002 (Christopher Reeve Homepage) 11 September 2009 9:50 UTC www.chrisreevehomepage.com [Source type: Original source]
^ It took courage for Johnson to sign the Equal Rights Amendment It took courage to pass the S.S. bill, when not ONE Repulican voted for it...any substantive social policy (for the people) took the courage of the Democrats .- Daily Kos: Debating Political Philosophy 2 February 2010 9:24 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ The basic conflict in Africa is between the proponents of two different political systems: state government, which is authoritarian, and tribal government, which is libertarian.- Daily Kos: Debating Political Philosophy 2 February 2010 9:24 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
^ The Republicans who control the government of the United States of America, by their words and actions, represent none of these ideas.- Daily Kos: Debating Political Philosophy 2 February 2010 9:24 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ Upgrades to "First Class" status would be allowable using funds from the elected officials pocket or through the use of "Frequent Flyer Miles".- Daily Kos: Debating Political Philosophy 2 February 2010 9:24 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ We did a series of focus groups and in short, presented the following conclusion: the people who are trying to kill you have the same values as you do.- Daily Kos: Debating Political Philosophy 2 February 2010 9:24 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
^ This would not infringe on 1st Ammendment Rights for individuals as Law Makers would still have the same individual rights to "Petition The Government" that you aor I do as Individuals.- Daily Kos: Debating Political Philosophy 2 February 2010 9:24 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Republicans believe in punishing people, including corporations, if they break the law.- Daily Kos: Debating Political Philosophy 2 February 2010 9:24 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ The ruling culture in DC states that the big danger out there is to be seen as 'weak on national security.'- Daily Kos: Debating Political Philosophy 2 February 2010 9:24 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
^ For example, some CATO-institute published historians argue this.- Daily Kos: Debating Political Philosophy 2 February 2010 9:24 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
^ ALL great movements must start with some philosophical base.- Daily Kos: Debating Political Philosophy 2 February 2010 9:24 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
As long as the concept of
natural order was not introduced, the
social sciences could not evolve independently of
theistic thinking. Since the cultural revolution of the 17th century in England, which spread to France and the rest of Europe, society has been considered subject to natural laws akin to the physical world.
[15]
.^ If a ban on the surgical procedure of implanting embryos into the uterus is unenforceable, a ban on a procedure that takes place in a petri dish in the privacy of a scientific laboratory is even more so.- Testimony - March 5, 2002 (Christopher Reeve Homepage) 11 September 2009 9:50 UTC www.chrisreevehomepage.com [Source type: Original source]
^ They pushed him into a corner, and he went along far too much, in my view.- Daily Kos: Debating Political Philosophy 2 February 2010 9:24 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ There are many others of other faiths who do not agree and who believe that we should not stifle the advance of science that will save so many in this world from disease and from lives of pain and futility.- Testimony - March 5, 2002 (Christopher Reeve Homepage) 11 September 2009 9:50 UTC www.chrisreevehomepage.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Storytelling is just this incredibly important piece of how we understand the world, there's no question.- Daily Kos: Debating Political Philosophy 2 February 2010 9:24 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Further advances are occurring at a dizzying pace, and a complete medical revolution may well occur within the next 5 years.- Testimony - March 5, 2002 (Christopher Reeve Homepage) 11 September 2009 9:50 UTC www.chrisreevehomepage.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ POLI 365 American Political Thought .- PHIL 265 Social/Political Philosophy 2 February 2010 9:24 UTC www.fredonia.edu [Source type: Academic]
^ I think his speech perfectly described the Democratic Party's political philosophy and gave the party a defining narrative.- Daily Kos: Debating Political Philosophy 2 February 2010 9:24 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Wasting time arguing about political philosophy looks senseless when the cold-stone, literal facts sit right in front of you.- Daily Kos: Debating Political Philosophy 2 February 2010 9:24 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
[17]
Industrialization and the Modern Era
Karl Marx and his theory of Communism developed along with
Friedrich Engels proved to be one of the most influential political ideologies of the 20th century through
Leninism.
The
industrial revolution produced a parallel revolution in political thought.
Urbanization and
capitalism greatly reshaped society. During this same period, the
socialist movement began to form.
.^ Should the government of Canada continue to support of universality of social services by increasing the proportion of salaries given .- Politics Research Papers - Direct Essays 11 September 2009 19:019 UTC www.directessays.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ My idea of socialism is working class democracy with public ownership of the basic necessities: education, healthcare, public transportation .- Daily Kos: Debating Political Philosophy 2 February 2010 9:24 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ The majority has sought to establish that the use of embryonic or cloned stem cells would be unethical when an alternative, namely adult stem cells, is available.\28\ However, the studies necessary for regenerative medicine could not be accomplished with adult stem cells.- Testimony - March 5, 2002 (Christopher Reeve Homepage) 11 September 2009 9:50 UTC www.chrisreevehomepage.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ I posted my personal political philosophy (first articulation thereof) here: Common Sense/Common Good Progressive Framework .- Daily Kos: Debating Political Philosophy 2 February 2010 9:24 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
^ We need a compelling narrative and a philosophy so that the common good and justice return to the forefront.- Daily Kos: Debating Political Philosophy 2 February 2010 9:24 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
^ That's straight out of Kant and other continental philosophies that are as relevant today as they ever were.- Daily Kos: Debating Political Philosophy 2 February 2010 9:24 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ Karl Marx was a valiant advocate of capitalism, as he believed that only the transformative power of capitalism could efficiently harness the means of production to solve societies' material needs.- Daily Kos: Debating Political Philosophy 2 February 2010 9:24 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
[18] .^ Similarly, the "robber baron" capitalists of the late 19th century demanded that the federal government create and run railroads, and begin regulating public health in the cities.- Daily Kos: Debating Political Philosophy 2 February 2010 9:24 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
In addition, the various branches of
anarchism, with thinkers such as
Bakunin,
Proudhon or
Kropotkin, and
syndicalism also gained some prominence. In the Anglo-American world,
anti-imperialism and
pluralism began gaining currency at the turn of the century.
World War I was a watershed event in human history.
.^ As for the other countries you list, most started as backward nations and did their best under constant seige and all had successes as well as failures..- Daily Kos: Debating Political Philosophy 2 February 2010 9:24 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ Everywhere, we hear the same lament: If only Democrats had a proven formula for winning elections and governing the country.- Daily Kos: Debating Political Philosophy 2 February 2010 9:24 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
^ They just couldn't stand the big-government aspects of the Democratic party.- Daily Kos: Debating Political Philosophy 2 February 2010 9:24 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
^ He hardly "won handily" the first time around--he only received about 40% of the vote.- Daily Kos: Debating Political Philosophy 2 February 2010 9:24 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
[19] .^ Socialism refers to a broad array of doctrines or political movements that envisage a socio-economic system in which property and the distribution of wealth are subject to government control.- Daily Kos: Debating Political Philosophy 2 February 2010 9:24 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
^ What we need now is not a new political philosophy, we need philosophical underpinnings for specific policy proposals.- Daily Kos: Debating Political Philosophy 2 February 2010 9:24 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
^ The basic conflict in Africa is between the proponents of two different political systems: state government, which is authoritarian, and tribal government, which is libertarian.- Daily Kos: Debating Political Philosophy 2 February 2010 9:24 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
[20][21]
Contemporary political philosophy
.^ STAT 300 Statistical Methods II .- PHIL 265 Social/Political Philosophy 2 February 2010 9:24 UTC www.fredonia.edu [Source type: Academic]
^ The end of World War II, and its rebuilding process, which I guess unfortunately involved a lot of government spending.- Daily Kos: Debating Political Philosophy 2 February 2010 9:24 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
^ What we need now is not a new political philosophy, we need philosophical underpinnings for specific policy proposals.- Daily Kos: Debating Political Philosophy 2 February 2010 9:24 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
The 1950s saw pronouncements of the 'death' of the discipline, followed by debates about that thesis.
.^ So long as the institutionally-focused Republicans frame the discussions, and hurl "liberal" as an epithet, and the Democrats remain on the defensive, they will continue to win.- Daily Kos: Debating Political Philosophy 2 February 2010 9:24 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
^ United States Institute for Theatre Technology Student Chapter (FUSITT) .- PHIL 265 Social/Political Philosophy 2 February 2010 9:24 UTC www.fredonia.edu [Source type: Academic]
Communism remained an important focus especially during the 1950s and 60s.
Colonialism and
racism were important issues that arose.
.^ It's been generally held that there are two types of cloning, one to produce a---- Chairman Sensenbrenner.- Testimony - March 5, 2002 (Christopher Reeve Homepage) 11 September 2009 9:50 UTC www.chrisreevehomepage.com [Source type: Original source]
^ I think the primary issue is that there is general consensus around the question of cloning, human cloning in particular.- Testimony - March 5, 2002 (Christopher Reeve Homepage) 11 September 2009 9:50 UTC www.chrisreevehomepage.com [Source type: Original source]
^ It's been generally stated that there are two types of cloning, one to try to reproduce a human being, the other to produce perhaps stem cells for whatever purpose.- Testimony - March 5, 2002 (Christopher Reeve Homepage) 11 September 2009 9:50 UTC www.chrisreevehomepage.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ POLI 369 Topics in Political Theory .- PHIL 265 Social/Political Philosophy 2 February 2010 9:24 UTC www.fredonia.edu [Source type: Academic]
^ Issues Politics is destroying the one thing that is paramount: Winning in 2006!- Daily Kos: Debating Political Philosophy 2 February 2010 9:24 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
^ It's staggering, in fact, how much the nation and world and politics have changed since Clinton.- Daily Kos: Debating Political Philosophy 2 February 2010 9:24 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ HIST 344 African American Social Thought .- PHIL 265 Social/Political Philosophy 2 February 2010 9:24 UTC www.fredonia.edu [Source type: Academic]
^ POLI 328 African American Politics .- PHIL 265 Social/Political Philosophy 2 February 2010 9:24 UTC www.fredonia.edu [Source type: Academic]
^ Socialism refers to a broad array of doctrines or political movements that envisage a socio-economic system in which property and the distribution of wealth are subject to government control.- Daily Kos: Debating Political Philosophy 2 February 2010 9:24 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ But where to begin, for liberal Americans especially, should be with some popular introduction to John Rawls and his A Theory of Justice (1971), and the rich and continuing debates on that work.- Daily Kos: Debating Political Philosophy 2 February 2010 9:24 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Justice and Good: Hart's Concept and Rawls' Theory .- Politics Research Papers - Direct Essays 11 September 2009 19:019 UTC www.directessays.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
Rawls used a
thought experiment, the
original position, in which representative parties choose principles of justice for the basic structure of society from behind a veil of ignorance. Rawls also offered a criticism of utilitarian approaches to questions of political justice.
Robert Nozick's 1974 book
Anarchy, State, and Utopia, which won a
National Book Award, responded to Rawls from a
libertarian perspective and gained academic respectability for libertarian viewpoints.
[22]
.^ He has been pPesident of the Society of Christian Ethics, the largest association of religious ethicists in the world, and Secretary of the American Academy of Religion, the professional association of educators in religion in the United States.- Testimony - March 5, 2002 (Christopher Reeve Homepage) 11 September 2009 9:50 UTC www.chrisreevehomepage.com [Source type: Original source]
Many of these took elements of Marxist economic analysis, but combined them with a more cultural or ideological emphasis. Out of the
Frankfurt School, thinkers like
Herbert Marcuse,
Theodor W. Adorno,
Max Horkheimer, and
Jürgen Habermas combined Marxian and Freudian perspectives.
.^ We want to find goals which reasonable people of different philosophies can accept and which can be shown to be attractive from a number of different such perspectives.- Daily Kos: Debating Political Philosophy 2 February 2010 9:24 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
The
Situationists were more influenced by Hegel;
Guy Debord, in particular, moved a Marxist analysis of commodity fetishism to the realm of consumption, and looked at the relation between consumerism and dominant ideology formation.
.^ But where to begin, for liberal Americans especially, should be with some popular introduction to John Rawls and his A Theory of Justice (1971), and the rich and continuing debates on that work.- Daily Kos: Debating Political Philosophy 2 February 2010 9:24 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ Progressives resist entering into a mind-set that views politics in terms of strategy rather than philosophy.- Daily Kos: Debating Political Philosophy 2 February 2010 9:24 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Still, I would rather field a moderate candidate and win, than a liberal one (that may be more in tune with my personal beliefs) and lose.- Daily Kos: Debating Political Philosophy 2 February 2010 9:24 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Smart candidates will not simply offer the policy reform alternatives but have the character to inspire by bringing an entirely new, refreshing point of view and set of values.- Daily Kos: Debating Political Philosophy 2 February 2010 9:24 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ The right to establish one's own judiciary or police force is grounded in natural law, which consists of the rights and obligations inherent in human nature.- Daily Kos: Debating Political Philosophy 2 February 2010 9:24 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Aquinas: Natural Law Supersedes all Human Law .- Politics Research Papers - Direct Essays 11 September 2009 19:019 UTC www.directessays.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
Other debates focus on questions of cultural and gender identity as central to politics.
Influential political philosophers
A larger
list of political philosophers is intended to be closer to exhaustive.
.^ This heightened focus on political philosophy reminded me of an exercise Markos presented to us last year, a challenge to formulate an "elevator pitch" for the Democratic party.- Daily Kos: Debating Political Philosophy 2 February 2010 9:24 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Taking the name of a particular political figure ("Clintonism") and calling that a philosophy is punting.- Daily Kos: Debating Political Philosophy 2 February 2010 9:24 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
^ What we need now is not a new political philosophy, we need philosophical underpinnings for specific policy proposals.- Daily Kos: Debating Political Philosophy 2 February 2010 9:24 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
- PHIL 265 Social/Political Philosophy 2 February 2010 9:24 UTC www.fredonia.edu [Source type: Academic]
^ The course examines the nature of social commitment as viewed by major political philosophies.- PHIL 265 Social/Political Philosophy 2 February 2010 9:24 UTC www.fredonia.edu [Source type: Academic]
.^ Recommended by: Sirocco , kck which might have political resonance would be that a just society is one that is acceptable no matter what your position in it.- Daily Kos: Debating Political Philosophy 2 February 2010 9:24 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
^ This is not meant as a slam on Clinton; it's just meant to point out that the winning philosophy in one particular election is NOT necessarily the key to every other election.- Daily Kos: Debating Political Philosophy 2 February 2010 9:24 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
^ We HAVE to separate ourselves from that "other" party if we expect to win more than just the occasional election.- Daily Kos: Debating Political Philosophy 2 February 2010 9:24 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ Of course, I don't know where you got this nonsense about European cities "are much more miserable", unless there are particular cities in mind, with particular meanings of "miserable."- Daily Kos: Debating Political Philosophy 2 February 2010 9:24 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Rove (and before him Lee Atwater) don't tell stories about political ideals and the type of country they want, they slime their opponents.- Daily Kos: Debating Political Philosophy 2 February 2010 9:24 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
^ I commented yesterday on the mounting discussion among Democrats about the need for a political philosophy for our party.- Daily Kos: Debating Political Philosophy 2 February 2010 9:24 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ There is nothing humanitarian or compassionate about creating and destroying human life for some theoretical, technical benefit that is far from established.- Testimony - March 5, 2002 (Christopher Reeve Homepage) 11 September 2009 9:50 UTC www.chrisreevehomepage.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Currently, no clear regulations exist in the United States that would prevent a private group from attempting to clone a human being.- Testimony - March 5, 2002 (Christopher Reeve Homepage) 11 September 2009 9:50 UTC www.chrisreevehomepage.com [Source type: Original source]
^ The idea of the manufacture of such a magnificent thing as a human life purely for the purpose of conducting research, is grotesque at best whether or not it's federally funded.''- Testimony - March 5, 2002 (Christopher Reeve Homepage) 11 September 2009 9:50 UTC www.chrisreevehomepage.com [Source type: Original source]
His political theory is based upon an ethics of
perfectionism (as is
Marx's, on some readings).
Mencius : One of the most important thinkers in the Confucian school, he is the first theorist to make a coherent argument for an obligation of rulers to the ruled.
Han Feizi : The major figure of the Chinese Fajia (Legalist) school, advocated government that adhered to laws and a strict method of administration.
Thomas Aquinas : In synthesizing Christian theology and Peripatetic teaching, Aquinas contends that God's gift of higher reason, coupled with divine virtues and human law, provides the foundation for righteous government.
Niccolò Machiavelli: First systematic analyses of: (1) how consent of a populace is negotiated between and among rulers rather than simply a naturalistic (or theological) given of the structure of society; (2) precursor to the concept of ideology in articulating the epistemological structure of commands and law.
Thomas Hobbes: Generally considered to have first articulated how the concept of a social contract that justifies the actions of rulers (even where contrary to the individual desires of governed citizens), can be reconciled with a conception of sovereignty.
Baruch Spinoza: Set forth the first analysis of "rational egoism", in which the rational interest of self is conformance with pure reason. .
John Locke: Like Hobbes, described a social contract theory based on citizens' fundamental rights in the state of nature.^ Hobbes vs Locke on Natural Rig .- Politics Research Papers - Direct Essays 11 September 2009 19:019 UTC www.directessays.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The proper form of human association, the just balance of economic, political, and social power, and the nature of the relationship between the state and the individual are explored in the works of prominent historical and contemporary theorists.- PHIL 265 Social/Political Philosophy 2 February 2010 9:24 UTC www.fredonia.edu [Source type: Academic]
^ Recommended by: Sirocco , kck which might have political resonance would be that a just society is one that is acceptable no matter what your position in it.- Daily Kos: Debating Political Philosophy 2 February 2010 9:24 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ We believe that democracy requires limits on institutional power, whether that of the government, the church, or the corporation.- Daily Kos: Debating Political Philosophy 2 February 2010 9:24 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Today, in more capitalist societies misery is less than ones where private property and commerce is not protected.- Daily Kos: Debating Political Philosophy 2 February 2010 9:24 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Capitalism requires the protection of private property from both the government and thieves, as well as a working marketplace.- Daily Kos: Debating Political Philosophy 2 February 2010 9:24 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
.
Baron de Montesquieu: Analyzed protection of the people by a "balance of powers" in the divisions of a state.
David Hume: Hume criticized the social contract theory of John Locke and others as resting on a myth of some actual agreement.^ The proper form of human association, the just balance of economic, political, and social power, and the nature of the relationship between the state and the individual are explored in the works of prominent historical and contemporary theorists.- PHIL 265 Social/Political Philosophy 2 February 2010 9:24 UTC www.fredonia.edu [Source type: Academic]
^ Chairman, as we take whatever action we're going to take in the United States, there will be other countries who will be doing this research.- Testimony - March 5, 2002 (Christopher Reeve Homepage) 11 September 2009 9:50 UTC www.chrisreevehomepage.com [Source type: Original source]
^ That's an argument given, as I said, when people may want it to be more restrictive than it is.- Testimony - March 5, 2002 (Christopher Reeve Homepage) 11 September 2009 9:50 UTC www.chrisreevehomepage.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ The proper role of the government is to protect individuals from the initiation of force.- Daily Kos: Debating Political Philosophy 2 February 2010 9:24 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
.
François-Marie Arouet: French Enlightenment writer, poet, and philosopher famous for his advocacy of civil liberties, including freedom of religion and free trade.
Jean-Jacques Rousseau: Analyzed the social contract as an expression of the general will, and controversially argued in favor of absolute democracy where the people at large would act as sovereign.
Immanuel Kant: Argued that participation in civil society is undertaken not for self-preservation, as per Thomas Hobbes, but as a moral duty.^ Democracy, freedom, war on terror, attacks on religion, family values.- Daily Kos: Debating Political Philosophy 2 February 2010 9:24 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
^ But the people who began advocating for "Socialism" never defined it as "government" control of the economy -- because that would logically imply that when Capitalists control the Government, then, er, they would be Socialists.- Daily Kos: Debating Political Philosophy 2 February 2010 9:24 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
^ In a libertarian society every person is free to exercise the profession of his choice, including that of judge and policeman.- Daily Kos: Debating Political Philosophy 2 February 2010 9:24 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
First modern thinker who fully analyzed structure and meaning of obligation. Argued that an international organization was needed to preserve world peace.
Adam Smith: Often said to have founded modern economics; explained emergence of economic benefits from the self-interested behavior ("the invisible hand") of artisans and traders. .^ Newman has written extensively on concerns about the biotechnology industry and new developments in genetic research.- Testimony - March 5, 2002 (Christopher Reeve Homepage) 11 September 2009 9:50 UTC www.chrisreevehomepage.com [Source type: Original source]
repetitive activity) on workers. His work on moral sentiments sought to explain social bonds outside the economic sphere.
Edmund Burke: Irish member of the British parliament, Burke is credited with the creation of conservative thought. Burke's Reflections on the Revolution in France is the most popular of his writings where he denounced the French revolution. .
Benjamin Franklin: Enlightenment statesman, politician, civic activist and philosopher during and after the American Revolution
John Adams: Enlightenment writer who defended the American cause for independence.^ I don't know one American who when standing singing the Star Spangeled Banner, doesn't instinctively feel and know the courage of the many it took to be American.- Daily Kos: Debating Political Philosophy 2 February 2010 9:24 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
^ For example, one reason why the administration got slammed after Katrina was the contrast between the callousness of the official response and the heartfelt outpouring of support from the American people.- Daily Kos: Debating Political Philosophy 2 February 2010 9:24 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Causes of the American Revolution .- Politics Research Papers - Direct Essays 11 September 2009 19:019 UTC www.directessays.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
Adams was a Lockean thinker, who was appalled by the French revolution. Adams is known for his outspoken commentary in favor of the American revolution. He defended the American form of republicanism over the French liberal democracy. Adams is considered the founder of American conservative thought.
Thomas Jefferson: Politician and political theorist during the American Enlightenment. .^ The Republicans who control the government of the United States of America, by their words and actions, represent none of these ideas.- Daily Kos: Debating Political Philosophy 2 February 2010 9:24 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
.
James Madison : American politician and protege of Jefferson considered to be “Father of the Constitution” and “Father of the Bill of Rights” of the United States.^ This is especially true when you consider that his peers were the Founding Fathers, most of whom were quite comfortable with monarchy and aristocracy and openly hostile toward democracy.- Daily Kos: Debating Political Philosophy 2 February 2010 9:24 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Our Declaration of Independence, the Constitution, and the Bill of Rights embdy a political philosophy: how this land should be governed, and what's the basis for that governance.- Daily Kos: Debating Political Philosophy 2 February 2010 9:24 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
^ He has been pPesident of the Society of Christian Ethics, the largest association of religious ethicists in the world, and Secretary of the American Academy of Religion, the professional association of educators in religion in the United States.- Testimony - March 5, 2002 (Christopher Reeve Homepage) 11 September 2009 9:50 UTC www.chrisreevehomepage.com [Source type: Original source]
.
Thomas Paine: Enlightenment writer who defended liberal democracy, the American Revolution, and French Revolution in Common Sense and The Rights of Man.
Jeremy Bentham: The first thinker to analyze social justice in terms of maximization of aggregate individual benefits.^ There are many others of other faiths who do not agree and who believe that we should not stifle the advance of science that will save so many in this world from disease and from lives of pain and futility.- Testimony - March 5, 2002 (Christopher Reeve Homepage) 11 September 2009 9:50 UTC www.chrisreevehomepage.com [Source type: Original source]
^ But the foundation of American Government--and by the way, it's not a democracy, and that's particularly relevant here--the foundation of our Government is respect for the individual, and the problem we have is a lack of understanding when individuality begins.- Testimony - March 5, 2002 (Christopher Reeve Homepage) 11 September 2009 9:50 UTC www.chrisreevehomepage.com [Source type: Original source]
Founded the philosophical/ethical school of thought known as utilitarianism.
John Stuart Mill: A utilitarian, and the person who named the system; he goes further than Bentham by laying the foundation for liberal democratic thought in general and modern, as opposed to classical, liberalism in particular. .
Thomas Hill Green: modern liberal thinker and early supporter of positive freedom.
Karl Marx: In large part, added the historical dimension to an understanding of society, culture and economics.^ Karl Marx was a valiant advocate of capitalism, as he believed that only the transformative power of capitalism could efficiently harness the means of production to solve societies' material needs.- Daily Kos: Debating Political Philosophy 2 February 2010 9:24 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
^ To regain our place among nations and to be true leaders, we have to be able to articulate what sets us apart and why we should be in that position.- Daily Kos: Debating Political Philosophy 2 February 2010 9:24 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
^ After all, it's not like Karl Marx was the first or last person in history to notice that societies are often divided and driven by the competing interests of different classes.- Daily Kos: Debating Political Philosophy 2 February 2010 9:24 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
Created the concept of ideology in the sense of (true or false) beliefs that shape and control social actions. .
Giovanni Gentile: Known as the 'Philosopher of Fascism' and ghostwrote the Doctrine of Fascism with Benito Mussolini and argued that the Fascist State is an ethical and educational state and that the individual should put the interests of the State first.
John Dewey: Co-founder of pragmatism and analyzed the essential role of education in the maintenance of democratic government.
Antonio Gramsci: Instigated the concepts hegemony and social formation.^ Democrats - putting people first.- Daily Kos: Debating Political Philosophy 2 February 2010 9:24 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
^ The proper form of human association, the just balance of economic, political, and social power, and the nature of the relationship between the state and the individual are explored in the works of prominent historical and contemporary theorists.- PHIL 265 Social/Political Philosophy 2 February 2010 9:24 UTC www.fredonia.edu [Source type: Academic]
^ Libertarians believe the state has a just role and should exist.- Daily Kos: Debating Political Philosophy 2 February 2010 9:24 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
.
Herbert Marcuse: One of the principal thinkers within the Frankfurt School, and generally important in efforts to fuse the thought of Sigmund Freud and Karl Marx.^ Karl Marx was a valiant advocate of capitalism, as he believed that only the transformative power of capitalism could efficiently harness the means of production to solve societies' material needs.- Daily Kos: Debating Political Philosophy 2 February 2010 9:24 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
^ After all, it's not like Karl Marx was the first or last person in history to notice that societies are often divided and driven by the competing interests of different classes.- Daily Kos: Debating Political Philosophy 2 February 2010 9:24 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Applying Karl Marx to Ritzers McDonaldization of Society .- Politics Research Papers - Direct Essays 11 September 2009 19:019 UTC www.directessays.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
Introduced the concept of repressive desublimation, in which social control can operate not only by direct control, but also by manipulation of desire. .
Friedrich Hayek: He argued that central planning was inefficient because members of central bodies could not know enough to match the preferences of consumers and workers with existing conditions.^ Sometimes Members of Congress--and I guess everybody on this Committee knows that, but I'm not sure everybody in the public knows it--sometimes we're just inadequate to deal with certain issues, and it's not because we are political.- Testimony - March 5, 2002 (Christopher Reeve Homepage) 11 September 2009 9:50 UTC www.chrisreevehomepage.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ The power of these states sometimes doesn't reach further than their capital city, main airport and main seaport.- Daily Kos: Debating Political Philosophy 2 February 2010 9:24 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
.
Hannah Arendt: Analyzed the roots of totalitarianism and introduced the concept of the "banality of evil" (how ordinary technocratic rationality comes to deplorable fruition).^ The power of these states sometimes doesn't reach further than their capital city, main airport and main seaport.- Daily Kos: Debating Political Philosophy 2 February 2010 9:24 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
^ I think you have much to contribute to this new, free market state of Somaliland, even to teach them about the proper role of government in order to achieve your view of Capitalism, and I might even be willing to help fund your move.- Daily Kos: Debating Political Philosophy 2 February 2010 9:24 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
^ I seem to recall "many" historians viewing Adam Smith as an advocate of the free market, which some people also define as "capitalism".- Daily Kos: Debating Political Philosophy 2 February 2010 9:24 UTC www.dailykos.com [Source type: Original source]
Brought distinctive elements of and revisions to the philosophy of Martin Heidegger into political thought.
Georg Hegel: Emphasized history and continuity, influenced Marx and Oakeschott.
Isaiah Berlin: Developed the distinction between positive and negative liberty
Leo Strauss: Strauss is known for his writings on the classical and modern philosophers and for denouncing modern politics.
John Rawls: Revitalised the study of normative political philosophy in Anglo-American universities with his 1971 book A Theory of Justice, which uses a version of social contract theory to answer fundamental questions about justice and to criticise utilitarianism.
Robert Nozick: Criticized Rawls, and argued for libertarianism, by appeal to a hypothetical history of the state and the real history of property.
Michael Oakeshott: Provided a conservative philosophy anchored in history and Hegelianism.
William E. Connolly: Introduced post modern philosophy into political theory, and promoted new theories of pluralism and agonistic democracy.
Some notable contemporary political philosophers are
Amy Gutmann,
William E. Connolly,
Seyla Benhabib,
G.A. Cohen,
George Kateb,
Wendy Brown,
Stephen Macedo,
Martha Nussbaum,
Ronald Dworkin,
Thomas Pogge,
Philip Pettit,
Raymond Geuss,
Will Kymlicka,
Charles Taylor,
Philippe Van Parijs and Michael Walzer.
See also
References
- ^ Hampton, Jean (1997). Political philosophy. p. xiii. ISBN 0813308586. http://books.google.com/books?id=-sHkdq5qhFwC&pg=PR13&dq=Hampton+political+philosophy+political+societies&lr=#v=onepage&q=Hampton%20political%20philosophy%20political%20societies&f=false. "Political philosophy is about political societies."
- ^ Sahakian, Mabel Lewis (1993). Ideas of the great philosophers. Barnes & Noble Publishing. p. 59. ISBN 1566192712. http://books.google.com/books?id=Vi7cQMw8SwYC&pg=PA59&dq=political+philosophy+Plato+the+republic#v=onepage&q=political%20philosophy%20Plato%20the%20republic&f=false. "...Western philosophical tradition can be traced back as early as Plato (427-347B.C.)."
- ^ Kraut, Richard (2002). Aristotle: political philosophy. Oxford University Press. p. 3. ISBN 0198782001. http://books.google.com/books?id=9BDmX3FBbS4C&pg=PA3&dq=political+philosophy+Aristotle+politics#v=onepage&q=political%20philosophy%20Aristotle%20politics&f=false. "To understand and assess Aristotle's contributions to political thought..."
- ^ Radford, Robert T. (2002). Cicero: a study in the origins of republican philosophy. Rodopi. p. 1. ISBN 9042014671. http://books.google.com/books?id=1cKLGcvuYxQC&pg=PA1&dq=political+philosophy+Cicero#v=onepage&q=political%20philosophy%20Cicero&f=false. "His most lasting political contribution is in his work on political philosophy."
- ^ Sir William Jones´s translation is available online as The Institutes of Hindu Law: Or, The Ordinances of Manu, Calcutta: Sewell & Debrett, 1796.
- ^ Hsü, Leonard Shihlien (2005). The political philosophy of Confucianism. Routledge. pp. xvii-xx. ISBN 0415361545. http://books.google.com/books?id=FWFtQIyun-8C&pg=PR17&dq=political+philosophy+China#v=onepage&q=political%20philosophy%20China&f=false. "The importance of a scientific study of Confucian political philosophy could hardly be overstated."
- ^ Schall, James V. (1998). At the Limits of Political Philosophy. p. 40. ISBN 0813209227. http://books.google.com/books?id=yZK79kiFFtsC&pg=PA40&dq=political+philosophy+Saint+Augustine#v=onepage&q=&f=false. "In political philosophy, St. Augustine was a follower of Plato..."
- ^ Aslan, Reza (2005). No god but God. Random House Inc.. p. 153. ISBN 1400062133. http://books.google.com/books?id=FEfdoRL1rrgC&pg=PA153&dq=Islam+Mutazilite+and+Asharite+views&lr=#v=onepage&q=&f=false. "By the ninth and tenth centuries..."
- ^ Gellner, Ernest (1992). Plough, Sword, and Book. University of Chicago Press. p. 239. ISBN 0226287027. http://books.google.com/books?id=CwZFV7J7Id8C&pg=PA239&dq=Gellner+Plough+Sword+and+Book+Ibn+Khaldun%27s+definition#v=onepage&q=&f=false. "(Ibn Khaldun's definition of government probably remains the best:...)"
- ^ Koetsier, L. S. (2004). Natural Law and Calvinist Political Theory. Trafford Publishing. p. 19. ISBN 1412007382. http://books.google.com/books?id=2SI0I4t9roEC&pg=PA19&dq=political+philosophy+scholasticism#v=onepage&q=political%20philosophy%20scholasticism&f=false. "...the Medieval Scholastics revived the concept of natural law."
- ^ Copleston, Frederick (1999). A history of philosophy. 3. Continuum International Publishing Group. p. 346. ISBN 0860122968. http://books.google.com/books?id=y_382o-fpOsC&pg=PA346&dq=political+philosophy+scholasticism#v=onepage&q=political%20philosophy%20scholasticism&f=false. "There was, however, at least one department of thought..."
- ^ Valente, Claire (2003). The theory and practice of revolt in medieval England. Ashgate Publishing Ltd.. p. 14. ISBN 0754609018. http://books.google.com/books?id=B8yRrtm0LicC&pg=PA14&dq=political+philosophy+medieval+europe#v=onepage&q=&f=false. "The two starting points of most medieval discussions..."
- ^ Johnston, Ian (February 2002). "Lecture on Machiavelli's The Prince". Malaspina University College. http://www.mala.bc.ca/~Johnstoi/introser/machiavelli.htm. Retrieved 2007-02-20.
- ^ Copleston, Frederick (1999). A history of philosophy. 3. Continuum International Publishing Group. pp. 310-312. ISBN 0860122968. http://books.google.com/books?id=y_382o-fpOsC&pg=PA310&dq=political+philosophy+Machiavelli#v=onepage&q=political%20philosophy%20Machiavelli&f=false. "...we witness the growth of political absolutism..."
- ^ Barens, Ingo, ed (2004). Political events and economic ideas. Volker Caspari ed., Bertram Schefold ed.. Edward Elgar Publishing. pp. 206-207. ISBN 1843764403. http://books.google.com/books?id=zSZyQ9TzqQ0C&pg=PA206&dq=political+philosophy+the+enlightenment#v=onepage&q=politcal%20philosophy%20the%20enlightenment&f=false. "Economic theory as political philosophy: the example of the French Enlightenment"
- ^ Byrne, James M. (1997). Religion and the Enlightenment. Westminster John Knox Press. pp. 1-2. ISBN 0664257606. http://books.google.com/books?id=FcEy8SF63TgC&pg=PA1&dq=political+philosophy+the+enlightenment+and+religion#v=onepage&q=political%20philosophy%20the%20enlightenment$20and%20religion&f=false. "...there emerged groups of freethinkers intent on grounding knowledge on the exercise of critical reason, as opposed to...established religion..."
- ^ Johansen, Bruce Elliott (1996). Native American political systems and the evolution of democracy. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 69. ISBN 0313300103. http://books.google.com/books?id=H593mgxQNu4C&pg=PA69&dq=Iroquois+philosophy+Benjamin+Franklin#v=onepage&q=Iroquois%20philosophy%20Benjamin%20Franklin&f=false. "...the three-tier system of federalism...is an inheritance of Iroquois inspiration"
- ^ Marx and modern political theory. Rowman & Littlefield. 1993. pp. 1-4. ISBN 0847678662. http://books.google.com/books?id=kvG8DVBeT9QC&pg=PA1&dq=political+philosophy+Marx#v=onepage&q=political%20philosophy%20Marx&f=false. "Some of his texts, especially the Communist Manifesto made him seem like a sort of communist Descartes..."
- ^ Aspalter, Christian (2001). Importance of Christian and Social Democratic movements in welfare politics. Nova Publishers. p. 70. ISBN 1560729754. http://books.google.com/books?id=vouKut-RAYoC&pg=PA70&dq=social+democratic+parties+win+universal+suffrage&lr=#v=onepage&q=social%20democratic%20parties%20win%20universal%20suffrage&f=false. "The pressing need for universal suffrage..."
- ^ What is Austrian Economics?, Ludwig Von Mises Institute.
- ^ Richard M. Ebeling, Austrian Economics and the Political Economy of Freedom, Edward Elgar Publishing, 2003, 163-179 ISBN 1840649402, 9781840649406.
- ^ David Lewis Schaefer, Robert Nozick and the Coast of Utopia, The New York Sun, April 30, 2008.
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