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.^ In many ways the Renaissance built on the culture of the High Middle Ages.- Renaissance 28 January 2010 1:44 UTC faculty.ucc.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Renaissance means rebirth in the French language.- Renaissance 28 January 2010 1:44 UTC faculty.ucc.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Renaissance writers were wrong to slander the Middle Ages as a Dark Age.- Renaissance 28 January 2010 1:44 UTC faculty.ucc.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
The term is also used more loosely to refer to the historic
era, but since the changes of the Renaissance were not uniform across Europe, this is a general use of the term.
.^ To the scholars and thinkers of the day, however, it was primarily a time of the revival of classical learning and wisdom after a long period of cultural decline and stagnation.- History of the Renaissance in Europe: A rebirth, renewal, rediscovery 28 January 2010 1:44 UTC history-world.org [Source type: Original source]
^ The movement here consisted of two distinct yet closely related phases, namely, the revival of classical literature and learning, and the revival of classical art.- The Renaissance 28 January 2010 1:44 UTC www.shsu.edu [Source type: Original source]
.^ Traditionally, this intellectual transformation has resulted in the Renaissance being viewed as a bridge between the Middle Ages and the Modern era.
^ Renaissance is the name of the great intellectual and cultural movement of the revival of interest in classical culture that occurred in the fourteenth, fifteenth and sixteenth centuries -- a period which saw the transition from the Middle Ages to modern times.
^ Renaissance writers were wrong to slander the Middle Ages as a Dark Age.- Renaissance 28 January 2010 1:44 UTC faculty.ucc.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
Although the Renaissance saw revolutions in many
intellectual pursuits, as well as social and political upheaval, it is perhaps best known for its
artistic developments and the contributions of such
polymaths as
Leonardo da Vinci and
Michelangelo, who inspired the term "
Renaissance man".
[2][3]
.^ There is a general, but not unchallenged, consensus that the Renaissance began in Tuscany in the 14th century.
^ Florence has often been called the Athens of the Renaissance because so many great artists were born or worked there.- Renaissance 28 January 2010 1:44 UTC faculty.ucc.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Now, through the liberal tendencies and generous enthusiasms of the Renaissance there was effected a reconciliation between Christianity and classical civilization.- The Renaissance 28 January 2010 1:44 UTC www.shsu.edu [Source type: Original source]
[4] .^ Many Greek texts were brought from Constantinople.
^ Various theories have been proposed to account for its origins and characteristics, focusing on a variety of factors including the social and civic peculiarities of Florence at the time; its political structure; the patronage of its dominant family, the Medici;[5] and the migration of Greek scholars and texts to Italy following the Fall of Constantinople at the hands of the Ottoman Turks.
^ Greek scholars were now encouraged to come from Byzantium to Italy, and in 1396 in turn the learned Manuel Chrysoloras began to teach in the chair of Greek at Florence which become the cradle of the classical revival.
[6][7][8]
.^ The Renaissance has a long and complex historiography, and there has been much debate among historians as to the usefulness of Renaissance as a term and as a historical delineation.
^ The term is also used more loosely to refer to the historic era, but since the changes of the Renaissance were not uniform across Europe, this is a general use of the term.
[9] .^ The second period of the Renaissance is marked by a continued zeal for classical study, and by the .
^ In many ways the Renaissance built on the culture of the High Middle Ages.- Renaissance 28 January 2010 1:44 UTC faculty.ucc.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The Middle Ages were a relatively static period.- Renaissance 28 January 2010 1:44 UTC faculty.ucc.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[11] Indeed, some have called for an end to the use of the term, which they see as a product of
presentism – the use of
history to validate and glorify modern ideals.
[12] .^ The Renaissance (from French Renaissance, meaning "rebirth"; Italian: Rinascimento, from re- "again" and nascere "be born") was a cultural movement that spanned roughly the 14th to the 17th century, beginning in Italy in the Late Middle Ages and later spreading to the rest of Europe.
^ Renaissance is the name of the great intellectual and cultural movement of the revival of interest in classical culture that occurred in the fourteenth, fifteenth and sixteenth centuries -- a period which saw the transition from the Middle Ages to modern times.
^ The term is also used more loosely to refer to the historic era, but since the changes of the Renaissance were not uniform across Europe, this is a general use of the term.
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.^ Like Leonardo da Vinci he was another Renaissance man.- Renaissance, The World of; WEBQUEST 28 January 2010 1:44 UTC academics.uww.edu [Source type: General]
^ Leonardo da Vinci: Renaissance Master .- Renaissance & Writing Outline - Grade 8 Social Studies Lesson Plan, Thematic Unit, Activity, Worksheet, or Civics, American History, or Government Teaching Idea 28 January 2010 1:44 UTC www.lessonplanspage.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Although the Renaissance saw revolutions in many intellectual pursuits, as well as social and political upheaval, it is perhaps best known for its artistic developments and the contributions of such polymaths as Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo, who inspired the term "Renaissance man".
Based on the specifications in Vitruvius's De architectura around 1500 years before, Da Vinci tried to draw the perfectly proportioned man.
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.^ The Renaissance was essentially an intellectual movement.- The Renaissance 28 January 2010 1:44 UTC www.shsu.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ Renaissance is the name of the great intellectual and cultural movement of the revival of interest in classical culture that occurred in the fourteenth, fifteenth and sixteenth centuries -- a period which saw the transition from the Middle Ages to modern times.
^ In speaking of mediaeval town life we noticed how within the towns there was early developed a life like that of modern times.- The Renaissance 28 January 2010 1:44 UTC www.shsu.edu [Source type: Original source]
.^ Leonardo da Vinci painted by Paul Delaroche It's a term that refers to the intellectual and artistic movement that began in Italy in the 14th century, culminated with Leonardo , Michelangelo and Raphael in the 16th, and has influenced thinking and creating ever since.
^ The Renaissance (from French Renaissance, meaning "rebirth"; Italian: Rinascimento, from re- "again" and nascere "be born") was a cultural movement that spanned roughly the 14th to the 17th century, beginning in Italy in the Late Middle Ages and later spreading to the rest of Europe.
^ They inspired humanity with a new spirit, a spirit destined in time to make things new in all realms,--in the realm of religion, of politics, of literature, of art, of science, of invention, of industry.- The Renaissance 28 January 2010 1:44 UTC www.shsu.edu [Source type: Original source]
.^ Other scholars in northern and western Europe sought to apply humanistic methods to the study of Christianity.- Renaissance 28 January 2010 1:44 UTC faculty.ucc.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The second period of the Renaissance is marked by a continued zeal for classical study, and by the developmental of a broad learning and the new view of the intellectual life which is now known as Humanism.
^ Andrea Mantegna as Illuminator: An Episode in Renaissance Art, Humanism and Diplomacy .
[13]
.^ Many Greek texts were brought from Constantinople.
^ Besides these Greek editions he issued both Latin and Hebrew texts.- The Renaissance 28 January 2010 1:44 UTC www.shsu.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ The facsimile, published in a joint effort between the Huntington Library Press and Yushodo, Co., Ltd., is an historically accurate copy of the original Ellesmere Manuscript, believed by many scholars to be the most important literary manuscript in the English language.
.^ Binghamton: Medieval & Renaissance Texts & Studies, 1992.
^ Other Renaissance artists, such as Michelangelo, studied Giottos work.- Renaissance 28 January 2010 1:44 UTC faculty.ucc.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Some have called into question whether the Renaissance was a cultural "advance" from the Middle Ages, instead seeing it as a period of pessimism and nostalgia for the classical age,while others have instead focused on the continuity between the two eras.Indeed, some have called for an end to the use of the term, which they see as a product of presentism – the use of history to validate and glorify modern ideals.The word Renaissance has also been used to describe other historical and cultural movements, such as the Carolingian Renaissance and the Renaissance of the 12th century.
.^ Nor did the art of the Renaissance stop here.- History of the Renaissance in Europe: A rebirth, renewal, rediscovery 28 January 2010 1:44 UTC history-world.org [Source type: Original source]
^ Why Painting was the Supreme Art of the Italian Renaissance.-- [The views presented in this paragraph are those of Symonds in his work on The Fine arts , which forms the third volume of his Renaissance in Italy.- The Renaissance 28 January 2010 1:44 UTC www.shsu.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ Florence has often been called the Athens of the Renaissance because so many great artists were born or worked there.- Renaissance 28 January 2010 1:44 UTC faculty.ucc.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ Responding to the heady intellectual atmosphere of the time and place, writers and artists, many of whom lived in Harlem, began to produce a wide variety of fine and highly original works dealing with African-American life.
^ In many ways the Renaissance built on the culture of the High Middle Ages.- Renaissance 28 January 2010 1:44 UTC faculty.ucc.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Knights during the Renaissance era were trained to act with honor, loyalty, courage, as well as many other characteristic ways.- Renaissance, The World of; WEBQUEST 28 January 2010 1:44 UTC academics.uww.edu [Source type: General]
[14] .^ He also made many devices that worked in his time.- Renaissance, The World of; WEBQUEST 28 January 2010 1:44 UTC academics.uww.edu [Source type: General]
^ Many Greek texts were brought from Constantinople.
^ Other scholars in northern and western Europe sought to apply humanistic methods to the study of Christianity.- Renaissance 28 January 2010 1:44 UTC faculty.ucc.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ For 50 years, Ghiberti worked on his panels depicting Old and New Testament scenes.- Renaissance 28 January 2010 1:44 UTC faculty.ucc.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Prominent among these promoters of the New Learning, as it was called, were Cosimo and Lorenzo de' Medici at Florence.- The Renaissance 28 January 2010 1:44 UTC www.shsu.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ The Bible, Biblical commentaries, and the works of Desiderius Erasmus and Lorenzo Valla were used by the Protestant reformers in their attacks upon the established Catholic Church.- Renaissance 28 January 2010 1:44 UTC faculty.ucc.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ They sought to imitate the art of Classical Greece with its realistic depiction of the human form.- Renaissance 28 January 2010 1:44 UTC faculty.ucc.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
Political philosophers, most famously
Niccolò Machiavelli, sought to describe political life as it really was, that is to understand it rationally.
.^ [Another name of great renown connected with these fifteenth century labors of the Italian scholars is that of Pico della Mirandola (1463-1494), a man of extraordinary gifts of mind.- The Renaissance 28 January 2010 1:44 UTC www.shsu.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ The Neoplatonists formed an unofficial academy in Florence under the patronage of COSIMO DE MEDICI and the inspiration of MARSILIO FICINO (1433-1499) and PICO DELLA MIRANDOLA (1463-1494).- Renaissance 28 January 2010 1:44 UTC faculty.ucc.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The Italian Renaissance had placed human beings once more in the center .- History of the Renaissance in Europe: A rebirth, renewal, rediscovery 28 January 2010 1:44 UTC history-world.org [Source type: Original source]
.^ Study of Greek & Latin authors da Vinci's sketches Galileo uses the telescope .- Renaissance & Writing Outline - Grade 8 Social Studies Lesson Plan, Thematic Unit, Activity, Worksheet, or Civics, American History, or Government Teaching Idea 28 January 2010 1:44 UTC www.lessonplanspage.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ It is sometimes maintained indeed that the attention given to the ancient classics, and the preferred use by so many authors during the later mediaeval and the earlier modern period of the Latin as a literary language, retarded the normal development of the vernacular literatures of the European peoples.- The Renaissance 28 January 2010 1:44 UTC www.shsu.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ It is also arranged by Renaissance author, including links to texts by John Donne, Erasmus, Leonardo da Vinci, John Milton, Sir Philip Sidney, Edmund Spenser,Tasso, and many more.
[15]
.^ Through the instrumentality of art, and of all the ideas which art .- History of the Renaissance in Europe: A rebirth, renewal, rediscovery 28 January 2010 1:44 UTC history-world.org [Source type: Original source]
^ Traditionally, this intellectual transformation has resulted in the Renaissance being viewed as a bridge between the Middle Ages and the Modern era.
^ But although Dante viewed the world from a standpoint which was essentially that of the mediaeval age which was passing away, still he was in a profound sense a prophet of the new age which was approaching,--a forerunner of the Renaissance.- The Renaissance 28 January 2010 1:44 UTC www.shsu.edu [Source type: Original source]
.^ In many ways the Renaissance built on the culture of the High Middle Ages.- Renaissance 28 January 2010 1:44 UTC faculty.ucc.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The Renaissance began in the Italian city-states because they had the wealth from the commerce and trade of the Middle Ages.- Renaissance 28 January 2010 1:44 UTC faculty.ucc.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The Renaissance (from French Renaissance, meaning "rebirth"; Italian: Rinascimento, from re- "again" and nascere "be born") was a cultural movement that spanned roughly the 14th to the 17th century, beginning in Italy in the Late Middle Ages and later spreading to the rest of Europe.
.^ Italy, France, Spain, England, Germany took shape.- History of the Renaissance in Europe: A rebirth, renewal, rediscovery 28 January 2010 1:44 UTC history-world.org [Source type: Original source]
^ We may truly say that the Renaissance was cradled in the cities of mediaeval Italy.- The Renaissance 28 January 2010 1:44 UTC www.shsu.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ Erasmus argued that man has control over his salvation, whereas Luthers position is that only God has the ultimate authority in the afterlife.- Renaissance 28 January 2010 1:44 UTC faculty.ucc.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
Origins
.^ Dante Alighieri, "the fame of the Tuscan people," was born at Florence in 1265.- The Renaissance 28 January 2010 1:44 UTC www.shsu.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ DANTE ALIGHIERI (1265 - 1321) is considered to be a figure of the Middle Ages, yet he wrote his Divine Comedy in the Florentine dialect and thereby created the literary language of modern Italian.- Renaissance 28 January 2010 1:44 UTC faculty.ucc.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ It was a Florentine, GIOTTO DI BONDONE (c.1266/76-1337) who broke away from the stiff, expressionless, elongated figures of Byzantine and medieval art.- Renaissance 28 January 2010 1:44 UTC faculty.ucc.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[17] .^ [In the list of Italian sculptors the following names are especially noteworthy: Ghiberti (1378-1455), whose genius is shown in his celebrated bronze gates of the Baptistery at Florence, of which Michael Angelo said that they were worthy to be the gates of Paradise; Brunelleschi (1377-1444), Donatello (1386-1466), and Michael Angelo (1475-1564).- The Renaissance 28 January 2010 1:44 UTC www.shsu.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ While not quite my favorite offering from Renaissance, I have to concede that contained in this four-opus affair are some of my most cherished moments from the group.- RENAISSANCE music, discography, MP3, videos and reviews 28 January 2010 1:44 UTC www.progarchives.com [Source type: General]
[18] .^ The term is also used more loosely to refer to the historic era, but since the changes of the Renaissance were not uniform across Europe, this is a general use of the term.
^ And also JoRene Newton of TX, USA who wrote: "I have not been so fortunate to visit Italy but those of you who have give us others a wonderful picture of the source of the Creativity of those Renaissance Artists!"
^ The music of Renaissance is never very agressive and has a more mellow sound than many others in that period (mid seventies).- RENAISSANCE music, discography, MP3, videos and reviews 28 January 2010 1:44 UTC www.progarchives.com [Source type: General]
.^ Renaissance began in Italy.- History of the Renaissance in Europe: A rebirth, renewal, rediscovery 28 January 2010 1:44 UTC history-world.org [Source type: Original source]
^ The Renaissance has a long and complex historiography, and there has been much debate among historians as to the usefulness of Renaissance as a term and as a historical delineation.
Accordingly, several theories have been put forward to explain its origins.
During Renaissance, money and art went hand in hand. Artists depended totally on patrons while the patrons needed money to sustain genuises.
.^ The Renaissance (from French Renaissance, meaning "rebirth"; Italian: Rinascimento, from re- "again" and nascere "be born") was a cultural movement that spanned roughly the 14th to the 17th century, beginning in Italy in the Late Middle Ages and later spreading to the rest of Europe.
Silver mining in
Tyrol increased the flow of money. Luxuries from the Eastern world, brought during Crusades made the prosperity of Genoa and Venice.
[19]Latin and Greek Phases of Renaissance humanism
.^ Renaissance is the name of the great intellectual and cultural movement of the revival of interest in classical culture that occurred in the fourteenth, fifteenth and sixteenth centuries -- a period which saw the transition from the Middle Ages to modern times.
^ The facsimile, published in a joint effort between the Huntington Library Press and Yushodo, Co., Ltd., is an historically accurate copy of the original Ellesmere Manuscript, believed by many scholars to be the most important literary manuscript in the English language.
^ The focus of this bibliography begins with the late Middle Ages and continues into the Renaissance with an emphasis on books.
.^ In the work of the Renaissance all the great nations of Europe shared.- History of the Renaissance in Europe: A rebirth, renewal, rediscovery 28 January 2010 1:44 UTC history-world.org [Source type: Original source]
^ There is a general, but not unchallenged, consensus that the Renaissance began in Tuscany in the 14th century.
^ PQ 4542.T7 Two Renaissance Book Hunters: The Letters of Poggius Bracciolini to Nicolaus de Niccolis .
[21] .^ Greek and Latin literature.- History of the Renaissance in Europe: A rebirth, renewal, rediscovery 28 January 2010 1:44 UTC history-world.org [Source type: Original source]
^ The scholars prepared the way in the fifteenth century.- History of the Renaissance in Europe: A rebirth, renewal, rediscovery 28 January 2010 1:44 UTC history-world.org [Source type: Original source]
^ Greek scholars were now encouraged to come from Byzantium to Italy, and in 1396 in turn the learned Manuel Chrysoloras began to teach in the chair of Greek at Florence which become the cradle of the classical revival.
[22]
.^ After the fall of Constantinople in 1453 Renaissance gained a further impetus because of a number of Greek humanists who moved from Byzantium to Italy.
[24]
.^ Libraries were founded, and schools for the study of both Greek and Latin in their classic forms were opened at Rome, Mautua, Verona, and many other towns.
^ Binghamton: Medieval & Renaissance Texts & Studies, 1992.
^ Binghamton, New York: Medieval & Renaissance Texts & Studies, 1983.
.^ Study of Greek & Latin authors da Vinci's sketches Galileo uses the telescope .- Renaissance & Writing Outline - Grade 8 Social Studies Lesson Plan, Thematic Unit, Activity, Worksheet, or Civics, American History, or Government Teaching Idea 28 January 2010 1:44 UTC www.lessonplanspage.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ His friend and disciple Boccaccio studied that language, and by his master's advice made a translation of Homer into Latin.
^ Libraries were founded, and schools for the study of both Greek and Latin in their classic forms were opened at Rome, Mautua, Verona, and many other towns.
.^ The term is also used more loosely to refer to the historic era, but since the changes of the Renaissance were not uniform across Europe, this is a general use of the term.
^ I would have said that this DVD is for die hard fan of Renaissance but since I am one of them, I don't regret to have bought it.- RENAISSANCE music, discography, MP3, videos and reviews 28 January 2010 1:44 UTC www.progarchives.com [Source type: General]
.^ The facsimile, published in a joint effort between the Huntington Library Press and Yushodo, Co., Ltd., is an historically accurate copy of the original Ellesmere Manuscript, believed by many scholars to be the most important literary manuscript in the English language.
Another
Greek Byzantine scholar of importance was
Demetrius Chalcondyles (
1424 –
1511) who taught Platonic philosophy and the
Greek language in Italy for a period of over forty years; at
Padua[26],
Perugia[27],
Milan and
Florence.
[24] Among his pupils were
Johann Reuchlin,
Janus Lascaris,
Poliziano,
Leo X,
Baldassare Castiglione[28],
Giglio Gregorio Giraldi, Stefano Negri, and Giovanni Maria Cattaneo.
[29][30]
.^ Italy in the fourteenth century, though some .- History of the Renaissance in Europe: A rebirth, renewal, rediscovery 28 January 2010 1:44 UTC history-world.org [Source type: Original source]
^ Greek empire in 1453, while it signalized the extinction of the .- History of the Renaissance in Europe: A rebirth, renewal, rediscovery 28 January 2010 1:44 UTC history-world.org [Source type: Original source]
^ Italian scholars of Greek and Roman classical literature.- History of the Renaissance in Europe: A rebirth, renewal, rediscovery 28 January 2010 1:44 UTC history-world.org [Source type: Original source]
[31]
Social and political structures in Italy
A political map of the Italian
Peninsula circa 1494
.^ The focus of this bibliography begins with the late Middle Ages and continues into the Renaissance with an emphasis on books.
.^ Creative Women in Medieval and Early Modern Italy: A Religious and Artistic Renaissance .
Instead, it was divided into smaller
city states and territories: the
Kingdom of Naples controlled the south, the
Republic of Florence and the
Papal States at the center, the
Genoese and the
Milanese to the north and west respectively, and the
Venetians to the east. Fifteenth-century Italy was one of the most
urbanised areas in Europe.
[32] .^ Roman Empire, there it arose upon the ruins of that Empire; .- History of the Renaissance in Europe: A rebirth, renewal, rediscovery 28 January 2010 1:44 UTC history-world.org [Source type: Original source]
[33]
Historian and political philosopher
Quentin Skinner points out that
Otto of Freising (c. 1114 - 1158) , a German bishop visiting north Italy during the 12th century, noticed a widespread new form of political and social organisation, observing that Italy appeared to have exited from Feudalism so that its society was based on merchants and commerce. Linked to this was anti-monarchical thinking, represented in the famous early Renaissance fresco cycle Allegory of Good and Bad Government in Siena by
Ambrogio Lorenzetti (painted 1338–1340) whose strong message is about the virtues of fairness, justice, republicanism and good administration. Holding both Church and Empire at bay, these city republics were devoted to notions of liberty. Skinner reports that there were many defences of liberty such as
Matteo Palmieri’s (1406–1475) celebration of Florentine genius not only in art, sculpture and architecture, but “the remarkable efflorescence of moral, social and political philosophy that occurred in Florence at the same time”.
[34]Even cities and states beyond central Italy, such as the
Republic of Florence at this time, were also notable for their merchant
Republics, especially the
Republic of Venice. Although in practice these were
oligarchical, and bore little resemblance to a modern
democracy, they did have democratic features and were responsive states, with forms of participation in governance and belief in liberty.
[35][36][37] The relative political freedom they afforded was conducive to academic and artistic advancement.
[38] Likewise, the position of Italian cities such as Venice as great trading centres made them intellectual crossroads.
Merchants brought with them ideas from far corners of the globe, particularly
the Levant. Venice was Europe's gateway to trade with the East, and a producer of fine
glass, while Florence was a capital of textiles. The wealth such business brought to Italy meant large public and private artistic projects could be commissioned and individuals had more leisure time for study.
[38]Black Death
One theory that has been advanced is that the devastation caused by the
Black Death in
Florence, which hit
Europe between 1348 and 1350, resulted in a shift in the world view of people in 14th-century Italy.
.^ But I get the feeling that the band is more laidback on this live album than on the previous classics (Carnegie Hall) and other live albums.- RENAISSANCE music, discography, MP3, videos and reviews 28 January 2010 1:44 UTC www.progarchives.com [Source type: General]
^ Disc 2 is the highlight of this live album and I play that one far more often than disc 1.- RENAISSANCE music, discography, MP3, videos and reviews 28 January 2010 1:44 UTC www.progarchives.com [Source type: General]
[39] It has also been argued that the Black Death prompted a new wave of piety, manifested in the
sponsorship of religious works of art.
[40] .^ Patronage in Renaissance Italy: From 1400 to the Early Sixteenth Century .
The Black Death was a pandemic that affected all of Europe in the ways described, not only Italy. The Renaissance's emergence in Italy was most likely the result of the complex interaction of the above factors.
[9]In the wake of the black death, reduced population left work-forces depleted: this tended, throughout Europe, to give workers more bargaining power, particularly skilled workers. This led to a shift of power away from rulers and towards workers and merchants, particularly in smaller states (such as composed Italy at the time). Thus, regardless of its spiritual and psychic impact, the plague's economic (and consequent political) legacy may have helped set the scene for the Renaissance.
Cultural conditions in Florence
It has long been a matter of debate why the Renaissance began in
Florence, and not elsewhere in Italy. Scholars have noted several features unique to Florentine cultural life which may have caused such a cultural movement. Many have emphasized the role played by the
Medici, a
banking family and later
ducal ruling house, in patronizing and stimulating the arts.
.^ Leonardo da Vinci: Renaissance Master .- Renaissance & Writing Outline - Grade 8 Social Studies Lesson Plan, Thematic Unit, Activity, Worksheet, or Civics, American History, or Government Teaching Idea 28 January 2010 1:44 UTC www.lessonplanspage.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ It is also arranged by Renaissance author, including links to texts by John Donne, Erasmus, Leonardo da Vinci, John Milton, Sir Philip Sidney, Edmund Spenser,Tasso, and many more.
^ Electronic resources, such as the Leonardo da Vinci and the Dante databases, as well as a brief list of websites relating to the Renaissance are also represented in this bibliography.
[5]The Renaissance was certainly underway before Lorenzo came to power; indeed, before the Medici family itself achieved hegemony in Florentine society. Some historians have postulated that Florence was the birthplace of the Renaissance as a result of luck, i.e. because "
Great Men" were born there by chance.
[41] Da Vinci, Botticelli and Michelangelo were all born in
Tuscany. Arguing that such chance seems improbable, other historians have contended that these "Great Men" were only able to rise to prominence because of the prevailing cultural conditions at the time.
[42]Characteristics
Humanism
In some ways
Humanism was not a philosophy per se, but rather a method of learning.
.^ Binghamton: Medieval & Renaissance Texts & Studies, 1992.
^ Binghamton, New York: Medieval & Renaissance Texts & Studies, 1983.
.^ GT 3520.S34 1991 Seigel, Jerrold E. Rhetoric and Philosophy in Renaissance Humanism: The Union of Eloquence and Wisdom, Petrarch to Valla .
Although historians have sometimes struggled to define humanism precisely, most have settled on "a middle of the road definition... the movement to recover, interpret, and assimilate the language, literature, learning and values of ancient Greece and Rome".
[43] Above all, humanists asserted "the genius of man ... the unique and extraordinary ability of the human mind."
[44]Humanist scholars shaped the intellectual landscape throughout the early modern period. Political philosophers such as
Niccolò Machiavelli and
Thomas More (1478–1535) revived the ideas of Greek and Roman thinkers, and applied them in critiques of contemporary government. Machiavelli's contribution, in the view of
Isaiah Berlin, was a decisive break in western political thought allocating a unique reasoning to politics and faith and perhaps making him the father of the social sciences.
Pico della Mirandola who lived to only twenty-three years wrote what is often considered the
manifesto of the Renaissance, a vibrant defence of thinking, the
Oration on the Dignity of Man.
Matteo Palmieri (1406–1475), another humanist, is most known for his work
Della vita civile ("On Civic Life"; printed 1528) which advocated
civic humanism, and his influence in refining the
Tuscan vernacular to the same level as Latin. Palmieri's written works drawn on Roman philosophers and theorists, especially
Cicero, who, like Palmieri, lived an active public life as a citizen and official, as well as a theorist and philosopher and also
Quintilian. Strongly committed to a deep and broad education Palmieri believed this would dispose people to public engagement and enhance the human capacity to do good deeds and contribute to the community. Although holding public office between 1432 and 1475 he is best remembered for these writings extolling the ideal of humanism as combination of learning with civic or political action. Possibly the most succinct expression of his perspective on humanism is in a 1465 poetic work
La città di vita, but an earlier work
Della vita civile (On Civic Life) is more wide-ranging. Composed as a series of dialogues set in a country house in the Mugello countryside outside Florence during the plague of 1430, Palmieri expounds on the qualities of the ideal citizen. The dialogues concern how children develop mentally and physically, how citizens can conduct themselves morally, how citizens and states can ensure probity in public life, and an important debate on the difference between that which is pragmatically useful and that which is honest.
Art
One of the distinguishing features of Renaissance art was its development of highly realistic linear perspective.
Giotto di Bondone (1267–1337) is credited with first treating a painting as a window into space, but it was not until the demonstrations of architect
Filippo Brunelleschi (1377–1446) and the subsequent writings of
Leon Battista Alberti (1404–1472) that perspective was formalized as an artistic technique.
[45] The development of perspective was part of a wider trend towards realism in the arts.
[46] .^ Electronic resources, such as the Leonardo da Vinci and the Dante databases, as well as a brief list of websites relating to the Renaissance are also represented in this bibliography.
Underlying these changes in artistic method, was a renewed desire to depict the beauty of nature, and to unravel the axioms of
aesthetics, with the works of Leonardo,
Michelangelo and
Raphael representing artistic pinnacles that were to be much imitated by other artists.
[47] Other notable artists include
Sandro Botticelli, working for the Medici in Florence,
Donatello another Florentine and
Titian in Venice, among others.
In architecture,
Filippo Brunelleschi was foremost in studying the remains of ancient classical buildings, and with rediscovered knowledge from the 1st-century writer
Vitruvius and the flourishing discipline of
mathematics, formulated the Renaissance style which emulated and improved on classical forms. Brunelleschi's major feat of engineering was the building of the dome of
Florence Cathedral.
[49] The first building to demonstrate this is claimed to be the church of St. Andrew built by Alberti in
Mantua. The outstanding architectural work of the High Renaissance was the rebuilding of
St. Peter's Basilica, combining the skills of
Bramante,
Michelangelo,
Raphael,
Sangallo and
Maderno.
The Roman orders types of columns are used: Tuscan, Doric, Ionic, Corinthian and Composite. These can either be structural, supporting an arcade or architrave, or purely decorative, set against a wall in the form of
pilasters. During the Renaissance, architects aimed to use columns, pilasters, and
entablatures as an integrated system. One of the first buildings to use pilasters as an integrated system was in the Old Sacristy (1421–1440) by Filippo Brunelleschi.
[50]Arches, semi-circular or (in the
Mannerist style) segmental, are often used in arcades, supported on piers or columns with capitals. There may be a section of entablature between the capital and the springing of the arch. Alberti was one of the first to use the arch on a monumental. Renaissance vaults do not have ribs. They are semi-circular or segmental and on a square plan, unlike the
Gothic vault which is frequently rectangular.
Science
.^ The Mastery of Nature: Aspects of Art, Science, and Humanism in the Renaissance .
Some have seen this flurry of activity as a "
scientific revolution", heralding the beginning of the modern age.
[51] Others have seen it merely as an acceleration of a continuous process stretching from the ancient world to the present day.
[52] Regardless, there is general agreement that the Renaissance saw significant changes in the way the universe was viewed and the methods with which philosophers sought to explain natural phenomena.
[53]
Science and art were very much intermingled in the early Renaissance, with artists such as
Leonardo da Vinci making observational drawings of anatomy and nature. An exhaustive 2007 study by Fritjof Capra
[54] shows that Leonardo was a much greater scientist than previously thought, and not just an inventor. In science theory and in conducting actual science practice, Leonardo was innovative. He set up controlled experiments in water flow, medical dissection, and systematic study of movement and aerodynamics; he devised principles of research method that for Capra classify him as “father of modern science”. In Capra's detailed assessment of many surviving manuscripts Leonardo's science is more in tune with holistic non-mechanistic and non-reductive approaches to science which are becoming popular today. Perhaps the most significant development of the era was not a specific discovery, but rather a
process for discovery, the
scientific method.
[53] This revolutionary new way of learning about the world focused on
empirical evidence, the importance of
mathematics, and discarding the Aristotelian "
final cause" in favor of a
mechanical philosophy. Early and influential proponents of these ideas included
Copernicus and
Galileo. In his 1991 survey of these developments, Charles Van Doren
[55] considers that the Copernican revolution really is the Galilean cartesian (
René Descartes) revolution, on account of the nature of the courage and depth of change their work brought about.
Religion
.^ The Italian Renaissance had placed human beings once more in the center .- History of the Renaissance in Europe: A rebirth, renewal, rediscovery 28 January 2010 1:44 UTC history-world.org [Source type: Original source]
Indeed, much (if not most) of the new art was commissioned by or in dedication to the
Church.
[14] However, the Renaissance had a profound effect on contemporary
theology, particularly in the way people perceived the relationship between man and God.
[14] .^ It is also arranged by Renaissance author, including links to texts by John Donne, Erasmus, Leonardo da Vinci, John Milton, Sir Philip Sidney, Edmund Spenser,Tasso, and many more.
The Renaissance began in times of religious turmoil.
.^ The focus of this bibliography begins with the late Middle Ages and continues into the Renaissance with an emphasis on books.
[56] While the schism was resolved by the
Council of Constance (1414), the 15th century saw a resulting reform movement know as
Conciliarism, which sought to limit the pope's power. Although the papacy eventually emerged supreme in ecclesiastical matters by the
Fifth Council of the Lateran (1511), it was dogged by continued accusations of corruption, most famously in the person of
Pope Alexander VI, who was accused variously of
simony,
nepotism and fathering four
illegitimate children whilst Pope, whom he married off to gain more power.
[57]Churchmen such as Erasmus and Luther proposed reform to the Church, often based on humanist
textual criticism of the
New Testament.
[14] Indeed, it was Luther who in October 1517 published the
95 Theses, challenging papal authority and criticizing its perceived corruption, particularly with regard to its sale of
indulgences. The 95 Theses led to the
Reformation, a break with the Roman Catholic Church that previously claimed hegemony in
Western Europe. Humanism and the Renaissance therefore played a direct role in sparking the Reformation, as well as in many other contemporaneous religious debates and conflicts.
Self-awareness
.^ The manuscript facsimile provides an unprecedented opportunity for you to view the work just as it appeared in the 15th century.
The term
la rinascita first appeared, however, in its broad sense in
Giorgio Vasari's
Vite de' più eccellenti architetti, pittori, et scultori Italiani (The Lives of the Artists, 1550, revised 1568).
[58][59] .^ Electronic resources, such as the Leonardo da Vinci and the Dante databases, as well as a brief list of websites relating to the Renaissance are also represented in this bibliography.
It was not just the growing awareness of classical antiquity that drove this development, according to Vasari, but also the growing desire to study and imitate nature.
[60]
Spread
.^ In the work of the Renaissance all the great nations of Europe shared.- History of the Renaissance in Europe: A rebirth, renewal, rediscovery 28 January 2010 1:44 UTC history-world.org [Source type: Original source]
^ Italy spread to other areas and combined with indigenous developments to produce a French Renaissance, an English Renaissance, and so on.- History of the Renaissance in Europe: A rebirth, renewal, rediscovery 28 January 2010 1:44 UTC history-world.org [Source type: Original source]
^ Patronage in Renaissance Italy: From 1400 to the Early Sixteenth Century .
The invention of the
printing press allowed the rapid transmission of these new ideas. As it spread, its ideas diversified and changed, being adapted to local culture. In the 20th century, scholars began to break the Renaissance into regional and national movements.
Northern Europe
The Renaissance as it occurred in Northern Europe has been termed the "Northern Renaissance".
Hungary
.^ This page is intended to be a growing collection of links to Renaissance poetry texts (and related resources), with a special emphasis on the English literature of the period.
^ Her Immaculate Hand: Selected Works by and about the Women Humanists of Quattrocento Italy .
Italian architectural influence became stronger in the reign of Zsigmond thanks to the church foundations of the
Florentine Scolaries and the castle constructions of
Pipo of Ozora. The relationship between Hungarian and Italian Gothic styles was a second reason – exaggerated breakthrough of walls is avoided, preferring clean and light structures.
.^ But with the dawning of the Renaissance a new spirit in the arts arose.- History of the Renaissance in Europe: A rebirth, renewal, rediscovery 28 January 2010 1:44 UTC history-world.org [Source type: Original source]
^ Piero della Francesca: Tradition and Innovation in Renaissance Art .
^ Reviving the Renaissance: The Use and Abuse of the Past in Nineteenth Century Italian Art and Decoration .
Acceptance of Renaissance art was furthered by the continuous arrival of humanist thought in the country.
.^ University of Toronto Italian Studies 8.
The growing number of Italian traders moving to Hungary, specially to
Buda, helped this process. New thoughts were carried by the humanist prelates, among them
Vitéz János, archbishop of
Esztergom, one of the founders of Hungarian humanism.
[61] After the marriage in 1476 of
Matthias Corvinus (King of Hungary from 1458–1490) to
Beatrice of Naples,
Buda became one of the most important artistic centres of the Renaissance north of the
Alps.
[62] The most important humanists living in Matthias' court were
Antonio Bonfini and the famous Hungarian poet
Janus Pannonius.
[62] .^ PQ 4545.W5 Special Collections (Wilson Library, second floor west) Adams, Frederick B. Homage to the Book .
^ Catalogue of Fifteenth-Century Books in the Library of Trinity College, Dublin, and in Marshs Library, Dublin .
His library was second only in size to the Vatican Library. (However, the Vatican Library mainly contained Bibles and religious materials.)
[63] .^ The Public Library of Renaissance Florence: Niccolo Niccoli, Cosimo de Medici and the Library of San Marco .
Corvinus's library is part of UNESCO World Heritage.
[64] Other important figures of Hungarian Renaissance:
Bálint Balassi (poet) ,
Sebestyén Tinódi Lantos (poet),
Bálint Bakfark (composer and lutenist)
Poland
An early Italian humanist who came to
Poland in the mid-15th century was
Filip Callimachus. Many Italian artists came to Poland with
Bona Sforza of Milan, when she married King
Zygmunt I of Poland in 1518.
[65] This was supported by temporarily strengthened monarchies in both areas, as well as by newly-established universities.
[66]Germany
In the second half of the 15th century, the spirit of the age spread to
Germany and the
Low Countries, where the development of the printing press (ca.
.^ Patronage in Renaissance Italy: From 1400 to the Early Sixteenth Century .
^ Creative Women in Medieval and Early Modern Italy: A Religious and Artistic Renaissance .
.^ German Writers of the Renaissance and Reformation, 1280-1580.
^ German Sculpture of the Later Renaissance, c.1520-1580: Art in an Age of Uncertainty .
^ It includes volumes held by Special Collections and books on libraries, writing, art, architecture, literature, Petrarch and others, Humanism, science, philosophy, culture and music in the Renaissance.
[67] However, the gothic style and medieval scholastic philosophy remained exclusively until the turn of the 16th century. Emperor
Maximilian I (Ruling:1493-1519) was the first truly Renaissance monarch of the
Holy Roman Empire.
France
In 1495 the
Italian Renaissance arrived in France, imported by King
Charles VIII after his invasion of Italy. A factor that promoted the spread of secularism was the Church's inability to offer assistance against the
Black Death.
Francis I imported Italian art and artists, including
Leonardo da Vinci, and built ornate palaces at great expense.
.^ Italian Women Writers from the Renaissance to the Present: Revising the Canon .
.^ The Public Library of Renaissance Florence: Niccolo Niccoli, Cosimo de Medici and the Library of San Marco .
Though she became famous and infamous for her role in France's religious wars, she made a direct contribution in bringing arts, sciences and music (including the origins of
ballet) to the French court from her native Florence.
England
"What a piece of work is a man, how noble in reason, how infinite in faculties, in form and moving, how express and admirable in action, how like an angel in apprehension, how like a god!" — from
William Shakespeare's
Hamlet.
.^ It is also arranged by Renaissance author, including links to texts by John Donne, Erasmus, Leonardo da Vinci, John Milton, Sir Philip Sidney, Edmund Spenser,Tasso, and many more.
^ In the work of the Renaissance all the great nations of Europe shared.- History of the Renaissance in Europe: A rebirth, renewal, rediscovery 28 January 2010 1:44 UTC history-world.org [Source type: Original source]
^ Women Writers of the English Renaissance .
Southern Europe
Italy
While Renaissance ideas were moving north from Italy, there was a simultaneous southward spread of some areas of innovation, particularly in
music.
[68] .^ The focus of this bibliography begins with the late Middle Ages and continues into the Renaissance with an emphasis on books.
^ Reviving the Renaissance: The Use and Abuse of the Past in Nineteenth Century Italian Art and Decoration .
^ Art in Renaissance Italy .
[68] The culmination of the Netherlandish school was in the music of the Italian
composer,
Palestrina. At the end of the 16th century Italy again became a center of musical innovation, with the development of the polychoral style of the
Venetian School, which spread northward into Germany around 1600.
The paintings of the Italian Renaissance differed from those of the Northern Renaissance.
.^ Encyclopedia of Italian Renaissance & Mannerist Art .
^ The Mirror of the Artist: Northern Renaissance Art in its Historical Context .
^ Sinclair, K. V. Medieval and Renaissance Treasures of the Ballarat Art Gallery: The Crouch Manuscripts .
.^ The Mirror of the Artist: Northern Renaissance Art in its Historical Context .
Later on, the works of
Pieter Bruegel influenced artists to paint scenes of daily life rather than religious or classical themes.
.^ The Mirror of the Artist: Northern Renaissance Art in its Historical Context .
[69] A feature of the Northern Renaissance was its use of the vernacular in place of Latin or Greek, which allowed greater freedom of expression. This movement had started in Italy with the decisive influence of
Dante Alighieri on the development of vernacular languages; in fact the focus on writing in Italian has neglected a major source of Florentine ideas expressed in Latin.
[70] .^ Print and Culture in the Renaissance: Essays on the Advent of Printing in Europe .
Spain
The Renaissance arrived in the Iberian peninsula through the Mediterranean possessions of the
Aragonese Crown and the city of
Valencia. Indeed, many of the early Spanish Renaissance writers come from the
Kingdom of Aragon, including
Ausiàs March and
Joanot Martorell.
.^ Culture was the humanizing and refining influence of the Renaissance.- History of the Renaissance in Europe: A rebirth, renewal, rediscovery 28 January 2010 1:44 UTC history-world.org [Source type: Original source]
^ The Italian Renaissance had placed human beings once more in the center .- History of the Renaissance in Europe: A rebirth, renewal, rediscovery 28 January 2010 1:44 UTC history-world.org [Source type: Original source]
^ Reviving the Renaissance: The Use and Abuse of the Past in Nineteenth Century Italian Art and Decoration .
.^ Italian Women Writers from the Renaissance to the Present: Revising the Canon .
Miguel de Cervantes's
masterpiece Don Quixote is credited as the first Western novel.
.^ The Renaissance: From the 1470s to the End of the 16th Century .
^ Patronage in Renaissance Italy: From 1400 to the Early Sixteenth Century .
^ The Mastery of Nature: Aspects of Art, Science, and Humanism in the Renaissance .
.^ M2.E68 Les Maetres Musiciens de la Renaissance Francaise:Editions Publices .
^ The new birth of resurrection known as the "Renaissance" is usually .- History of the Renaissance in Europe: A rebirth, renewal, rediscovery 28 January 2010 1:44 UTC history-world.org [Source type: Original source]
^ Renaissance, the herald of new-found religious freedom.- History of the Renaissance in Europe: A rebirth, renewal, rediscovery 28 January 2010 1:44 UTC history-world.org [Source type: Original source]
The late Renaissance in Spain also saw the rise of artists such as
El Greco, and composers such as
Tomás Luis de Victoria and
Antonio de Cabezón.
Portugal
Historiography
Conception
The term was first used retrospectively by the Italian
artist and
critic Giorgio Vasari (1511–1574) in his book
The Lives of the Artists (published 1550).
.^ Defining the Renaissance Virtuosa: Women Artists and the Language of Art History and Criticism .
According to Vasari, antique art was central to the rebirth of Italian art.
[71].^ Reviving the Renaissance: The Use and Abuse of the Past in Nineteenth Century Italian Art and Decoration .
.^ Upwellings: First Expressions of Unbelief in the Printed Literature of the French Renaissance .
.^ It includes volumes held by Special Collections and books on libraries, writing, art, architecture, literature, Petrarch and others, Humanism, science, philosophy, culture and music in the Renaissance.
^ The Mastery of Nature: Aspects of Art, Science, and Humanism in the Renaissance .
He asserted that it spanned the period from
Columbus to
Copernicus to
Galileo; that is, from the end of the 15th century to the middle of the seventeenth century.
[72] Moreover, Michelet distinguished between what he called, "the bizarre and monstrous" quality of the Middle Ages and the
democratic values that he, as a vocal
Republican, chose to see in its character.
[9] A French nationalist, Michelet also sought to claim the Renaissance as a French movement.
[9]
.^ The Renaissance: From the 1470s to the End of the 16th Century .
^ Print Culture in Renaissance Italy: The Editor and the Vernacular Text, 1470-1600 .
.^ The focus of this bibliography begins with the late Middle Ages and continues into the Renaissance with an emphasis on books.
^ The Mutable Glass: Mirror-Imagery in Titles and Texts of the Middle Ages and the English Renaissance .
^ Castilian Laws of the Lower Middle Ages and Beginning of the Renaissance Related to Merchants Accounting and Account Books .
[73] His book was widely read and was influential in the development of the modern interpretation of the
Italian Renaissance.
[74] However, Buckhardt has been accused of setting forth a linear
Whiggish view of history in seeing the Renaissance as the origin of the modern world.
[11]
More recently, historians have been much less keen to define the Renaissance as a historical age, or even a coherent cultural movement. As Randolph Starn has put it,
.^ Binghamton: Medieval & Renaissance Texts & Studies, 1992.
^ Print Culture in Renaissance Italy: The Editor and the Vernacular Text, 1470-1600 .
^ Manuscripts, Inscriptions and Muniments,Oriental, Classical, Medieval and Modern, Classified and Arranged, Comprehending the History of the Art of Writing .
1. The Renaissance (1903), older atticles by scholars
complete text online
Campbell, Gordon. The Oxford Dictionary of the Renaissance. (2003). 862 pp. online at OUP
Ergang, Robert (1967), The Renaissance, ISBN 0-442-02319-7
Ferguson, Wallace K. (1962), Europe in Transition, 1300–1500, ISBN 0-04-940008-8
Fletcher, Stella. The Longman Companion to Renaissance Europe, 1390-1530. (2000). 347 pp.
Grendler, Paul F., ed. The Renaissance: An Encyclopedia for Students. (2003). .
Grendler, Paul F. "The Future of Sixteenth Century Studies: Renaissance and Reformation Scholarship in the Next Forty Years," Sixteenth Century Journal Spring 2009, Vol.^ BR1609.5.C47 1996 Wightman, W.P.D. Science and the Renaissance: An Introduction to the Study of the Emergence of the Sciences in the Sixteenth Century .
^ Reference CD-ROM N40.I59 1995 A Selection of Renaissance Websites General Sites with Multiple Links Center for Reformation and Renaissance Studies .
^ Center for Reformation and Renaissance Studies Web Resources .
40 Issue 1, pp 182+
Hale, John. The Civilization of Europe in the Renaissance. (1994). 648 pp.; a magistral survey, heavily illustrated excerpt and text search
Hall, Bert S. Weapons and Warfare in Renaissance Europe: Gunpowder, Technology, and Tactics (2001) excerpt and text search
Haskins, Charles Homer (1927), The Renaissance of the Twelfth Century, ISBN 0-674-76075-1
Hattaway, Michael, ed. .^ The Power of Eloquence and English Renaissance Literature .
^ Studies in the Continental Background of Renaissance English Literature: Essays Presented to John L. Lievsay .
^ Cambridge Studies in Renaissance Literature and Culture, 3 .
.
Huizinga, Johan (1924), The Waning of the Middle Ages, republished in 1990 ISBN 0-14-013702-5
Jensen, De Lamar (1992), Renaissance Europe, ISBN 0-395-88947-2
Johnson, Paul.^ The focus of this bibliography begins with the late Middle Ages and continues into the Renaissance with an emphasis on books.
^ The Mutable Glass: Mirror-Imagery in Titles and Texts of the Middle Ages and the English Renaissance .
^ Castilian Laws of the Lower Middle Ages and Beginning of the Renaissance Related to Merchants Accounting and Account Books .
The Renaissance: A Short History. (2000). 197 pp. .
King, Margaret L. Women of the Renaissance (1991) excerpt and text search
Kristeller, Paul Oskar, and Michael Mooney.^ PR 658.W7.K54 1996 Kristeller, Paul Oskar.
^ New Ways of Looking at Old Texts: Papers of the Renaissance English Text Society, 1985-1991 .
^ RC 172.B67 Cassirer, Ernst, Paul Oskar Kristeller, and John Herman Randall, Jr. The Renaissance Philosophy of Man .
Renaissance Thought and its Sources (1979) excerpt and text search
Lopez, Robert S. (1952), Hard Times and Investment in Culture
Nauert, Charles G. Historical Dictionary of the Renaissance. (2004). 541 pp.
Patrick, James A., ed. .
Plumb, J. H. The Italian Renaissance (2001) excerpt and text search
Robin, Diana; Larsen, Anne R.; and Levin, Carole, eds.^ Lit/ren.html This site provides access to pages of early and late Renaissance sites with full text documents.
^ This page is intended to be a growing collection of links to Renaissance poetry texts (and related resources), with a special emphasis on the English literature of the period.
^ Encyclopedia of Italian Renaissance & Mannerist Art .
.
Rowse, A. L. The Elizabethan Renaissance: The Life of the Society (2000) excerpt and text search
Ruggiero, Guido, ed.^ New Ways of Looking at Old Texts: Papers of the Renaissance English Text Society, 1985-1991 .
^ Print Culture in Renaissance Italy: The Editor and the Vernacular Text, 1470-1600 .
^ Creative Women in Medieval and Early Modern Italy: A Religious and Artistic Renaissance .
A Companion to the Worlds of the Renaissance. (2002). 561 pp.
Rundle, David, ed. The Hutchinson Encyclopedia of the Renaissance. (1999). 434 pp.; numerous brief articles online edition
Speake, Jennifer and Thomas G. Bergin, eds. Encyclopedia of the Renaissance and the Reformation. (2004). 550 pp.
Starn, Randolph. "A Postmodern Renaissance?" .
Stephens, John, The Italian Renaissance: The Origins of Intellectual and Artistic Change before the Renaissance ISBN 0-582-49337-4
Strathern, Paul (2003), The Medici: Godfathers of the Renaissance, ISBN 1844130983
Thorndike, Lynn (1943) 'Renaissance or Prenaissance?'^ RC 172.B67 Cassirer, Ernst, Paul Oskar Kristeller, and John Herman Randall, Jr. The Renaissance Philosophy of Man .
^ The Faun in the Garden: Michelangelo and the Poetic Origins of Italian Renaissance Art .
in "Some Remarks on the Question of the Originality of the Renaissance", Journal of the History of Ideas Vol. 4, No. 1, Jan. 1943
Trivellato, Francesca. .^ Creative Women in Medieval and Early Modern Italy: A Religious and Artistic Renaissance .
82, No. 1: 127-155.
Turner, Richard N. Renaissance Florence (2005) excerpt and text search
Ward, A. The Cambridge Modern History. Vol 1: The Renaissance (1902)
Weiss, Roberto (1969) The Renaissance Discovery of Classical Antiquity, ISBN 1-597-40150-1
Werkmeister, William H. [editor] (1959). Facets of the Renaissance. Los Angeles: University of Southern California Press.
Primary sources
Notes
- ^ "Renaissance, Online Etymology Dictionary". Etymonline.com. http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=renaissance&searchmode=none. Retrieved 2009-07-31.
- ^ BBC Science & Nature, Leonardo da Vinci Retrieved on May 12, 2007
- ^ BBC History, Michelangelo Retrieved on May 12, 2007
- ^ Burke, P., The European Renaissance: Centre and Peripheries (Blackwell, Oxford 1998)
- ^ a b Strathern, Paul The Medici: Godfathers of the Renaissance (2003)
- ^ Encyclopedia Britannica, Renaissance, 2008, O.Ed.
- ^ Har, Michael H. History of Libraries in the Western World, Scarecrow Press Incorporate, 1999, ISBN0810837242
- ^ Norwich, John Julius, A Short History of Byzantium, 1997, Knopf, ISBN0679450882
- ^ a b c d Brotton, J., The Renaissance: A Very Short Introduction, OUP, 2006.
- ^ a b Huizanga, Johan, The Waning of the Middle Ages (1919, trans. 1924)
- ^ a b c Starn, Randolph. "Renaissance Redux" The American Historical Review Vol.103 No.1 p.124 (Subscription required for JSTOR link)
- ^ The Idea of the Renaissance, Richard Hooker, Washington State University Website (Retrieved on May 2)
- ^ Perry, M. Humanities in the Western Tradition, Ch. 13
- ^ a b c d Open University, Looking at the Renaissance: Religious Context in the Renaissance (Retrieved on May 10, 2007)
- ^ Open University, Looking at the Renaissance: Urban economy and government (Retrieved May 15, 2007)
- ^ Stark, Rodney, The Victory of Reason, Random House, NY: 2005
- ^ See below, under "Sources".
- ^ Walker, Paul Robert, The Feud that sparked the Renaissance: How Brunelleschi and Ghiberti Changed the Art World, (New York, Perennial-Harper Collins, 2003)
- ^ Severy, Merle; Thomas b Allen, Ross Bennett, Jules B Billard, Russell Bourne, Edward Lanoutte, David F Robinson, Verla Lee Smith (1970). The Renaissance - Maker of Modern Man. National Geographic Society. ISBN 0870440918.
- ^ For information on this earlier, very different approach to a different set of ancient texts (scientific texts rather than cultural texts) see Latin translations of the 12th century, and Islamic contributions to Medieval Europe.
- ^ L.D. Reynolds and Nigel Wilson, Scribes and Scholars: A guide to the transmission of Greek and Latin Literature Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1974, p.113-123.
- ^ L.D. Reynolds and Nigel G. Wilson, Scribes and scholars p. 123; 130-137.
- ^ Valeriano, Pierio; Gaisser, Julia Haig (1999). Pierio Valeriano on the ill fortune of learned men: a Renaissance humanist and his world. University of Michigan Press. p. 281. ISBN 0472110551, 9780472110551. "Demetrius Chalcondyles was a prominent Greek humanist. He taught Greek in Italy for over forty years."
- ^ a b Bèze, Théodore de; Summers, Kirk M. (2001). A view from the Palatine: the Iuvenilia of Théodore de Bèze. Arizona Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies. p. 442. ISBN 0866982795 9780866982795. "Demetrius Chalcondyles (1423-1511), a Greek refugee who taught Greek at Perugia, Padua, Florence, and Milan. Around 1493 he produced a Greek textbook for beginners."
- ^ L.D. Reynolds and Nigel G. Wilson, Scribes and scholars, p. 119, 131.
- ^ "Demetrius Chalcondyles.". www.britannica.com. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/157045/Demetrius-Chalcondyles. Retrieved 2009-09-24. "Demetrius Chalcondyles – born 1424, Athens [Greece] died 1511, Milan [Italy]. In 1447 Demetrius went to Italy, where Cardinal Bessarion became his patron. He was made professor at Padua in 1463."
- ^ Cubberley, Ellwood Patterson (2008). The History of Education Volume 1. BiblioBazaar, LLC. p. 264. ISBN 0554225239, 9780554225234. "Another Greek of importance was Demetrius Chalcondyles of Athens (1424—1511), who reached Italy in 1447. In 1450 he became professor of Greek at Perugia."
- ^ "Baldassare Castiglione". britannica.com. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/98529/Baldassare-Castiglione. Retrieved 2009-12-26. "Castiglione was educated [by] Demetrius Chalcondyles."
- ^ Valeriano, Pierio; Gaisser, Julia Haig (1999). Pierio Valeriano on the ill fortune of learned men: a Renaissance humanist and his world. University of Michigan Press. p. 281. ISBN 0472110551, 9780472110551. "Demetrius Chalcondyles was a prominent Greek humanist. He taught Greek in Italy for over forty years; among his pupils were Ianus Lascaris, Poliziano, Leo X, Castaglione, Giraldi, Stefano Negri, and Giovanni Maria Cattaneo."
- ^ "Demetrius Chalcondyles.". britannica.com. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/157045/Demetrius-Chalcondyles. Retrieved 2009-09-25. "One of his pupils at Florence was the German scholar Johann Reuchlin."
- ^ History of the Renaissance, HistoryWorld (Retrieved on May 10, 2007)
- ^ Kirshner, Julius, Family and Marriage: A socio-legal perspective, Italy in the Age of the Renaissance: 1300–1550, ed. John M. Najemy (Oxford University Press, 2004) p.89 (Retrieved on 10-05-2007)
- ^ Burckhardt, Jacob, The Revival of Antiquity', The Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy (trans. by S.G.C. Middlemore, 1878)
- ^ Skinner, Quentin, The Foundations of Modern Political Thought, vol I: The Renaissance; vol II: The Age of Reformation, Cambridge University Press, p. 69
- ^ Skinner, Quentin, The Foundations of Modern Political Thought, vol I: The Renaissance; vol II: The Age of Reformation, Cambridge University Press, p. 69)
- ^ Stark, Rodney, The Victory of Reason, New York, Random House, 2005
- ^ Martin, J. and Romano, D., Venice Reconsidered, Baltimore, Johns Hopkins University, 2000
- ^ a b Burckhardt, Jacob, The Republics: Venice and Florence, The Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy, translated by S.G.C. Middlemore, 1878.
- ^ For more, see Barbara Tuchman's book, A Distant Mirror.
- ^ The End of Europe's Middle Ages: The Black Death University of Calgary website. (Retrieved on April 5, 2007)
- ^ a b Burckhardt, Jacob, The Development of the Individual, The Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy, translated by S.G.C. Middlemore, 1878.
- ^ Stephens, J., Individualism and the cult of creative personality, The Italian Renaissance, New York, 1990 p. 121.
- ^ Burke, P., The spread of Italian humanism, in The impact of humanism on western Europe, ed. A. Goodman and A. MacKay, London, 1990, p. 2.
- ^ As asserted by Gianozzo Manetti in On the Dignity and Excellence of Man, cited in Clare, J., Italian Renaissance.
- ^ Clare, John D. & Millen, Alan, Italian Renaissance, London, 1994, p. 14.
- ^ Stork, David G. Optics and Realism in Renaissance Art (Retrieved on May 10, 2007)
- ^ Vasari, Giorgio, Lives of the Artists, translated by George Bull, Penguin Classics, 1965, ISBN 0-14-044-164-6.
- ^ Peter Brueghel Biography, Web Gallery of Art (Retrieved on May 10, 2007)
- ^ Hooker, Richard, Architecture and Public Space (Retrieved on May 10, 2007)
- ^ Saalman, Howard (1993). Filippo Brunelleschi: The Buildings. Zwemmer.
- ^ Butterfield, Herbert, The Origins of Modern Science, 1300–1800, p. viii
- ^ Shapin, Steven. The Scientific Revolution, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996, p. 1.
- ^ a b c Brotton, J., "Science and Philosophy", The Renaissance: A Very Short Introduction OUP, 2006.
- ^ Capra, Fritjof, The Science of Leonardo; Inside the Mind of the Great Genius of the Renaissance, New York, Doubleday, 2007.
- ^ Van Doren, Charles, A History of Knowledge, New York, Ballantine, 1991.
- ^ Catholic Encyclopedia, Western Schism (Retrieved on May 10, 2007)
- ^ Catholic Encyclopedia, Alexander VI (Retrieved on May 10, 2007)
- ^ a b Panofsky, Erwin. Renaissance and Renascences in Western Art, New York: Harper and Row, 1960.
- ^ The Open University Guide to the Renaissance, Defining the Renaissance (Retrieved on May 10, 2007)
- ^ Sohm, Philip. Style in the Art Theory of Early Modern Italy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001)
- ^ "the influences of the florentine renaissance in hungary". Fondazione-delbianco.org. http://www.fondazione-delbianco.org/inglese/relaz00_01/mester.htm. Retrieved 2009-07-31.
- ^ a b Czigány, Lóránt, A History of Hungarian Literature, "The Renaissance in Hungary" (Retrieved on May 10, 2007)
- ^ Marcus Tanner, The Raven King: Matthias Corvinus and the Fate of his Lost Library (New Haven: Yale U.P., 2008)
- ^ [1]
- ^ (1494,%E2%80%93,1557),1958.html History of Poland on Polish Government's website (Retrieved on April 4–2007)
- ^ For example, the re-establishment of Jagiellonian University in 1400.
- ^ Review of Lewis Spitz, The Religious Renaissance of the German Humanists. Review by Gerald Strauss, English Historical Review, Vol. 80, No. 314, p.156. Available on JSTOR (subscription required).
- ^ a b Láng, Paul Henry. "The So Called Netherlands Schools," The Musical Quarterly, Vol. 25, No. 1. (Jan., 1939), pp. 48–59. (Subscription required for JSTOR link.)
- ^ Painting in Oil in the Low Countries and Its Spread to Southern Europe, Metropolitan Museum of Art website. (Retrieved April 5–2007)
- ^ Celenza, Christopher, (2004) The Lost Italian Renaissance: Humanists, Historians, and Latin's Legacy.Baltimore, Johns Hopkins University Press
- ^ "Defining the Renaissance, Open University". Open.ac.uk. http://www.open.ac.uk/Arts/renaissance2/defining.htm. Retrieved 2009-07-31.
- ^ Michelet, Jules. History of France, trans. G. H. Smith (New York: D. Appleton, 1847)
- ^ Burckhardt, Jacob. The Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy (trans. S.G.C Middlemore, London, 1878)
- ^ Gay, Peter, Style in History, New York: Basic Books, 1974.
- ^ Burckhardt, Jacob, The Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy, http://www.boisestate.edu/courses/hy309/docs/burckhardt/2-1.html, retrieved August 31, 2008
- ^ Savonarola's popularity is a prime example of the manifestation of such concerns. Other examples include Philip II of Spain's censorship of Florentine paintings, noted by Edward L. Goldberg, "Spanish Values and Tuscan Painting", Renaissance Quarterly (1998) p.914
- ^ Renaissance Forum at Hull University, Autumn 1997 (Retrieved on 10-05-2007)
- ^ Lopez, Robert S., and Miskimin, Harry A., The Economic Depression of the Renaissance, Economic History Review, 2nd ser., 14 (1962), pp. 408-26. Available on JSTOR (subscription required)
- ^ Thorndike, Lynn (1943) Renaissance or Prenaissance? in "Some Remarks on the Question of the Originality of the Renaissance", Journal of the History of Ideas Vol. 4, No. 1, Jan. 1943. Available on JSTOR (subscription required)
- ^ Greenblatt, S. Renaissance Self-Fashioning: From More to Shakespeare, University of Chicago Press, 1980.
- ^ Osborne, Roger, Civilization: a new history of the Western world, Pegasus Books, 2006.
- ^ Haskins, Charles Homer, The Renaissance of the Twelfth Century, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1927.
- ^ Hubert, Jean, L’Empire carolingien, (English: The Carolingian Renaissance, translated by James Emmons, New York: G. Braziller, 1970.
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