# Prime (symbol): Wikis

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# Encyclopedia

 This article contains special characters. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols.

Punctuation

 Word dividers General typography Uncommon typography apostrophe ( ’ ' ) brackets ( ( ) ), ( [ ] ), ( { } ), ( ⟨ ⟩) colon ( : ) comma ( , ) dashes ( ‒, –, —, ― ) ellipses ( …, ... ) exclamation mark ( ! ) full stop/period ( . ) guillemets ( « » ) hyphen ( -, ‐ ) question mark ( ? ) quotation marks ( ‘ ’, “ ” ) semicolon ( ; ) slash/stroke ( / ) solidus ( ⁄ ) spaces ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (␠) (␢) (␣) interpunct ( · ) ampersand ( & ) at sign ( @ ) asterisk ( * ) backslash ( \ ) bullet ( • ) caret ( ^ ) copyright symbol ( © ) currency generic: ( ¤ ) specific: ฿, ¢, \$, €, ƒ, ₲, ₴, ₭, £, ₦, ¥, ₩, ₪,₮ daggers ( †, ‡ ) degree ( ° ) ditto mark ( 〃 ) inverted exclamation mark ( ¡ ) inverted question mark ( ¿ ) number sign/pound/hash ( # ) numero sign ( № ) ordinal indicator (º, ª) percent (etc.) ( %, ‰, ‱ ) pilcrow ( ¶ ) prime ( ′ ) registered trademark ( ® ) section sign ( § ) service mark ( ℠ ) sound recording copyright symbol ( ℗ ) tilde ( ~ ) trademark ( ™ ) underscore/understrike ( _ ) vertical/broken bar, pipe ( |, ¦ ) asterism ( ⁂ ) falsum ( ⊥ ) index/fist ( ☞ ) therefore sign ( ∴ ) because sign ( ∵ ) interrobang ( ‽ ) irony mark/percontation point ( ؟ ) lozenge ( ◊ ) reference mark ( ※ ) tie ( ⁀ )

The prime symbol ( ′ ), double prime symbol ( ″ ), triple prime symbol (  ) etc. are used for a variety of purposes in mathematics, the sciences and linguistics. The prime symbol should not be confused with the apostrophe, single quotation mark, acute accent or grave accent; and the double prime should not be confused with the double quotation mark[1] or the ditto mark.

## Designation of units

The prime symbol is commonly used to represent feet, arcminutes and sometimes minutes of time. The double prime represents inches, arcseconds and sometimes seconds of time. Thus, 3′ 5″ could mean 3 feet and 5 inches ("three foot five"), or 3 minutes and 5 seconds (of time). As an angular measurement, 3° 5′ 30″ means 3 degrees, 5 arcminutes and 30 arcseconds.

In watchmaking the triple prime represents a ligne.

Triple primes are occasionally found in 17th- and 18th-century astronomical works to denote $\tfrac{1}{60}$ of a second of arc.[2]

## Use in mathematics, statistics, and science

In mathematics, the prime is generally used to generate more variable names for things which are similar, without resorting to subscripts—x′ generally means something related to or derived from x. For example, if a point is represented by the Cartesian coordinates (xy), then that point rotated, translated or reflected might be represented as (x′, y′). The prime symbol is not related to prime numbers.

Usually, the meaning of x′ is defined when it is first used, but sometimes its meaning is assumed to be understood:

• A derivative or derived function: f′(x) and f″(x) are the first and second derivatives of f(x) with respect to x. Similarly, if y = f(x) then y′ and y″ are the first and second derivatives of y with respect to x. (Other notation exists.)
• Set complement: A′ is the complement of the set A (other notations exist)
• The negation of an event in probability theory: Pr(A′) = 1 − Pr(A) (other notation exists)
• The result of a transformation: Tx = x

The prime is said to “decorate” the letter to which it applies.

In physics, the prime is used to denote variables after an event. For example, vA′ would indicate the velocity of object A after an event. It is also commonly used in relativity: The event at (x, y, z, t) in frame S has coordinates (x′, y′, z′, t′) in frame S′.

In chemistry, it is used to distinguish between different functional groups connected to an atom in a molecule, such as R and R′, representing different alkyl groups in a ketone.

In molecular biology, the prime is used to denote the positions of carbon on a ring of deoxyribose or ribose. The prime distinguishes places on these two chemicals, rather than places on other parts of DNA or RNA, like phosphate groups or nucleic acids. Thus, when indicating the direction of movement of an enzyme along a string of DNA, biologists will say that it moves from the 5′ end to the 3′ end, because these carbons are hanging from the ends of the molecule. Prime can also be used to indicate which position a molecule has attached to, such as “5′-monophosphate”.

## Use in linguistics

The prime can be used in the transliteration of some languages, such as Russian, to denote palatalization.

The prime is also used in X-bar theory instead of a bar to indicate bar-levels in syntactic structures, because the bar is difficult to typeset. This is still read as "X bar", not "X prime".

Some X-bar notations use a double-prime (standing in for a double-bar) to indicate a phrasal level, indicated in most notations by "XP".

## History

The name "prime" is something of a misnomer. Through the early part of the 20th century, the notation x′ was read as "x prime" not because it was an x followed by a "prime symbol", but because it was the first in the series that continued with x″ ("x second") and x ("x third"). It was only later, in the 1950s and 1960s, that the term "prime" began to be applied to the apostrophe-like symbol itself. Although it is now more common to pronounce x″ and x as "x double prime" and "x triple prime", these are still sometimes pronounced in the old manner as "x second" and "x third".

## Representations

Unicode and HTML representations of the prime and related symbols are as follows.

 Character Unicode HTML entity Prime ( ′ ) U+2032 ′ Double prime ( ″ ) U+2033 ″ Triple prime ( ‴ ) U+2034 – Quadruple prime ( ⁗ ) U+2057 – Modifier letter prime ( ʹ ) U+02B9 – Modifier letter double prime ( ʺ ) U+02BA –

The "modifier letter prime" and "modifier letter double prime" characters are intended for linguistic purposes, such as the indication of stress or the transliteration of certain Cyrillic characters.

When the character set used does not include the prime or double prime character (e.g., ISO 8859-1 is commonly assumed on IRC), they are often respectively approximated by normal or italic apostrophes and quotation marks.

In LaTeX math mode, f' (f with an apostrophe) is rendered as $f'\,\!$. Furthermore, LaTeX provides an oversized prime symbol, \prime ($\prime$) for use in subscripts. For example, f_\prime^\prime appears as $f_\prime^\prime$.

## References

1. ^ Goldberg, Ron (2000). "Quotes". in Frank J. Romano. Digital Typography: Practical Advice for Getting the Type You Want When You Want It. San Diego: Windsor Professional Information. pp. 67–69. ISBN 1-893190-05-6. OCLC 44619239.
2. ^ e.g., in Herschel, William (1785), "Catalogue of Double Stars, Esq. F. R. S.", Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 75: 40–126