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.^ Nature and art / by Ralph Waldo Emerson.
^ Emerson, Ralph Waldo, 1803-1882 .
^ Emerson, Ralph Waldo, 1803-1882.
His teachings directly influenced the growing
New Thought movement of the mid 1800s.
[1] He was seen as a champion of
individualism and a prescient critic of the countervailing pressures of society.
.^ In 1836, on the day of the two-hundredth anniversary of the founding of Harvard College, Emerson and others met and discussed the state of philosophy and theology.
^ Emerson's developing philosophy : the early lectures (1836-1838) / by Kenneth Walter Cameron.
^ Nature (1836) by Ralph Waldo Emerson; edited with an introduction, index-concordance and bibliographical appendices by Kenneth Walter Cameron.
As a result of this ground breaking work he gave a speech entitled
The American Scholar in 1837, which
Oliver Wendell Holmes, Sr. considered to be America's "Intellectual Declaration of Independence".
[2] Considered one of the great
orators of the time, Emerson's enthusiasm and respect for his audience enraptured crowds.
.^ Illusion, Temperament, Succession, Surface, Surprise, Reality, Subjectiveness,—these are threads on the loom of time, these are the lords of life.- Essays, Second Series, by Ralph Waldo Emerson 10 January 2010 6:47 UTC www.gutenberg.org [Source type: Original source]
.^ "A Scholar is a man with this inconvenience, that when you ask him his opinion of any matter, he must go home and look up his manuscripts to know."
[3]
Biography
Early life, family, and education
Emerson was born in
Boston, Massachusetts on May 25, 1803,
[4] son of Ruth Haskins and the
Rev. William Emerson, a
Unitarian minister who descended from a well-known line of ministers.
[5] .^ Ralph Waldo Emerson Quotes and Quotations Men achieve a certain greatness unawares, when working to another aim.
^ Ralph Waldo Emerson was eight at the time of his father's death.
[6] .^ Essays, Second Series, by Ralph Waldo Emerson The Project Gutenberg EBook of Essays, Second Series, by Ralph Waldo Emerson This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever.- Essays, Second Series, by Ralph Waldo Emerson 10 January 2010 6:47 UTC www.gutenberg.org [Source type: Original source]
^ Edward, son of Joseph and Elizabeth, married Rebecca Waldo, and his son Joseph married Mary Moody and had ten children, the ninth of whom was William, who was the minister at Concord, and built the Old Manse celebrated by Hawthorne.
^ Even Ralph Waldo, who was less susceptible to it than the others, felt it severely.
[7] Three other children—Phebe, John Clarke, and Mary Caroline—died in childhood.
[7]
.^ Emerson, Ralph Waldo, 1803̲-1882.
^ Nature and art / by Ralph Waldo Emerson.
^ Essays and lectures / Ralph Waldo Emerson.
[8] .^ Ripley found the family one day without any food, except the stories of heroic endurance with which their aunt, Mary Moody Emerson, was regaling them.
^ Mary Moody Emerson and the origins of transcendentalism : a family history / Phyllis Cole.
^ We call together many friends who keep each other in play, or by luxuries and ornaments we amuse the young people, and guard our retirement.- Essays, Second Series, by Ralph Waldo Emerson 10 January 2010 6:47 UTC www.gutenberg.org [Source type: Original source]
[9] She lived with the family off and on and maintained a constant correspondence with Emerson until her death in 1863.
[10]
Emerson's formal schooling began at the
Boston Latin School in 1812 when he was nine.
[11] .^ In October, 1817, he went to Cambridge, having .passed a very good examination, and his mother rejoiced because he did not have to be admonished to study.
^ He was appointed President's Freshman, a position which gave him a room free of charge.
^ In 1836, on the day of the two-hundredth anniversary of the founding of Harvard College, Emerson and others met and discussed the state of philosophy and theology.
[12] .^ Emerson had at first declined to have editorial control of The Dial, but when, after two years of uphill struggle, Margaret Fuller relinquished it, he took hold most unwillingly and kept it along for two years more at some expense of money and much expense of worry.
^ But he always remembered his terrors at entering the school, his timidities at French, "the infirmities of his cheek," and his occasional admiration of some of his pupils, and his vexation of spirit when the will of the pupils was a little too strong for the will of the teacher.
^ I am afraid the remark is too honest, and comes from the same origin as the maxim of the tyrant, "If you would rule the world quietly, you must keep it amused."- Essays, Second Series, by Ralph Waldo Emerson 10 January 2010 6:47 UTC www.gutenberg.org [Source type: Original source]
[14] .^ Certain lands in the city had increased in value and a little money was forthcoming from them; so he decided to go to Cambridge, where "the learned and reverend" had consented to admit him to the middle class.
[15] .^ He was not entitled to admission to the [Phi Beta Kappa] Society, but he was elected class poet, and his poem was regarded as a superior production.
^ In 1836, on the day of the two-hundredth anniversary of the founding of Harvard College, Emerson and others met and discussed the state of philosophy and theology.
^ Emerson was persuaded to repeat his poem, the 'Boston Hymn,' the original manuscript of which the Rev. Samuel Longfellow promptly begged of the author.
[17]
Around 1826, during a winter trip to
St. Augustine, Florida, Emerson made the acquaintance of
Prince Achille Murat.
.^ "The only way to have a friend is to be one."
^ Family Quotes Add to Favorite List The only way to have a friend is to be one.
^ Friendship Quotes Add to Favorite List The only way to have a friend is to be one.
.^ In 1836, on the day of the two-hundredth anniversary of the founding of Harvard College, Emerson and others met and discussed the state of philosophy and theology.
[18]
Early career
.^ After he graduated he for two years assisted his brother William in a school for young ladies established in his mother's house, and when William went to Göttingen to study divinity, he remained another year in sole charge.
^ In the summer he instructed a few private pupils, and in September took charge of a public school in Chelmsford, which he left at the beginning of the next year to relieve his brother Edward of the care of his school in Roxbury, and then in April he returned to Cambridge, where his mother had again taken a house.
^ It is said that he had no drawing to the ministry, but, on hearing Dr. Ripley pray for the fulfilment of his mother's desire, he studied divinity and was settled at Harvard at the age of twenty-three.
.^ Hawthorne lived for four years in Concord, occupying the old Manse, but, though he was a great walker, he is known to have walked with Emerson only once, when they went together to visit the Shakers at Lebanon.
^ This same year Emerson's first child, a boy "of wonderful promise," was born, but he lived only five years.
^ After he graduated he for two years assisted his brother William in a school for young ladies established in his mother's house, and when William went to Göttingen to study divinity, he remained another year in sole charge.
.^ His brother Edward, who had just died, had been Webster's private secretary and tutor to his children.
^ Emerson had at first declined to have editorial control of The Dial, but when, after two years of uphill struggle, Margaret Fuller relinquished it, he took hold most unwillingly and kept it along for two years more at some expense of money and much expense of worry.
^ After he graduated he for two years assisted his brother William in a school for young ladies established in his mother's house, and when William went to Göttingen to study divinity, he remained another year in sole charge.
Edward's physical health began to deteriorate and he soon suffered a mental collapse as well; he was taken to McLean Asylum in June of 1828 at 23. Although he recovered his mental equilibrium he died in 1834 at 29 from apparently longstanding tuberculosis.
[23]
.^ In the morning I awake and find the old world, wife, babes, and mother, Concord and Boston, the dear old spiritual world and even the dear old devil not far off.- Essays, Second Series, by Ralph Waldo Emerson 10 January 2010 6:47 UTC www.gutenberg.org [Source type: Original source]
[26] .^ She died in February, 1831.
^ Ability and Achievement Quotes Add to Favorite List The measure of a master is his success in bringing all men round to his opinion 20 years later.
^ "We are shut up in schools and college recitation rooms for ten or fifteen years, and come out at last with a bellyful of words and do not know a thing."
[28] .^ The minister of this church and occupant of this mansion was the Rev. William Emerson, who on the 25th of May, 1803, wrote in his diary: "This day, whilst I was at dinner at Governor Strong's, my son Ralph Waldo was born."
The profession is antiquated.
.^ He might have had a call to New Bedford, but as he stipulated that he must not be expected to administer the Communion or to offer prayer unless the Spirit moved, the church withdrew its invitation.
^ Others devoted themselves to the worrying of churches and meetings for public worship; and the fertile forms of antinomianism among the elder puritans seemed to have their match in the plenty of the new harvest of reform.- Essays, Second Series, by Ralph Waldo Emerson 10 January 2010 6:47 UTC www.gutenberg.org [Source type: Original source]
^ Our proper vice takes form in one or another shape, according to the sex, age, or temperament of the person, and, if we are capable of fear, will readily find terrors.- Essays, Second Series, by Ralph Waldo Emerson 10 January 2010 6:47 UTC www.gutenberg.org [Source type: Original source]
That is reason enough why I should abandon it".
[31]
.^ (Note: For Emerson's own account of his experiences see "English Traits."
[32] .^ At first it was suggested that he should go to the West Indies and visit his brother Edward, but at the last moment he found that a 236-ton brig was about to sail for the Mediterranean: he took passage on her and was landed at Malta on the 2d of February, 1832.
[33] .^ The sight of Landor, Coleridge, Carlyle, and Wordsworth, though he realized that not one of them was "a mind of the very first class, "had comforted and confirmed him in his convictions.
.^ We sometimes meet men under some strong moral influence, as a patriotic, a literary, a religious movement, and feel that the moral sentiment rules man and nature.- Essays, Second Series, by Ralph Waldo Emerson 10 January 2010 6:47 UTC www.gutenberg.org [Source type: Original source]
The two would maintain correspondence until Carlyle's death in 1881.
[34]
Emerson returned to the United States on October 9, 1833, and lived with his mother in
Newton, Massachusetts until November 1834, when he moved to
Concord, Massachusetts to live with his step-grandfather Dr. Ezra Ripley at what was later named
The Old Manse.
[35] .^ When she has points to carry, she carries them - Ralph Waldo Emerson .
^ Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803 - 1882) American Transcendentalist philosopher, essayist, poet and writer.
^ In 1814 the price of provisions became so high in Boston that Mrs. Emerson and her family took refuge in Concord with Dr. Ripley, with whom they spent a year.
He married his second wife Lydia Jackson in her home town of
Plymouth, Massachusetts[37] on September 14, 1835.
[38] He called her Lidian and she called him Mr. Emerson.
[39] Their children were Waldo, Ellen, Edith, and Edward Waldo Emerson. Ellen was named for his first wife, at Lidian's suggestion.
[40]
.^ He had not as yet shown evidence of remarkable ability; his brothers Edward and Charles entirely eclipsed him.
^ This same year Emerson's first child, a boy "of wonderful promise," was born, but he lived only five years.
^ Charles Emerson was a born orator, who would have conferred on the Republic rare gifts of genius had he lived.
Emerson lived a financially conservative lifestyle.
[42] He had inherited some wealth after his wife's death, though he brought a lawsuit against the Tucker family in 1836 to get it.
[43] He received $11,674.79 in July 1837.
[44]
Literary career and Transcendentalism
Ralph Waldo Emerson in 1859
.^ In 1836, on the day of the two-hundredth anniversary of the founding of Harvard College, Emerson and others met and discussed the state of philosophy and theology.
.^ It was published in September, 1836.
^ His first lecture was delivered in November, 1883, before the Boston Society of Natural History.
^ He still officiated occasionally as a minister, but the reception of his Phi Beta Kappa oration on "The American Scholar;" given August 31, 1837 cut the last thread of attachment.
[48] James Russell Lowell, who was a student at Harvard at the time, called it "an event without former parallel on our literary annals".
[49] Another member of the audience, Reverend John Pierce, called it "an apparently incoherent and unintelligible address".
[50]
.^ "My dear Henry [David Thoreau], A frog was made to live in a swamp, but a man was not made to live in a swamp.
.^ The child asks, 'Mamma, why don't I like the story as well as when you told it me yesterday?'- Essays, Second Series, by Ralph Waldo Emerson 10 January 2010 6:47 UTC www.gutenberg.org [Source type: Original source]
^ They eat your service like apples, and leave you out.- Essays, Second Series, by Ralph Waldo Emerson 10 January 2010 6:47 UTC www.gutenberg.org [Source type: Original source]
^ When we see an eager assailant of one of these wrongs, a special reformer, we feel like asking him, What right have you, sir, to your one virtue?- Essays, Second Series, by Ralph Waldo Emerson 10 January 2010 6:47 UTC www.gutenberg.org [Source type: Original source]
The question went on to have a lifelong inspiration for Thoreau.
[51]
.^ A still greater shock came from the discourse which Emerson delivered in July, 1838, on the graduation day of the Divinity School.
^ "Every man is a divinity in disguise, a god playing the fool."
^ In like manner, let a man fall into the divine circuits, and he is enlarged.- Essays, Second Series, by Ralph Waldo Emerson 10 January 2010 6:47 UTC www.gutenberg.org [Source type: Original source]
For this, he was denounced as an
atheist,
[53] and a poisoner of young men's minds. Despite the roar of critics, he made no reply, leaving others to put forward a defense. He was not invited back to speak at Harvard for another thirty years.
[54]
.^ They did not examine him, and he was "approbated to preach" by the Middlesex Association of Ministers in October, 1826, and on the fifteenth of that month delivered his first public sermon at Waltham.
^ With health restored and established, he reached New York early in October, after a voyage which lasted more than a month; and, having rejoined his mother at Newton, where she was then living, he began to preach and lecture as occasion offered.
^ Thus was started The Dial, which became the organ of the so-called transcendental movement, though the first number did not appear till July, 1840.
[58] .^ In 1814 the price of provisions became so high in Boston that Mrs. Emerson and her family took refuge in Concord with Dr. Ripley, with whom they spent a year.
^ Emerson had at first declined to have editorial control of The Dial, but when, after two years of uphill struggle, Margaret Fuller relinquished it, he took hold most unwillingly and kept it along for two years more at some expense of money and much expense of worry.
^ After he graduated he for two years assisted his brother William in a school for young ladies established in his mother's house, and when William went to Göttingen to study divinity, he remained another year in sole charge.
[51]
In January 1842, Emerson's first son Waldo died from
scarlet fever.
[59] .^ "She is seventeen years old and very beautiful by universal consent," he wrote his brother William.
^ This same year Emerson's first child, a boy "of wonderful promise," was born, but he lived only five years.
^ The minister of this church and occupant of this mansion was the Rev. William Emerson, who on the 25th of May, 1803, wrote in his diary: "This day, whilst I was at dinner at Governor Strong's, my son Ralph Waldo was born."
It was in 1842 that Emerson published
Essays, his second book, which included the famous essay, "
Self-Reliance." His aunt called it a "strange medley of atheism and false independence," but it gained favorable reviews in London and Paris.
.^ Emerson was at first more interested in having the right of free discussion upheld than in the deeper question beyond.
^ An imaginative book renders us much more service at first, by stimulating us through its tropes, than afterward when we arrive at the precise sense of the author.- Essays, Second Series, by Ralph Waldo Emerson 10 January 2010 6:47 UTC www.gutenberg.org [Source type: Original source]
[61]
.^ The ox must be taken from the plough and the horse from the cart, the hundred acres of the farm must be spaded, and the man must walk, wherever boats and locomotives will not carry him.- Essays, Second Series, by Ralph Waldo Emerson 10 January 2010 6:47 UTC www.gutenberg.org [Source type: Original source]
^ What would be base, or even obscene, to the obscene, becomes illustrious, spoken in a new connexion of thought.- Essays, Second Series, by Ralph Waldo Emerson 10 January 2010 6:47 UTC www.gutenberg.org [Source type: Original source]
^ It takes a good deal of time to eat or to sleep, or to earn a hundred dollars, and a very little time to entertain a hope and an insight which becomes the light of our life.- Essays, Second Series, by Ralph Waldo Emerson 10 January 2010 6:47 UTC www.gutenberg.org [Source type: Original source]
[63] .^ Others attacked the system of agriculture, the use of animal manures in farming, and the tyranny of man over brute nature; these abuses polluted his food.- Essays, Second Series, by Ralph Waldo Emerson 10 January 2010 6:47 UTC www.gutenberg.org [Source type: Original source]
^ One apostle thought all men should go to farming, and another that no man should buy or sell, that the use of money was the cardinal evil; another that the mischief was in our diet, that we eat and drink damnation.- Essays, Second Series, by Ralph Waldo Emerson 10 January 2010 6:47 UTC www.gutenberg.org [Source type: Original source]
[64] Emerson said he felt "sad at heart" for not engaging in the experiment himself.
[65] Even so, he did not feel Fruitlands would be a success.
.^ He and his daughter went up the Nile to Philæ, but on the whole he was disappointed with the sacred land: "the people despise us," he wrote, "because we are helpless babies who cannot speak or understand a word they say; the sphynxes scorn dunces; the obelisks, the temple-walls, defy us with their histories which we cannot spell."
^ A sympathetic person is placed in the dilemma of a swimmer among drowning men, who all catch at him, and if he give so much as a leg or a finger they will drown him.- Essays, Second Series, by Ralph Waldo Emerson 10 January 2010 6:47 UTC www.gutenberg.org [Source type: Original source]
^ "The moment a man says, "give up your rights, here is money," there is tyranny.
"None of us were prepared to actualize practically the ideal life of which we dreamed. So we fell apart", he wrote.
[67] After its failure, Emerson helped buy a farm for Alcott's family in Concord
[66] which Alcott named "
Hillside".
[67]
The Dial ceased publication in April 1844;
Horace Greeley reported it as an end to the "most original and thoughtful periodical ever published in this country".
[68]
Emerson made a living as a popular lecturer in
New England and much of the rest of the country. From 1847 to 1848, he toured England, Scotland, and Ireland.
[69] He also visited Paris between the February Revolution and the bloody June Days. When he arrived, he saw the stumps where trees had been cut down to form barricades in the February riots. On May 21 he stood on the Champ de Mars in the midst of mass celebrations for concord, peace and labor.
.^ How strongly I have felt of pictures that when you have seen one well, you must take your leave of it; you shall never see it again.- Essays, Second Series, by Ralph Waldo Emerson 10 January 2010 6:47 UTC www.gutenberg.org [Source type: Original source]
[70] He had begun lecturing in 1833; by the 1850s he was giving as many as 80 per year.
[71] .^ "Young Emerson Speaks: Unpublished Discourses on Many Subjects" edited by Arthur Cushman McGiffert ) .
.^ We have enough to live and bring the year about, but not an ounce to impart or to invest.- Essays, Second Series, by Ralph Waldo Emerson 10 January 2010 6:47 UTC www.gutenberg.org [Source type: Original source]
[72] His earnings allowed him to expand his property, buying eleven acres of land by
Walden Pond and a few more acres in a neighboring pine grove. He wrote that he was "landlord and waterlord of 14 acres, more or less".
[66]
We live in succession, in division, in parts, in particles.
.^ All things exist in the man tinged with the manners of his soul.- Essays, Second Series, by Ralph Waldo Emerson 10 January 2010 6:47 UTC www.gutenberg.org [Source type: Original source]
^ Every man is an impossibility until he is born; every thing impossible until we see a success.- Essays, Second Series, by Ralph Waldo Emerson 10 January 2010 6:47 UTC www.gutenberg.org [Source type: Original source]
^ It is all idle talking: as much as a man is a whole, so is he also a part; and it were partial not to see it.- Essays, Second Series, by Ralph Waldo Emerson 10 January 2010 6:47 UTC www.gutenberg.org [Source type: Original source]
.^ He knows why the plain or meadow of space was strewn with these flowers we call suns and moons and stars; why the great deep is adorned with animals, with men, and gods; for in every word he speaks he rides on them as the horses of thought.- Essays, Second Series, by Ralph Waldo Emerson 10 January 2010 6:47 UTC www.gutenberg.org [Source type: Original source]
^ It is all idle talking: as much as a man is a whole, so is he also a part; and it were partial not to see it.- Essays, Second Series, by Ralph Waldo Emerson 10 January 2010 6:47 UTC www.gutenberg.org [Source type: Original source]
[74]
Emerson was introduced to Indian philosophy when reading the works of French philosopher
Victor Cousin.
[75]
.^ Character repudiates intellect, yet excites it; and character passes into thought, is published so, and then is ashamed before new flashes of moral worth.- Essays, Second Series, by Ralph Waldo Emerson 10 January 2010 6:47 UTC www.gutenberg.org [Source type: Original source]
^ "The new individual must work out the whole problem of science, letters and theology for himself; can owe his fathers nothing."
^ The journey did him good, however, and on his return to Italy he began to work on a new edition of his poems.
[79] .^ Men are all secret believers in it, else the word justice would have no meaning: they believe that the best is the true; that right is done at last; or chaos would come.- Essays, Second Series, by Ralph Waldo Emerson 10 January 2010 6:47 UTC www.gutenberg.org [Source type: Original source]
[80] .^ Through one field only we went to the boat and then left all time, all science, all history, behind us and entered into Nature with one stroke of a paddle.
[78]
.^ Walt Whitman, 1855 ) .
Emerson responded positively, sending a flattering five-page letter as a response.
[81] .^ Emerson was at first more interested in having the right of free discussion upheld than in the deeper question beyond.
^ In 1836 Emerson helped to introduce to American readers Carlyle's "Sartor Resartus," which had the distinction of selling the first edition and a thousand copies besides, before it was put into book form in England.
[83] .^ I greet you at the beginning of a great career.
^ Ralph Waldo Emerson Quotes and Quotations Men achieve a certain greatness unawares, when working to another aim.
^ Positive Quotes Add to Favorite List Trust men and they will be true to you; treat them greatly and they will show themselves great.
[86]
Civil War years
Though Emerson was anti-slavery, he did not immediately become active in the
abolitionist movement.
.^ Emerson was at first more interested in having the right of free discussion upheld than in the deeper question beyond.
[87] .^ The next month he made a little speech at the unveiling of Mr. Daniel C. French's "Minute Man," and this is believed to be the last piece written out with his own hand.
[88] .^ George Ticknor, who taught modern languages, and Edward Everett, Greek professor, gave lectures, and Emerson attended them with profit.
I call it destitution...
.^ Education Quotes Add to Favorite List He who has a thousand friends has not a friend to spare, And he who has one enemy will meet him everywhere.
^ "He who has a thousand friends has not one friend to spare, And he who has one enemy will meet him everywhere."
[90]
.^ "My dear Henry [David Thoreau], A frog was made to live in a swamp, but a man was not made to live in a swamp.
.^ Thoreau was also one of Emerson's intimates, and frequently shared his week-day walks.
^ Concord, he intimated, gave him sunsets, forests, snowstorms, and river views, which were more to him than friends, but Plymouth!
^ In 1849 Emerson's separate addresses and "Nature" were published in one volume, and the next year came "Representative Men."
[92] Another friend,
Nathaniel Hawthorne, died two years after Thoreau in 1864. Emerson served as one of the pallbearers as Hawthorne was buried in Concord, as Emerson wrote, "in a pomp of sunshine and verdure".
[93]
Final years and death
Emerson's grave in Sleepy Hollow Cemetery
Beginning as early as the summer of 1871 or in the spring of 1872, Emerson was losing his memory
[94] and suffered from
aphasia.
[95] By the end of the decade, he forgot his own name at times and, when anyone asked how he felt, he responded, "Quite well; I have lost my mental faculties, but am perfectly well".
[96]
.^ He put out all his strength.
^ Lyman was a descendant of Anne Hutchinson, whom Emerson's ancestor, Peter Bulkeley, had helped to drive out of Massachusetts; but a warm friendship quickly sprang up between the brilliant and beautiful woman and the pale young student, whom she called an angel unawares.
^ We sat in the aurora of a sunrise which was to put out all the stars.- Essays, Second Series, by Ralph Waldo Emerson 10 January 2010 6:47 UTC www.gutenberg.org [Source type: Original source]
[97] The fire was put out by Ephraim Bull, Jr., the one-armed son of
Ephraim Wales Bull.
[98] .^ Francis Cabot Lowell brought him an envelope containing $5000.
^ Nearly $12,000 more were contributed to rebuild the house, and while the work was in progress he was persuaded to make another journey abroad, to visit London, Italy, and Egypt.
[99] .^ Hawthorne lived for four years in Concord, occupying the old Manse, but, though he was a great walker, he is known to have walked with Emerson only once, when they went together to visit the Shakers at Lebanon.
[100] The fire marked an end to Emerson's serious lecturing career; from then on, he would lecture only on special occasions and only in front of familiar audiences.
[101]
While the house was being rebuilt, Emerson took a trip to England, the main European continent, and Egypt. He left on October 23, 1872, along with his daughter Ellen
[102] while his wife Lidian spent time at the Old Manse and with friends.
[103] .^ He had preached temporarily at Concord, N. H., and there he met Miss Ellen Louisa Tucker, the daughter of a former Boston merchant.
^ A still greater shock came from the discourse which Emerson delivered in July, 1838, on the graduation day of the Divinity School.
[95]
.^ The following year his anthology of collected poems, "Parnassus," was published, and he was asked to be one of the candidates for the lord rectorship of Glasgow University.
^ Lowell was even more severe on Emerson's poetry.
[105] .^ The following year his anthology of collected poems, "Parnassus," was published, and he was asked to be one of the candidates for the lord rectorship of Glasgow University.
[106]
.^ So in this great society wide lying around us, a critical analysis would find very few spontaneous actions.- Essays, Second Series, by Ralph Waldo Emerson 10 January 2010 6:47 UTC www.gutenberg.org [Source type: Original source]
^ When afterwards he comes to unfold it in propitious circumstance, it seems the only talent; he is delighted with his success, and accounts himself already the fellow of the great.- Essays, Second Series, by Ralph Waldo Emerson 10 January 2010 6:47 UTC www.gutenberg.org [Source type: Original source]
^ A man who is not happy in the company cannot find any word in his memory that will fit the occasion.- Essays, Second Series, by Ralph Waldo Emerson 10 January 2010 6:47 UTC www.gutenberg.org [Source type: Original source]
It is painful to witness his embarrassment at times".
[96]
Lifestyle and beliefs
Ralph Waldo Emerson in later years
Emerson's religious views were often considered radical at the time.
.^ Therefore, the divine Providence which keeps the universe open in every direction to the soul, conceals all the furniture and all the persons that do not concern a particular soul, from the senses of that individual.- Essays, Second Series, by Ralph Waldo Emerson 10 January 2010 6:47 UTC www.gutenberg.org [Source type: Original source]
^ "Let a man not resist the law of his own mind, and he will be filled with the divinity which flows through all things."
^ God Quotes Add to Favorite List In nature, nothing can be given, all things are sold.
[110] Critics believed that Emerson was removing the central God figure; as Henry Ware, Jr. said, Emerson was in danger of taking away "the Father of the Universe" and leaving "but a company of children in an orphan asylum".
[111] Emerson was partly influenced by German philosophy and Biblical criticism.
[112] His views, the basis of
Transcendentalism, suggested that God does not have to reveal the truth but that the truth could be intuitively experienced directly from nature.
[113]
Emerson did not become an ardent abolitionist until later in his life, though his journals show he was concerned with slavery beginning in his youth. When he was young, he even dreamed about helping to free slaves, though he was not a strong public abolitionist voice at the time. In June 1856, shortly after
Charles Sumner, a United States Senator, was beaten for his staunch abolitionist views, Emerson lamented that he himself was not as committed to the cause.
.^ A sympathetic person is placed in the dilemma of a swimmer among drowning men, who all catch at him, and if he give so much as a leg or a finger they will drown him.- Essays, Second Series, by Ralph Waldo Emerson 10 January 2010 6:47 UTC www.gutenberg.org [Source type: Original source]
^ "Great men are they who see that spiritual is stronger than any material force, that thoughts rule the world."
^ There is a class of men, individuals of which appear at long intervals, so eminently endowed with insight and virtue that they have been unanimously saluted as divine, and who seem to be an accumulation of that power we consider.- Essays, Second Series, by Ralph Waldo Emerson 10 January 2010 6:47 UTC www.gutenberg.org [Source type: Original source]
Wonderful the way in which we are saved by this unfailing supply of the moral element".
[114] After Sumner's attack, Emerson began to speak out about slavery.
.^ We must reconcile the contradictions as we can, but their discord and their concord introduce wild absurdities into our thinking and speech.- Essays, Second Series, by Ralph Waldo Emerson 10 January 2010 6:47 UTC www.gutenberg.org [Source type: Original source]
^ "To make good the cause of Freedom against Slavery you must be ...
[115] Emerson used slavery as an example of a human injustice, especially in his role as a minister. In early 1838, provoked by the murder of an abolitionist publisher from
Alton, Illinois named
Elijah Parish Lovejoy, Emerson gave his first public antislavery address.
.^ It has better days, and more of them, than any other country."
^ It is commonly said by farmers that a good pear or apple costs no more time or pains to rear than a poor one; so I would have no work of art, no speech, or action, or thought, or friend, but the best.- Essays, Second Series, by Ralph Waldo Emerson 10 January 2010 6:47 UTC www.gutenberg.org [Source type: Original source]
^ Emerson said of her: "She tramples on the common humanities all day, and they rise as ghosts and torment her all night."
By August 1, 1844, at a lecture in Concord, he stated more clearly his support for the abolitionist movement. He stated, "We are indebted mainly to this movement, and to the continuers of it, for the popular discussion of every point of practical ethics".
[117]
There is evidence suggesting that Emerson may have been bisexual.
[118] During his early years at Harvard, he found himself "strangely attracted" to a young freshman named Martin Gay about whom he wrote sexually charged poetry.
[119][120] Gay would be only the first of his infatuations and interests, with
Nathaniel Hawthorne numbered among them.
[121]
Legacy
Ralph Waldo Emerson postage stamp issued in 1940
.^ In 1814 the price of provisions became so high in Boston that Mrs. Emerson and her family took refuge in Concord with Dr. Ripley, with whom they spent a year.
[122] Herman Melville, who had met Emerson in 1849, originally thought he had "a defect in the region of the heart" and a "self-conceit so intensely intellectual that at first one hesitates to call it by its right name", though he later admitted Emerson was "a great man".
[123] Theodore Parker, a minister and Transcendentalist, noted Emerson's ability to influence and inspire others: "the brilliant genius of Emerson rose in the winter nights, and hung over Boston, drawing the eyes of ingenuous young people to look up to that great new start, a beauty and a mystery, which charmed for the moment, while it gave also perennial inspiration, as it led them forward along new paths, and towards new hopes".
[124]
.^ We require that a man should be so large and columnar in the landscape, that it should deserve to be recorded that he arose, and girded up his loins, and departed to such a place.- Essays, Second Series, by Ralph Waldo Emerson 10 January 2010 6:47 UTC www.gutenberg.org [Source type: Original source]
In
The Western Canon, Harold Bloom compares Emerson to
Michel de Montaigne: "The only equivalent reading experience that I know is to reread endlessly in the notebooks and journals of Ralph Waldo Emerson, the American version of Montaigne."
[125]
.^ After he graduated he for two years assisted his brother William in a school for young ladies established in his mother's house, and when William went to Göttingen to study divinity, he remained another year in sole charge.
^ In 1849 Emerson's separate addresses and "Nature" were published in one volume, and the next year came "Representative Men."
^ A still greater shock came from the discourse which Emerson delivered in July, 1838, on the graduation day of the Divinity School.
[126] Harvard has also named a building, Emerson Hall (1900), after him.
[127]
Selected works
Representative Men (1850)
Collections
- Poems (1847)
- Representative Men (1850)
- English Traits (1856)
- The Conduct of Life (1860)
- May Day and Other Poems (1867)
- Society and Solitude (1870)
- Letters and Social Aims (1876)
Essays
Poems
See also
Notes
- ^ New Thought at MSN Encarta. Retrieved Nov. 16, 2007.
- ^ Cheever, 80
- ^ Ward, p. 389.
- ^ Sullivan, 3.
- ^ Cheever, 76.
- ^ McAleer, 12.
- ^ a b Baker, 3
- ^ McAleer, 40
- ^ Richardson, 22–23
- ^ Baker, 35
- ^ McAleer, 44
- ^ McAleer, 52
- ^ Richardson, 11
- ^ McAleer, 53
- ^ Richardson, 6
- ^ McAleer, 61
- ^ Buell, 13
- ^ Field, Peter S., Ralph Waldo Emerson: The Making of a Democratic Intellectual, Rowman & Littlefield, 2003, ISBN 0847688437, 9780847688432
- ^ Richardson, 29
- ^ McAleer, 66
- ^ Richardson, 35
- ^ Richardson, 36-37
- ^ Richardson, 37
- ^ Packer, 36–37
- ^ Cheever, 78
- ^ McAleer, 105
- ^ Richardson, 108
- ^ Cheever, 79
- ^ Baker, 11
- ^ Sullivan, 6
- ^ Packer, 39
- ^ McAleer, 132
- ^ Baker, 23
- ^ Packer, 40.
- ^ Sullivan, 8
- ^ Wilson, Susan. Literary Trail of Greater Boston. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2000: 127. ISBN 0-618-05013-2
- ^ Lydia (Jackson) Emerson was a descendant of Abraham Jackson, one of the original proprietors of Plymouth, who married the daughter of Nathaniel Morton, longtime Secretary of the Plymouth Colony.
- ^ Sullivan, 9
- ^ Richardson, 192
- ^ Baker, 86
- ^ Richardson, 38-40
- ^ Cheever, 86
- ^ Cheever, 82
- ^ McAleer, 108
- ^ Baker, 53
- ^ Sullivan, 13
- ^ Buell, 45
- ^ Watson, Peter. Ideas: A History of Thought and Invention, from Fire to Freud. New York: Harper Perennial, 2005: 688. ISBN 978-0-06-093564-1
- ^ Mowat, R. B. The Victorian Age. London: Senate, 1995: 83. ISBN 1-85958-161-8
- ^ Menand, Louis. The Metaphysical Club: A Story of Ideas in America. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2001: 18. ISBN 0-374-19963-9
- ^ a b Buell, 121
- ^ Packer, 73
- ^ a b Buell, 161
- ^ Sullivan, 14
- ^ Gura, 129
- ^ Von Mehren, 120
- ^ Slater, Abby. In Search of Margaret Fuller. New York: Delacorte Press, 1978: 61–62. ISBN 0-440-03944-4
- ^ Gura, 128–129
- ^ Cheever, 93
- ^ McAleer, 313
- ^ The Bedside Baccalaureate, David Rubel, ed. (Sterling 2008), p. 153.
- ^ Baker, 218
- ^ Packer, 148
- ^ Richardson, 381
- ^ Baker, 219
- ^ a b c Packer, 150
- ^ a b Baker, 221
- ^ Gura, 130
- ^ Buell, 31
- ^ Allen, Gay Wilson. Waldo Emerson. New York: Penguin Books, 1982: 512–514.
- ^ Richardson, 418
- ^ Sullivan, 16
- ^ Sachin N. Pradhan, India in the United States: Contribution of India and Indians in the United States of America, Bethesda, MD: SP Press International, Inc., 1996, p 12.
- ^ The Over-Soul from Essays: First Series (1841)
- ^ Richardson, 114
- ^ Baker, 321
- ^ Von Mehren, 340
- ^ a b Von Mehren, 343
- ^ Blanchard, Paula. Margaret Fuller: From Transcendentalism to Revolution. Reading, Massachusetts: Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, 1987: 339. ISBN 0-201-10458-X
- ^ Von Mehren, 342
- ^ Kaplan, 203
- ^ Callow, Philip. From Noon to Starry Night: A Life of Walt Whitman. Chicago: Ivan R. Dee, 1992: 232. ISBN 0929587952
- ^ Miller, James E., Jr. Walt Whitman. New York: Twayne Publishers, Inc. 1962: 27.
- ^ Reynolds, David S. Walt Whitman's America: A Cultural Biography. New York: Vintage Books, 1995: 352. ISBN 0679767096.
- ^ Callow, Philip. From Noon to Starry Night: A Life of Walt Whitman. Chicago: Ivan R. Dee, 1992: 236. ISBN 0929587952.
- ^ Reynolds, David S. Walt Whitman's America: A Cultural Biography. New York: Vintage Books, 1995: 343. ISBN 0679767096.
- ^ McAleer, 569–570
- ^ Richardson, 547
- ^ Baker, 433
- ^ McAleer, 570
- ^ Richardson, 548
- ^ Packer, 193
- ^ Baker, 448
- ^ Baker, 502
- ^ a b Richardson, 569
- ^ a b McAleer, 629
- ^ Richardson, 566
- ^ Baker, 504
- ^ Baker, 506
- ^ McAleer, 613
- ^ Richardson, 567
- ^ Richardson, 568
- ^ Baker, 507
- ^ McAleer, 618
- ^ Richardson, 570
- ^ Baker, 497
- ^ Richardson, 572
- ^ Sullivan, 25
- ^ McAleer, 662
- ^ Richardson, 538
- ^ Buell, 165
- ^ Packer, 23
- ^ Hankins, Barry. The Second Great Awakening and the Transcendentalists. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 2004: 136. ISBN 0-313-31848-4
- ^ a b McAleer, 531
- ^ Packer, 232
- ^ Richardson, 269
- ^ Lowance, Mason (2000). Against Slavery: An Abolitionist Reader. Penguin Classics. pp. 301–302. ISBN 0140437584.
- ^ Shand-Tucci, Douglas (2003). The Crimson Letter. New York: St Martens Press. pp. 15–16. ISBN 0-312-19896-5.
- ^ Kaplan, 248
- ^ Richardson, 9
- ^ Kaplan, 249
- ^ Buell, 34
- ^ Sullivan, 123
- ^ Baker, 201
- ^ Bloom, Harold. The Western Canon. London: Papermac. 147–148.
- ^ Harvard Divinity School (May 2006). "Emerson Unitarian Universalist Association Professorship Established at Harvard Divinity School". Press release. http://www.hds.harvard.edu/news/pr/emerson_uu.html. Retrieved 2007-02-22.
- ^ Department of Philosophy of Harvard University
- ^ http://www.nypl.org/branch/staten/index2.cfm?Trg=1&d1=1391 Staten Island on the Web: Famous Staten Islanders
Sources
- Baker, Carlos (1996). Emerson Among the Eccentrics: A Group Portrait. New York: Viking Press. ISBN 0-670-86675-X.
- Buell, Lawrence (2003). Emerson. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. ISBN ISBN 0-674-01139-2.
- Cheever, Susan (2006). .^ Quotes from Ralph Waldo Emerson .
^ Major Works of Ralph Waldo Emerson .
^ Nathan Haskell Dole, 1899 (Introduction to Early Poems of Ralph Waldo Emerson) .
Detroit: Thorndike Press. ISBN 078629521X.
- Gura, Philip F (2007). American Transcendentalism: A History. New York: Hill and Wang. ISBN 978-0-8090-3477-2.
- Kaplan, Justin (1979). Walt Whitman: A Life. New York: Simon and Schuster. ISBN 0671225421.
- McAleer, John (1984). .^ Quotes from Ralph Waldo Emerson .
^ Major Works of Ralph Waldo Emerson .
^ Ralph Waldo Emerson .
Boston: Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 0316553417.
- Packer, Barbara L. (2007). The Transcendentalists. The University of Georgia Press. ISBN 9780820329581.
- Richardson, Robert D., Jr. (1995). Emerson: The Mind on Fire. Berkeley, California: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-08808-5.
- Sullivan, Wilson (1972). New England Men of Letters. New York: The Macmillan Company. ISBN 0027886808.
- Von Mehren, Joan (1994). Minerva and the Muse: A Life of Margaret Fuller. Amherst, Massachusetts: University of Massachusetts Press. ISBN 1-55849-015-9.
- Ward, Julius H. (1887). The Andover Review. Houghton Mifflin.
External links