From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Rock and roll (often written as
rock & roll or
rock 'n' roll) is a genre of popular music that originated and evolved in the United States during the late 1940s and early 1950s,
[1][2] primarily from a combination of the
blues,
country music[3] and
gospel music.
[4] .^ May 20th, 2009 3:04 pm ET Rock and roll began as an offshoot of a type of the blues, with a little bit of folk music and jazz thrown.- Saving rock 'n' roll – The Marquee Blog - CNN.com Blogs 14 January 2010 20:020 UTC marquee.blogs.cnn.com [Source type: General]
^ All in all, when its music again and not a produced money tree product rock and roll, country, soul, r&b, and every other type of music will be better off.- Saving rock 'n' roll – The Marquee Blog - CNN.com Blogs 14 January 2010 20:020 UTC marquee.blogs.cnn.com [Source type: General]
^ Rock and Roll basically just 'sold out' to the easy profits of selling anything that can be recorded (and fining folks for zillions for 'illegal' downloads, etc.- Saving rock 'n' roll – The Marquee Blog - CNN.com Blogs 14 January 2010 20:020 UTC marquee.blogs.cnn.com [Source type: General]
[6][7] .^ Students can hear clips of funk, blues, gospel, motown, country and blues music from famous artists.
^ As one of the early pioneers of the dynamic New York City Punk scene, Patti Smith has been creating her unique blend of poetic rock n' roll for over a quarter .
^ McLean seems to be lamenting the lack of "danceable" music in rock and roll and (in part) attributing that lack to the absence of Buddy Holly et.
[9]
.^ Little Steven is right: rock and roll a craft, and should be tackled with both fervency and skill.- Saving rock 'n' roll – The Marquee Blog - CNN.com Blogs 14 January 2010 20:020 UTC marquee.blogs.cnn.com [Source type: General]
^ Rock and Roll cover songs from the 50s until the present time have been the mainstain of both bands.- Saving rock 'n' roll – The Marquee Blog - CNN.com Blogs 14 January 2010 20:020 UTC marquee.blogs.cnn.com [Source type: General]
^ SCC_Skwerl+Now+was+that+a+nose+lick+or+a+chin+lick%3F+Because+we%27ve+established+they%27re+two+different+things...'- Set it Free to Compete? : Dale Larson 16 September 2009 1:25 UTC dalelarson.com [Source type: General]
.^ That's because it's all great music and it's time for American music lovers to embrace it for what it is...Good Rock N' Roll.- Saving rock 'n' roll – The Marquee Blog - CNN.com Blogs 14 January 2010 20:020 UTC marquee.blogs.cnn.com [Source type: General]
^ If you think rock 'n roll's youth is wondering around in a music wasteland then it's because the music industry dictates that.- Saving rock 'n' roll – The Marquee Blog - CNN.com Blogs 14 January 2010 20:020 UTC marquee.blogs.cnn.com [Source type: General]
^ May 20th, 2009 10:24 pm ET The state of mainstream rock has been in a downward spiral this whole decade...however, this decade has also produced some of the most artistic music, both lyrically and musically.- Saving rock 'n' roll – The Marquee Blog - CNN.com Blogs 14 January 2010 20:020 UTC marquee.blogs.cnn.com [Source type: General]
Allwords.com, however, refers specifically to the music of the 1950s.
[12] For the purpose of differentiation, this article uses the latter definition, while the broader musical genre is discussed in the
rock music article.
.^ I'm either very late or extremely early.- Set it Free to Compete? : Dale Larson 16 September 2009 1:25 UTC dalelarson.com [Source type: General]
^ May 20th, 2009 2:07 pm ET There is definitely a lack of good rock & roll these days.- Saving rock 'n' roll – The Marquee Blog - CNN.com Blogs 14 January 2010 20:020 UTC marquee.blogs.cnn.com [Source type: General]
^ What really is killing rock and roll are groups forming that don't know how to play an instrument (rap).- Saving rock 'n' roll – The Marquee Blog - CNN.com Blogs 14 January 2010 20:020 UTC marquee.blogs.cnn.com [Source type: General]
[13] .^ I'm a drummer and I've always thought of drums as being melodic as well as just to provide a beat.- Saving rock 'n' roll – The Marquee Blog - CNN.com Blogs 14 January 2010 20:020 UTC marquee.blogs.cnn.com [Source type: General]
[14] .^ By his own definition, he should not be allowed to be "rock n roll" because rock is made by and played for the young, right??- Saving rock 'n' roll – The Marquee Blog - CNN.com Blogs 14 January 2010 20:020 UTC marquee.blogs.cnn.com [Source type: General]
^ As one of the early pioneers of the dynamic New York City Punk scene, Patti Smith has been creating her unique blend of poetic rock n' roll for over a quarter .
^ That's the reason that the "AWE" of a guy ripping some great guitar, with another guy actually thumping a bass guitar, with another human being creating beats live (I'm talking about actually playing the drums) capped by an awesome singer has gone away.- Saving rock 'n' roll – The Marquee Blog - CNN.com Blogs 14 January 2010 20:020 UTC marquee.blogs.cnn.com [Source type: General]
[13]
.^ May 20th, 2009 3:04 pm ET Rock and roll began as an offshoot of a type of the blues, with a little bit of folk music and jazz thrown.- Saving rock 'n' roll – The Marquee Blog - CNN.com Blogs 14 January 2010 20:020 UTC marquee.blogs.cnn.com [Source type: General]
^ Book 2 - 1960s Rock N Roll Links .
[15] The massive popularity and eventual worldwide view of rock and roll gave it a widespread social impact.
.^ Rock n' roll is the music of youth, but it's almost 60 years old.- Saving rock 'n' roll – The Marquee Blog - CNN.com Blogs 14 January 2010 20:020 UTC marquee.blogs.cnn.com [Source type: General]
^ McLean seems to be lamenting the lack of "danceable" music in rock and roll and (in part) attributing that lack to the absence of Buddy Holly et.
^ May 20th, 2009 3:04 pm ET Rock and roll began as an offshoot of a type of the blues, with a little bit of folk music and jazz thrown.- Saving rock 'n' roll – The Marquee Blog - CNN.com Blogs 14 January 2010 20:020 UTC marquee.blogs.cnn.com [Source type: General]
.^ May 20th, 2009 10:31 pm ET I believe so much in Rock and Roll that I started a festival in Duluth, MN called The Tribute Fest.- Saving rock 'n' roll – The Marquee Blog - CNN.com Blogs 14 January 2010 20:020 UTC marquee.blogs.cnn.com [Source type: General]
^ Maybe we should STOP CALLING EVERYTHING ROCK. Yes Chuck Berry was rock.- Saving rock 'n' roll – The Marquee Blog - CNN.com Blogs 14 January 2010 20:020 UTC marquee.blogs.cnn.com [Source type: General]
^ May 20th, 2009 10:31 pm ET I think rock n roll is in cardiac arrest and seriously needs a jump start.- Saving rock 'n' roll – The Marquee Blog - CNN.com Blogs 14 January 2010 20:020 UTC marquee.blogs.cnn.com [Source type: General]
[16]
.^ I know this sounds naive but bring back the simpler times when rock and roll was clean and the only language you heard was good old fashioned lyrics that told a story.- Saving rock 'n' roll – The Marquee Blog - CNN.com Blogs 14 January 2010 20:020 UTC marquee.blogs.cnn.com [Source type: General]
^ It's far from it, from what Ive seen it's actually doing quite well, just not in the eyes of the record execs who want to see bank rolls not creativity.- Saving rock 'n' roll – The Marquee Blog - CNN.com Blogs 14 January 2010 20:020 UTC marquee.blogs.cnn.com [Source type: General]
^ McLean seems to be lamenting the lack of "danceable" music in rock and roll and (in part) attributing that lack to the absence of Buddy Holly et.
It went on to spawn various sub-genres, often without the initially characteristic backbeat, that are now more commonly called simply "rock music" or "rock".
Origins of the style
.^ McLean seems to be lamenting the lack of "danceable" music in rock and roll and (in part) attributing that lack to the absence of Buddy Holly et.
^ May 20th, 2009 3:04 pm ET Rock and roll began as an offshoot of a type of the blues, with a little bit of folk music and jazz thrown.- Saving rock 'n' roll – The Marquee Blog - CNN.com Blogs 14 January 2010 20:020 UTC marquee.blogs.cnn.com [Source type: General]
^ TRUE rock n' roll is about telling stories, spreading messages, all the while adding in some nice beats and killer music.- Saving rock 'n' roll – The Marquee Blog - CNN.com Blogs 14 January 2010 20:020 UTC marquee.blogs.cnn.com [Source type: General]
[17] .^ The history of rock and roll's most famous offices and the songwriters who inhabited them, including Carole King, Neil Diamond, Neil Sedaka, Burt Bacharach and ...
^ That's because it's all great music and it's time for American music lovers to embrace it for what it is...Good Rock N' Roll.- Saving rock 'n' roll – The Marquee Blog - CNN.com Blogs 14 January 2010 20:020 UTC marquee.blogs.cnn.com [Source type: General]
^ If you think rock 'n roll's youth is wondering around in a music wasteland then it's because the music industry dictates that.- Saving rock 'n' roll – The Marquee Blog - CNN.com Blogs 14 January 2010 20:020 UTC marquee.blogs.cnn.com [Source type: General]
[18] .^ A lot of the new bands don't have a clue on where the music came from and what's really sad is I don't think they care or even realized they should care.- Saving rock 'n' roll – The Marquee Blog - CNN.com Blogs 14 January 2010 20:020 UTC marquee.blogs.cnn.com [Source type: General]
^ There are so many good bands that are not even heard of, why ...- Saving rock 'n' roll – The Marquee Blog - CNN.com Blogs 14 January 2010 20:020 UTC marquee.blogs.cnn.com [Source type: General]
^ As one of the early pioneers of the dynamic New York City Punk scene, Patti Smith has been creating her unique blend of poetic rock n' roll for over a quarter .
[19][20] Radio stations that made white and black forms of music available to other groups, the development and spread of the
gramophone record, and musical styles such as
jazz and
swing which were taken up by both black and white musicians, aided this process of "cultural collision".
[21]
.^ Something that we can't even call rock and roll.- Saving rock 'n' roll – The Marquee Blog - CNN.com Blogs 14 January 2010 20:020 UTC marquee.blogs.cnn.com [Source type: General]
^ Rock and Roll / Rhythm and Blues from 1948 to 1953.
^ Students can hear clips of funk, blues, gospel, motown, country and blues music from famous artists.
[17] .^ Students can hear clips of funk, blues, gospel, motown, country and blues music from famous artists.
^ May 20th, 2009 3:04 pm ET Rock and roll began as an offshoot of a type of the blues, with a little bit of folk music and jazz thrown.- Saving rock 'n' roll – The Marquee Blog - CNN.com Blogs 14 January 2010 20:020 UTC marquee.blogs.cnn.com [Source type: General]
[17] .^ Although all the schools in a given district were supposed to be equal, most black schools were far inferior to their white counterparts..
^ I made a comment to my wife when we were in the car listening to the new format – "your're listening to the new 93.3" – "all whine – all the time".- Saving rock 'n' roll – The Marquee Blog - CNN.com Blogs 14 January 2010 20:020 UTC marquee.blogs.cnn.com [Source type: General]
^ If you look at the biggest successes in the history of music (as in everything else), they are always completely original, new and different and seem to "come out of nowhere".- Saving rock 'n' roll – The Marquee Blog - CNN.com Blogs 14 January 2010 20:020 UTC marquee.blogs.cnn.com [Source type: General]
[22][23][24]
.^ The music business talent scouts always choose the safe "white bread choice" which sounds like the last white bread hit record.- Saving rock 'n' roll – The Marquee Blog - CNN.com Blogs 14 January 2010 20:020 UTC marquee.blogs.cnn.com [Source type: General]
^ They made it okay to package a band based on looks first.- Saving rock 'n' roll – The Marquee Blog - CNN.com Blogs 14 January 2010 20:020 UTC marquee.blogs.cnn.com [Source type: General]
^ Similarly, the improbable fusion of rodeo music and caribbean folk melodies that came to be known as rock'n'roll was a dance-based form based on the electric guitar.- Saving rock 'n' roll – The Marquee Blog - CNN.com Blogs 14 January 2010 20:020 UTC marquee.blogs.cnn.com [Source type: General]
[23][25] The 1940s saw the increased use of blaring horns (including saxophones), shouted lyrics and boogie woogie beats in jazz based music. During and immediately after
World War II, with shortages of fuel and limitations on audiences and available personnel, large
jazz bands were less economical and tended to be replaced by smaller combos, using guitars, bass and drums.
[17][26] In the same period, particularly on the
West Coast and in the
Midwest, the development of
jump blues, with its guitar riffs, prominent beats and shouted lyrics, prefigured many later developments.
[17] Similarly,
country boogie and Chicago
electric blues supplied many of the elements that would be seen as characteristic of rock and roll.
[17]
.^ The entire song is a tribute to Buddy Holly and a commentary on how rock and roll changed in the years since his death.
^ The story of Sun Records founder Sam Phillips is very much the story of rock 'n' roll.
[17] .^ The issue is that MTV and the radio stations will not play it.- Saving rock 'n' roll – The Marquee Blog - CNN.com Blogs 14 January 2010 20:020 UTC marquee.blogs.cnn.com [Source type: General]
^ If you want to change the music industry you have to speak the language of cash!- Saving rock 'n' roll – The Marquee Blog - CNN.com Blogs 14 January 2010 20:020 UTC marquee.blogs.cnn.com [Source type: General]
^ Commercial radio does not play the much of the best music that is released, largely due to the fact that they fear it will result in a drop in listeners.- Saving rock 'n' roll – The Marquee Blog - CNN.com Blogs 14 January 2010 20:020 UTC marquee.blogs.cnn.com [Source type: General]
[17] .^ That's because it's all great music and it's time for American music lovers to embrace it for what it is...Good Rock N' Roll.- Saving rock 'n' roll – The Marquee Blog - CNN.com Blogs 14 January 2010 20:020 UTC marquee.blogs.cnn.com [Source type: General]
^ If you think rock 'n roll's youth is wondering around in a music wasteland then it's because the music industry dictates that.- Saving rock 'n' roll – The Marquee Blog - CNN.com Blogs 14 January 2010 20:020 UTC marquee.blogs.cnn.com [Source type: General]
^ It's just computer generated & stolen choruses from Real Rock & Roll artists.- Saving rock 'n' roll – The Marquee Blog - CNN.com Blogs 14 January 2010 20:020 UTC marquee.blogs.cnn.com [Source type: General]
[17]
Origins of the phrase
.^ May 20th, 2009 3:04 pm ET Rock and roll began as an offshoot of a type of the blues, with a little bit of folk music and jazz thrown.- Saving rock 'n' roll – The Marquee Blog - CNN.com Blogs 14 January 2010 20:020 UTC marquee.blogs.cnn.com [Source type: General]
.^ The official website of the DJ who coined the phrase 'Rock and Roll'.
^ Rock-n-Roll has always had sex in it but it used to also have an option about the world, it dealt in fantasy, and struggle.- Saving rock 'n' roll – The Marquee Blog - CNN.com Blogs 14 January 2010 20:020 UTC marquee.blogs.cnn.com [Source type: General]
^ Used to be that you had to "Pay your Dues" in Rock & Roll.- Saving rock 'n' roll – The Marquee Blog - CNN.com Blogs 14 January 2010 20:020 UTC marquee.blogs.cnn.com [Source type: General]
[27] .^ Rock-n-Roll has always had sex in it but it used to also have an option about the world, it dealt in fantasy, and struggle.- Saving rock 'n' roll – The Marquee Blog - CNN.com Blogs 14 January 2010 20:020 UTC marquee.blogs.cnn.com [Source type: General]
^ Used to be that you had to "Pay your Dues" in Rock & Roll.- Saving rock 'n' roll – The Marquee Blog - CNN.com Blogs 14 January 2010 20:020 UTC marquee.blogs.cnn.com [Source type: General]
^ May 20th, 2009 3:04 pm ET Rock and roll began as an offshoot of a type of the blues, with a little bit of folk music and jazz thrown.- Saving rock 'n' roll – The Marquee Blog - CNN.com Blogs 14 January 2010 20:020 UTC marquee.blogs.cnn.com [Source type: General]
[28] .^ Rock and Roll / Rhythm and Blues from 1948 to 1953.
^ That said, there are some bands within or around the rock and roll neighborhood that merit our appreciation and who may one day rise to the level of esteem of performers such as those listed in djohnson's post.- Saving rock 'n' roll – The Marquee Blog - CNN.com Blogs 14 January 2010 20:020 UTC marquee.blogs.cnn.com [Source type: General]
^ As one of the early pioneers of the dynamic New York City Punk scene, Patti Smith has been creating her unique blend of poetic rock n' roll for over a quarter .
[29]
.^ That being said, it has been a long time since something transcendent came out of rock.- Saving rock 'n' roll – The Marquee Blog - CNN.com Blogs 14 January 2010 20:020 UTC marquee.blogs.cnn.com [Source type: General]
^ I completely agree with Little Steven-there is a need in rock to look back, listen to, and absorb the history and music that has come before.- Saving rock 'n' roll – The Marquee Blog - CNN.com Blogs 14 January 2010 20:020 UTC marquee.blogs.cnn.com [Source type: General]
^ Used vinyl record shops are popping up in towns all over the place with many of the young buying not only rock and Roll but also the Blues which is truly the beginning of Rock and Roll.- Saving rock 'n' roll – The Marquee Blog - CNN.com Blogs 14 January 2010 20:020 UTC marquee.blogs.cnn.com [Source type: General]
[30] .^ Used to be that you had to "Pay your Dues" in Rock & Roll.- Saving rock 'n' roll – The Marquee Blog - CNN.com Blogs 14 January 2010 20:020 UTC marquee.blogs.cnn.com [Source type: General]
^ They are the only real rock n' roll band today.- Saving rock 'n' roll – The Marquee Blog - CNN.com Blogs 14 January 2010 20:020 UTC marquee.blogs.cnn.com [Source type: General]
^ In the mean time, I do other things.- Set it Free to Compete? : Dale Larson 16 September 2009 1:25 UTC dalelarson.com [Source type: General]
[37]
.^ Rock-n-Roll has always had sex in it but it used to also have an option about the world, it dealt in fantasy, and struggle.- Saving rock 'n' roll – The Marquee Blog - CNN.com Blogs 14 January 2010 20:020 UTC marquee.blogs.cnn.com [Source type: General]
^ Used to be that you had to "Pay your Dues" in Rock & Roll.- Saving rock 'n' roll – The Marquee Blog - CNN.com Blogs 14 January 2010 20:020 UTC marquee.blogs.cnn.com [Source type: General]
^ McLean seems to be lamenting the lack of "danceable" music in rock and roll and (in part) attributing that lack to the absence of Buddy Holly et.
.^ But alternative rock, country rock, indie rock.- Saving rock 'n' roll – The Marquee Blog - CNN.com Blogs 14 January 2010 20:020 UTC marquee.blogs.cnn.com [Source type: General]
^ Corporations don't give a rodent's behind about rock and roll, and if you DO, then you have to support your local musicians and maybe it will come back.- Saving rock 'n' roll – The Marquee Blog - CNN.com Blogs 14 January 2010 20:020 UTC marquee.blogs.cnn.com [Source type: General]
^ Please, someone, anyone in the Rock & Roll Industry..Bring back the days of the rock band that has Consistency & Originality..And most of all Longevity!- Saving rock 'n' roll – The Marquee Blog - CNN.com Blogs 14 January 2010 20:020 UTC marquee.blogs.cnn.com [Source type: General]
These men would sing hammer songs to keep the pace of their hammer swings.
.^ Rock really has crumbled down into a mass-produced festival of generic garbage.- Saving rock 'n' roll – The Marquee Blog - CNN.com Blogs 14 January 2010 20:020 UTC marquee.blogs.cnn.com [Source type: General]
.^ Now, who can explain how my underwear ended up on back to front or why I would waste an extra day of wear?- Set it Free to Compete? : Dale Larson 16 September 2009 1:25 UTC dalelarson.com [Source type: General]
^ The history of rock and roll's most famous offices and the songwriters who inhabited them, including Carole King, Neil Diamond, Neil Sedaka, Burt Bacharach and ...
^ The official website of the DJ who coined the phrase 'Rock and Roll'.
[42]
Early rock and roll records
.^ The story of Sun Records founder Sam Phillips is very much the story of rock 'n' roll.
^ Information and photos of Johnny OKeefe, Australias first king of Rock & Roll.
.^ As one of the early pioneers of the dynamic New York City Punk scene, Patti Smith has been creating her unique blend of poetic rock n' roll for over a quarter .
^ Founders of Mersey Beat magazine, Press agents for many rock n roll artists.
^ The story of Sun Records founder Sam Phillips is very much the story of rock 'n' roll.
[43] Sister Rosetta Tharpe was also recording shouting, stomping music in the 1930s and 1940s that in some ways contained major elements of mid-1950s rock and roll.
.^ Now, who can explain how my underwear ended up on back to front or why I would waste an extra day of wear?- Set it Free to Compete? : Dale Larson 16 September 2009 1:25 UTC dalelarson.com [Source type: General]
^ The entire song is a tribute to Buddy Holly and a commentary on how rock and roll changed in the years since his death.
^ I think I'll get up in an hour or two to hit the gym|love my new hobby and the body imma have with it BAM!!- Set it Free to Compete? : Dale Larson 16 September 2009 1:25 UTC dalelarson.com [Source type: General]
[48]
.^ Billboard Magazine Top Hits by year .
^ "First Wave" of Australian rock.
^ The story of Sun Records founder Sam Phillips is very much the story of rock 'n' roll.
[43] .^ Billboard Magazine Top Hits by year .
^ From the first syllable of recorded time - this is the story of plastic that shook the world, a guide to the key players and events, which shaped the record's development .
^ Information and photos of Johnny OKeefe, Australias first king of Rock & Roll.
[50]
.^ As one of the early pioneers of the dynamic New York City Punk scene, Patti Smith has been creating her unique blend of poetic rock n' roll for over a quarter .
^ See short clips of early Rock & Roll Dance Steps .
^ Founders of Mersey Beat magazine, Press agents for many rock n roll artists.
Rock and roll however has a greater emphasis on the
backbeat than boogie woogie.
[51] .^ Founders of Mersey Beat magazine, Press agents for many rock n roll artists.
^ U? 07/09/09 12:50pm en +...the+Labor+Dept+spin+on+new+jobless+claims+%27dropping%27+to+565K+is+either+comical+or+criminal.'- Set it Free to Compete? : Dale Larson 16 September 2009 1:25 UTC dalelarson.com [Source type: General]
[52]
.^ Chuck Berry - History-of-Rock .
^ Book 8 Wired for Sound (The Technology) Rock N Roll Links .
From the early 1950s,
[53] Little Richard combined gospel with
New Orleans R&B, heavy backbeat,
[54] pounding piano and wailing vocals.
[55] .^ Face it, rock music as we have long enjoyed it is dead and the need is for the " next big thing".- Saving rock 'n' roll – The Marquee Blog - CNN.com Blogs 14 January 2010 20:020 UTC marquee.blogs.cnn.com [Source type: General]
^ That's because it's all great music and it's time for American music lovers to embrace it for what it is...Good Rock N' Roll.- Saving rock 'n' roll – The Marquee Blog - CNN.com Blogs 14 January 2010 20:020 UTC marquee.blogs.cnn.com [Source type: General]
^ It's just computer generated & stolen choruses from Real Rock & Roll artists.- Saving rock 'n' roll – The Marquee Blog - CNN.com Blogs 14 January 2010 20:020 UTC marquee.blogs.cnn.com [Source type: General]
[56][57][58] .^ Visit the STACKS Museum of American Soul Music for a special Web Adventures designed programme featuring the development of American Soul Music and all the contributing forms of music which has made soul music what it is today.
^ McLean seems to be lamenting the lack of "danceable" music in rock and roll and (in part) attributing that lack to the absence of Buddy Holly et.
^ Information and photos of Johnny OKeefe, Australias first king of Rock & Roll.
[57]
.^ As one of the early pioneers of the dynamic New York City Punk scene, Patti Smith has been creating her unique blend of poetic rock n' roll for over a quarter .
^ McLean seems to be lamenting the lack of "danceable" music in rock and roll and (in part) attributing that lack to the absence of Buddy Holly et.
^ The official website of the DJ who coined the phrase 'Rock and Roll'.
[59]
The cover of Elvis Presley's debut RCA Victor album. Photo taken on January 31, 1955
Rockabilly
.^ McLean seems to be lamenting the lack of "danceable" music in rock and roll and (in part) attributing that lack to the absence of Buddy Holly et.
^ This web page attempts to explore the roots of rock in such a way as to illuminate the natural progression of musical styles.
^ The official website of the DJ who coined the phrase 'Rock and Roll'.
[60] Many other popular rock and roll singers of the time, such as Fats Domino and Little Richard, came out of the black rhythm and blues tradition, making the music attractive to white audiences, and are not usually classed as "rockabilly".
.^ The story of Sun Records founder Sam Phillips is very much the story of rock 'n' roll.
^ Listen to early Rock n Roll hits - That's All Right Baby, Around The Clock Blues, Shake, Rattle and Roll .
^ Sam Phillips - Sun Records .
[61] .^ Information about Bill Haley and his Comets.
^ Information and photos of Johnny OKeefe, Australias first king of Rock & Roll.
^ The entire song is a tribute to Buddy Holly and a commentary on how rock and roll changed in the years since his death.
The song became one of the biggest hits in history, and frenzied teens flocked to see Haley and the Comets perform it, causing riots in some cities.
.^ McLean seems to be lamenting the lack of "danceable" music in rock and roll and (in part) attributing that lack to the absence of Buddy Holly et.
^ Listen to early Rock n Roll hits - That's All Right Baby, Around The Clock Blues, Shake, Rattle and Roll .
If everything that came before laid the groundwork, "Clock" introduced the music to a global audience.
[61]
In 1956 the arrival of rockabilly was underlined by the success of songs like "
Folsom Prison Blues" by
Johnny Cash, "
Blue Suede Shoes" by Perkins and "
Heartbreak Hotel" by Presley.
[62] .^ Rock N Roll died years ago.- Saving rock 'n' roll – The Marquee Blog - CNN.com Blogs 14 January 2010 20:020 UTC marquee.blogs.cnn.com [Source type: General]
^ The 45rpm single helped form rock'n'roll; can it again?- Saving rock 'n' roll – The Marquee Blog - CNN.com Blogs 14 January 2010 20:020 UTC marquee.blogs.cnn.com [Source type: General]
^ I feel that part of the reason that rock and roll, and most other music for that matter, is suffering is actually about looks.- Saving rock 'n' roll – The Marquee Blog - CNN.com Blogs 14 January 2010 20:020 UTC marquee.blogs.cnn.com [Source type: General]
.^ McLean seems to be lamenting the lack of "danceable" music in rock and roll and (in part) attributing that lack to the absence of Buddy Holly et.
^ The entire song is a tribute to Buddy Holly and a commentary on how rock and roll changed in the years since his death.
^ This web page attempts to explore the roots of rock in such a way as to illuminate the natural progression of musical styles.
[63]
Doo wop
.^ The history of rock and roll's most famous offices and the songwriters who inhabited them, including Carole King, Neil Diamond, Neil Sedaka, Burt Bacharach and ...
^ As one of the early pioneers of the dynamic New York City Punk scene, Patti Smith has been creating her unique blend of poetic rock n' roll for over a quarter .
^ McLean seems to be lamenting the lack of "danceable" music in rock and roll and (in part) attributing that lack to the absence of Buddy Holly et.
[64] Its origins were in African American vocal groups of the 1930s and 40s, like the
Inkspots and the
Mills Brothers, who had enjoyed considerable commercial success with arrangements based around close harmonies.
[65] They were followed by 1940s R&B vocal acts like
The Orioles,
The Ravens and
The Clovers, who injected a strong element of traditional gospel and, increasingly, the energy of
Jump blues.
[65] .^ May 20th, 2009 3:04 pm ET Rock and roll began as an offshoot of a type of the blues, with a little bit of folk music and jazz thrown.- Saving rock 'n' roll – The Marquee Blog - CNN.com Blogs 14 January 2010 20:020 UTC marquee.blogs.cnn.com [Source type: General]
^ TRUE rock n' roll is about telling stories, spreading messages, all the while adding in some nice beats and killer music.- Saving rock 'n' roll – The Marquee Blog - CNN.com Blogs 14 January 2010 20:020 UTC marquee.blogs.cnn.com [Source type: General]
^ That's because it's all great music and it's time for American music lovers to embrace it for what it is...Good Rock N' Roll.- Saving rock 'n' roll – The Marquee Blog - CNN.com Blogs 14 January 2010 20:020 UTC marquee.blogs.cnn.com [Source type: General]
[65] Despite the subsequent explosion in records from doo wop acts in the later 50s, many failed to chart or were one-hit wonders. Exceptions included
The Platters, with songs including "
The Great Pretender" (1955) and
The Coasters with humorous songs like "
Yakety Yak" (1958), both of which ranked among the most successful rock and roll acts of the era.
[65] Towards the end of the decade there were increasing numbers of white, particularly Italian American, singers taking up Doo Wop, creating all-white groups like
The Mystics and
Dion and the Belmonts and racially integrated groups like
The Dell Vikings and
The Impalas.
[65] Doo wop would be a major influence on vocal surf music, soul and early Merseybeat, including the Beatles.
[65]
Cover versions
Main article:
Cover version
Many of the earliest white rock and roll hits were covers or partial re-writes of earlier rhythm and blues or blues songs.
.^ You%27re+either+up+very+early+or+stayed+up+very+late...+Thanks+for+reading%2C+Jen...'- Set it Free to Compete? : Dale Larson 16 September 2009 1:25 UTC dalelarson.com [Source type: General]
[66] Before the efforts of Freed and others, black music was taboo on many white-owned radio outlets, but artists and producers quickly recognized the potential of rock and roll.
[67] Most of Presley's early hits were covers, like "
That's All Right" (a countrified arrangement of a blues number), its flip side "
Blue Moon of Kentucky", "
Baby, Let's Play House", "
Lawdy Miss Clawdy" and "
Hound Dog".
[68]
Covers were customary in the music industry at the time; it was made particularly easy by the
compulsory license provision of
United States copyright law (still in effect).
[69] .^ Slash5150+almost+every+image.+All+the+good+ones%2C+rather+than+like+4+or+5.+As+for+the+first+photographer%2C+no+idea.'- Set it Free to Compete? : Dale Larson 16 September 2009 1:25 UTC dalelarson.com [Source type: General]
The more familiar sound of these covers may have been more palatable to white audiences, there may have been an element of prejudice, but labels aimed at the white market also had much better distribution networks and were generally much more profitable.
[72] Famously,
Pat Boone recorded sanitized versions of Little Richard songs. Later, as those songs became popular, the original artists' recordings received radio play as well.
[73]
The cover versions were not necessarily straightforward imitations.
.^ McLean seems to be lamenting the lack of "danceable" music in rock and roll and (in part) attributing that lack to the absence of Buddy Holly et.
^ See short clips of early Rock & Roll Dance Steps .
^ The entire song is a tribute to Buddy Holly and a commentary on how rock and roll changed in the years since his death.
[76]
Decline
.^ Early North American rock and roll (1953-1963) .
^ See short clips of early Rock & Roll Dance Steps .
^ As one of the early pioneers of the dynamic New York City Punk scene, Patti Smith has been creating her unique blend of poetic rock n' roll for over a quarter .
[77][78] By 1959, the death of
Buddy Holly,
The Big Bopper and
Richie Valens in a plane crash, the departure of Elvis for the army, the retirement of Little Richard to become a preacher, prosecutions of
Jerry Lee Lewis and
Chuck Berry and the breaking of the
payola scandal (which implicated major figures, including Alan Freed, in bribery and corruption in promoting individual acts or songs), gave a sense that the initial rock and roll era had come to an end.
[43] There was also a process that has been described as the "feminisation" of rock and roll, with the charts beginning to be dominated by love ballads, often aimed at a female audience, and the rise of girl groups like
The Shirelles and
The Crystals.
[79] Some historians of music have pointed to important and innovative developments that built on rock and roll in this period, including
multitrack recording, developed by
Les Paul, the electronic treatment of sound by such innovators as
Joe Meek, and the
Wall of Sound productions of
Phil Spector, continued desegregation of the charts, the rise of
surf music,
garage rock and the
Twist dance craze.
[80]
British rock and roll
In the 1950s, Britain was well placed to receive American rock and roll music and culture.
[81] It shared a common language, had been exposed to American culture through the stationing of troops in the country, and shared many social developments, including the emergence of distinct youth sub-cultures, which in Britain included the
Teddy Boys.
[82] Trad Jazz became popular, and many of its musicians were influenced by related American styles, including boogie woogie and the blues.
[83] The
skiffle craze, led by
Lonnie Donegan, utilised amateurish versions of American folk songs and encouraged many of the subsequent generation of rock and roll, folk, R&B and beat musicians to start performing.
[84] At the same time British audiences were beginning to encounter American rock and roll, initially through films including
Blackboard Jungle (1955) and
Rock Around the Clock (1955).
[85] .^ Information about Bill Haley and his Comets.
^ As one of the early pioneers of the dynamic New York City Punk scene, Patti Smith has been creating her unique blend of poetic rock n' roll for over a quarter .
^ Information and photos of Johnny OKeefe, Australias first king of Rock & Roll.
[86] American rock and roll acts such as
Elvis Presley,
Little Richard and
Buddy Holly thereafter became major forces in the British charts.
The initial response of the British music industry was to attempt to produce copies of American records, recorded with session musicians and often fronted by teen idols.
[81] More grassroots British rock and rollers soon began to appear, including
Wee Willie Harris and
Tommy Steele.
[81] During this period American Rock and Roll remained dominant, however, in 1958 Britain produced its first "authentic" rock and roll song and star, when
Cliff Richard reached number 2 in the charts with "
Move It".
[87] At the same time, TV shows such as
Six-Five Special and
Oh Boy! promoted the careers of British rock and rollers like
Marty Wilde and
Adam Faith.
[81] .^ The history of rock and roll's most famous offices and the songwriters who inhabited them, including Carole King, Neil Diamond, Neil Sedaka, Burt Bacharach and ...
[88] .^ Rock 'n' Roll Timeline 1960-1969 .
^ Information and photos of Johnny OKeefe, Australias first king of Rock & Roll.
^ The entire song is a tribute to Buddy Holly and a commentary on how rock and roll changed in the years since his death.
[81]
.^ You%27re+either+up+very+early+or+stayed+up+very+late...+Thanks+for+reading%2C+Jen...'- Set it Free to Compete? : Dale Larson 16 September 2009 1:25 UTC dalelarson.com [Source type: General]
[89] About the same time, a
British blues scene developed, initially led by purist blues followers such as
Alexis Korner and
Cyril Davies who were directly inspired by American musicians such as
Robert Johnson,
Muddy Waters and
Howlin' Wolf.
[90] Many groups moved towards the
beat music of rock and roll and rhythm and blues from skiffle, like the
Quarrymen who became
The Beatles, producing a form of rock and roll revivalism that carried them and many other groups to national success from about 1963 and to international success from 1964, known in America as the
British Invasion.
[91] Groups that followed the Beatles included the beat-influenced
Freddie and the Dreamers,
Wayne Fontana and the Mindbenders,
Herman's Hermits and the
Dave Clark Five, and the more blues-influenced
The Animals,
The Who,
The Rolling Stones and
The Yardbirds.
[92] As the blues became an increasingly significant influence, leading to the creation of the
blues-rock of groups like
The Moody Blues,
Small Faces,
The Move,
Traffic and
Cream, and developing into
rock music, the influence of early rock and roll began to subside.
[91]
Cultural impact
The
social effects of rock and roll were worldwide and massive. Far beyond simply a musical style, rock and roll influenced lifestyles, fashion, attitudes, and language.
[93] .^ Story of the post-war Civil Rights era for African Americans.
^ McLean seems to be lamenting the lack of "danceable" music in rock and roll and (in part) attributing that lack to the absence of Buddy Holly et.
^ Early North American rock and roll (1953-1963) .
[94] It also gave rise to many other styles, including
psychedelic rock,
progressive rock,
glam rock,
alternative rock,
punk and
heavy metal.
Many early rock and roll songs all dealt with issues of cars, school, dating, and clothing. The rock and roll songs described events and conflicts that most listeners could relate to from some point in their lives. Topics that had never been covered in music, such as sex, began to be introduced in rock and roll music.
.^ Everytime+i+hear+or+see+news+about+mj+i+feel+like+crying+D%3A+i+hope+he+can+be+buried+in+neverland.+I%27m+sure+he+would+have+wanted+to.'- Set it Free to Compete? : Dale Larson 16 September 2009 1:25 UTC dalelarson.com [Source type: General]
^ CopperSoul%3A+Some1+u+know+isnt+feeling+well+or+rather+they+refuse+to+talk+to+u+or+they+aren%27t+trying+hard+enuff+to+get+w%2Fu.'- Set it Free to Compete? : Dale Larson 16 September 2009 1:25 UTC dalelarson.com [Source type: General]
^ R: "Espera s 07/02/09 11:48pm en +%40oceanUP+It+was+boring.+I+love+her.+But+she+didn%27t+do+anything.+or+talk+about+anything+important.'- Set it Free to Compete? : Dale Larson 16 September 2009 1:25 UTC dalelarson.com [Source type: General]
An awakening in the young American culture began to take place.
[95]
Race
.^ As one of the early pioneers of the dynamic New York City Punk scene, Patti Smith has been creating her unique blend of poetic rock n' roll for over a quarter .
^ McLean seems to be lamenting the lack of "danceable" music in rock and roll and (in part) attributing that lack to the absence of Buddy Holly et.
^ The Victor Talking Machine Company (1901 - 1929) was a United States corporation, the leading American producer of phonographs and phonograph records and one of the leading phonograph companies in the world at the time.
[96] The combination of elements of white and
black music in rock and roll, inevitably provoked strong reactions within the US, with many condemning its breaking down of barriers based on colour.
[94]
.^ A rich powerful old white man or a great musical performer who was only rich and white half of his life.- Set it Free to Compete? : Dale Larson 16 September 2009 1:25 UTC dalelarson.com [Source type: General]
^ I+know+who+I%27d+rather+honour.+A+rich+powerful+old+white+man+or+a+great+musical+performer+who+was+only+rich+and+white+half+of+his+life.'- Set it Free to Compete? : Dale Larson 16 September 2009 1:25 UTC dalelarson.com [Source type: General]
[97] Many observers saw rock and roll as heralding the way for desegregation, in creating a new form of music that encouraged racial cooperation and shared experience.
[98]
Teen culture
Rock and roll is often identified with the emergence of teen culture among the first
baby boomer generation, who had both greater relative affluence, leisure and who adopted rock and roll as part of a distinct sub-culture.
[99] This involved not just music, absorbed via radio, record buying, jukeboxes and T.V. programmes like
American Bandstand, but it also extended to film, clothes, hair, cars and motorbikes, and distinctive language.
.^ The official website of the DJ who coined the phrase 'Rock and Roll'.
^ The history of rock and roll's most famous offices and the songwriters who inhabited them, including Carole King, Neil Diamond, Neil Sedaka, Burt Bacharach and ...
^ The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame honours the legendary performers, producers, songwriters, disc jockeys and others who have made rock and roll the force in our culture that it is.
[99] In Britain, where post-war prosperity was more limited, rock and roll culture became attached pre-existing to the
Teddy Boy movement, largely working class in origins, and eventually to the longer lasting
rockers.
[100] Rock and roll has been seen as reorientating popular music towards a teen market, often celebrating teen fashions, as in
Carl Perkins' "
Blue Suede Shoes" (1956), or
Dion and the Belmonts "
Teenager in Love" (1960).
[101]
Dance styles
From its early-1950s inception through the early 1960s, rock and roll music spawned new
dance crazes.
[102] Teenagers found the irregular rhythm of the backbeat especially suited to reviving the
jitterbug dancing of the big-band era. "
Sock hops," gym dances, and home basement dance parties became the rage, and American teens watched
Dick Clark's
American Bandstand to keep up on the latest dance and fashion styles.
[103] From the mid-1960s on, as "rock and roll" yielded gradually to "rock," later dance genres followed, starting with the
twist, and leading up to
funk,
disco,
house and
techno.
See also
Notes
- ^ Farley, Christopher John, 1946 is similar in style to Elvis Rocks But He's Not the First, July 06, 2004
- ^ Jim Dawson and Steve Propes, What Was The First Rock'n'Roll Record (1992), ISBN 0-571-12939-0.
- ^ a b Peterson, Richard A. Creating Country Music: Fabricating Authenticity (1999), p. 9, ISBN 0-226-66285-3.
- ^ Christ-Janer, Albert, Charles W. Hughes, and Carleton Sprague Smith, American Hymns Old and New (New York: Columbia University Press, 1980), p. 364, ISBN 0-231-03458-X.
- ^ Davis, Francis. The History of the Blues (New York: Hyperion, 1995), ISBN 0-786-88124-0.
- ^ "The Roots of Rock 'n' Roll 1946-1954" 2004 Universal Music Enterprises
- ^ Dawson, Jim & Propes, Steve, What was the first rock ’n’ roll record?, Faber & Faber, ISBN 0-571-12939-0, 1992
- ^ Eric Partridge, A Dictionary of Slang and Unconventional English (2002), cf. Rockabilly, ISBN 0-415-29189-5.
- ^ R. Cantwell Bluegrass Breakdown: The Making of the Old Southern Sound (Da Capo Press, 1992), ISBN 0252071174.
- ^ "Rock music". The American Heritage Dictionary. Bartleby.com. http://www.bartleby.com/61/92/R0279250.html. Retrieved December 15, 2008.
- ^ "Rock and roll". Merriam-Webster's Online Dictionary. Merriam-Webster Online. http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/rock%20and%20roll. Retrieved December 15, 2008.
- ^ "Rock and roll". AllWords.com. http://www.allwords.com/word-rock+and+roll.html. Retrieved December 15, 2008.
- ^ a b S. Evans, "The development of the Blues" in A. F. Moore, ed., The Cambridge companion to blues and gospel music (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002), pp. 40-2.
- ^ P. Hurry, M. Phillips, and M. Richards, Heinemann advanced music (Heinemann, 2001), pp. 153-4.
- ^ Schafer, William J. Rock Music: Where It’s Been, What It Means, Where It’s Going. Minneapolis: Augsburg Publishing House, 1972. Print.
- ^ http://www.guardian.co.uk/music/2010/jan/24/chuck-berry-bobby-gillespie
- ^ a b c d e f g h i V. Bogdanov, C. Woodstra and S. T. Erlewine, All Music Guide to Rock: The Definitive Guide to Rock, Pop, and Soul (Backbeat Books, 2002, 3rd edn., 2002), p. 1303.
- ^ M. T. Bertrand, Race, Rock, and Elvis: Music in American Life (University of Illinois Press, 2000), pp. 21-2.
- ^ R. Aquila, That old-time rock & roll: a chronicle of an era, 1954-1963 (Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 2000), pp. 4-6.
- ^ J. M. Salem, The late, great Johnny Ace and the transition from R & B to rock 'n' roll Music in American life (University of Illinois Press, 2001), p. 4.
- ^ M. T. Bertrand, 'Race, rock, and Elvis Music in American life (University of Illinois Press, 2000), p. 99.
- ^ A. Bennett, Rock and popular music: politics, policies, institutions (Routledge, 1993), pp. 236-8.
- ^ a b K. Keightley, "Reconsidering rock" S. Frith, W. Straw and J. Street, eds, The Cambridge companion to pop and rock (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001), p. 116.
- ^ N. Kelley, R&B, rhythm and business: the political economy of Black music (Akashic Books, 2005), p. 134.
- ^ E. Wald, How the Beatles Destroyed Rock N Roll: An Alternative History of American Popular Music (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009), pp. 111-25.
- ^ P. D. Lopes, The rise of a jazz art world (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002), p. 132
- ^ Encyclopedia of Cleveland History, Rock'n'Roll
- ^ a b R. Aquila, That old-time rock & roll: a chronicle of an era, 1954-1963 (Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 2000), p. 142.
- ^ JammUpp - Issue no. 11, e-magazine, http://home.earthlink.net/~jaymar41/otherfems.html, retrieved 05/08/09.
- ^ M. Lhde, 333 Book (Mel Bay Publications, 2008).
- ^ http://www.littlewonderrecords.com/music-library.html and click record number 339 to hear it.
- ^ J. Cott, Back to a shadow in the night: music writings and interviews, 1968-2001 (Hal Leonard, 2003), p. 194.
- ^ http://lyricsplayground.com/alpha/songs/r/rockitforme.shtml
- ^ Bill Haley & The Comets
- ^ A. DeCurtis, Present tense: rock & roll and culture (Duke University Press, 1992), p. 20.
- ^ N. Tosches, Where Dead Voices Gather (Little Brown And Company, 2002), p. 125.
- ^ V. Bogdanov, C. Woodstra and S. T. Erlewine, All music guide to rock: the definitive guide to rock, pop, and soul (Backbeat Books, 3rd edn., 2002), p. 507.
- ^ The Sisters
- ^ Transatlantic Merry-Go-Round (1934)
- ^ C. Perkins and D. McGee, Go, Cat, Go! (Hyperion, 1996), p. 76, ISBN 0-7868-6073-1.
- ^ Scott, Tommy (RCS Artist Discography)
- ^ Scott Reynolds Nelson, Steel Drivin' Man, p. 75.
- ^ a b c d M. Campbell, ed., Popular Music in America: And the Beat Goes on (Cengage Learning, 3rd edn., 2008), p. 99.
- ^ G. F. Wald, Shout, Sister, Shout!: The Untold Story of Rock-and-Roll Trailblazer Sister Rosetta Tharpe (Beacon Press, 2008).
- ^ M. Dean, Rock N Roll Gold Rush: A Singles Un-Cyclopedia (Algora Publishing, 2003), pp. 38, 237-8.
- ^ A. F. Moore, The Cambridge companion to blues and gospel music (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002), pp. 71-2.
- ^ R. Coleman, Blue Monday: Fats Domino and the Lost Dawn of Rock 'n' Roll (Da Capo Press, 2007), p. 61.
- ^ D. Tyler, Music of the postwar era (Greenwood Publishing Group, 2008), pp. 38-9.
- ^ Elvis Presley at Sun Studios in 1954
- ^ P. Browne, The guide to United States popular culture (Popular Press, 2001), p. 358.
- ^ P. Hurry, M. Phillips, M. Richards, Heinemann advanced music (Heinemann, 2001), p. 153.
- ^ P. Buckley, The rough guide to rock (Rough Guides, 3rd edn., 2003), p. 21.
- ^ White, Charles (2003), p. 55 The Life and Times of Little Richard: The Authorised Biography. Omnibus Press.
- ^ J. Mowitt, Percussion: drumming, beating, striking (Duke University Press, 2002), p. 26.
- ^ "Little Ricahard" All music, http://www.allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=11:jifyxqe5ldde, retrieved 25/08/09.
- ^ http://www.rockhall.com/inductee/little-richard
- ^ a b M. Campbell, ed., Popular Music in America: And the Beat Goes on (Cengage Learning, 3rd edn., 2008), pp. 168-9.
- ^ http://www.rockhall.com/inductee/little-richard
- ^ R. S. Denisoff, W. L. Schurk, Tarnished gold: the record industry revisited (Transaction Publishers, 3rd edn., 1986), p. 13.
- ^ "Rockabilly", Allmusic, http://www.allmusic.com/cg/amg.dll?p=amg&sql=77:187, retrieved 06/08/09.
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- ^ P. Humphries, The complete guide to the music of the Beatles, Volume 2 (Music Sales Group, 1998), p. 29.
- ^ F. W. Hoffmann and H. Ferstler, Encyclopedia of recorded sound, Volume 1 (CRC Press, 2nd edn., 2004), pp. 327-8.
- ^ a b c d e f V. Bogdanov, C. Woodstra and S. T. Erlewine, All music guide to rock: the definitive guide to rock, pop, and soul (Backbeat Books, 3rd edn., 2002), pp. 1306-7.
- ^ Philip H. Ennis, The seventh stream: the emergence of rocknroll in American popular music (Wesleyan University Press, 1992), p. 201.
- ^ R. Aquila, That old-time rock & roll: a chronicle of an era, 1954-1963 (Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 2000), p. 6.
- ^ C. Deffaa, Blue rhythms: six lives in rhythm and blues (Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1996), pp. 183-4.
- ^ J. V. Martin, Copyright: current issues and laws (Nova Publishers, 2002), pp. 86-8.
- ^ G. Lichtenstein and L. Dankner. Musical gumbo: the music of New Orleans (W.W. Norton, 1993), p. 775.
- ^ R. Carlin. Country music: a biographical dictionary (Taylor & Francis, 2003), p. 164.
- ^ R. Aquila, That old-time rock & roll: a chronicle of an era, 1954-1963 (Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 2000), p. 201.
- ^ G. C. Altschuler, All shook up: how rock 'n' roll changed America (Oxford: Oxford University Press US, 2003), pp. 51-2.
- ^ R. Coleman, Blue Monday: Fats Domino and the Lost Dawn of Rock 'n' Roll (Da Capo Press, 2007), p. 95.
- ^ D. Tyler, Music of the postwar era (Greenwood, 2008), p. 79.
- ^ C. L. Harrington, and D. D. Bielby., Popular culture: production and consumption (Wiley-Blackwell, 2001), p. 162.
- ^ D. Hatch and S. Millward, From blues to rock: an analytical history of pop music (Manchester: Manchester University Press ND, 1987), p. 110.
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- ^ R.Dale, Education and the State: Politics, patriarchy and practice (Taylor & Francis, 1981), p. 106.
- ^ K. Keightley, "Reconsidering rock" S. Frith, W. Straw and J. Street, eds, The Cambridge companion to pop and rock (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001), p. 116.
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- ^ D. O'Sullivan, The Youth Culture London: Taylor & Francis, 1974), pp. 38-9.
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- ^ Schafer, William J. Rock Music: Where It’s Been, What It Means, Where It’s Going. Minneapolis: Augsburg Publishing House, 1972. Print.
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- ^ M. T. Bertrand, Race, rock, and Elvis (University of Illinois Press, 2000), pp. 95-6.
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- ^ Lisa A. Lewis, The Adoring audience: fan culture and popular media (Routledge, 1992), p. 98.
- ^ sixtiescity.com-Sixties Dance and Dance Crazes
- ^ R. Aquila, That old-time rock & roll: a chronicle of an era, 1954-1963 (University of Illinois Press, 2000), p. 10.
Further reading
- The Fifties by David Halberstam (1996), Random House (ISBN 0-517-15607-5)
- The Rolling Stone Illustrated History of Rock and Roll : The Definitive History of the Most Important Artists and Their Music by editors James Henke, Holly George-Warren, Anthony Decurtis, Jim Miller (1992), Random House (ISBN 0-679-73728-6)
- The Rolling Stone Encyclopedia of Rock & Roll by Holly George-Warren, Patricia Romanowski, Jon Pareles (2001), Fireside Press (ISBN 0-7432-0120-5)
- Rock and Roll: A Social History, by Paul Friedlander (1996), Westview Press (ISBN 0-8133-2725-3)
- The Sound of the City: the Rise of Rock and Roll, by Charlie Gillett (1970), E.P. Dutton
- "The Rock Window: A Way of Understanding Rock Music" by Paul Friedlander, in Tracking: Popular Music Studies, Volume I, number 1, Spring, 1988
External links