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Republic of Rwanda
Repubulika y'u Rwanda
République du Rwanda
|
|
Motto: Ubumwe, Umurimo, Gukunda Igihugu
"Unity, Work, Patriotism" |
Anthem: "Rwanda nziza"
|
|
Capital
(and largest city) |
Kigali
1°56.633′S 30°3.567′E / 1.943883°S 30.05945°E / -1.943883; 30.05945 |
Official language(s) |
Kinyarwanda, French, English |
Vernacular language |
Swahili |
Demonym |
Rwandan, Rwandese |
Government |
Republic |
- |
President |
Paul Kagame |
- |
Prime Minister |
Bernard Makuza |
Independence |
from Belgium |
- |
Date |
July 1, 1962 |
Area |
- |
Total |
26,338 km2 (147th)
10,169 sq mi |
- |
Water (%) |
5.3 |
Population |
- |
July 2009 estimate |
10,473,282[1] (80th) |
- |
2010 census |
10,264,947[2] |
- |
Density |
397.6/km2 (29th)
1,029.9/sq mi |
GDP (PPP) |
2008 estimate |
- |
Total |
$10.004 billion[3] |
- |
Per capita |
$1,043[3] |
GDP (nominal) |
2008 estimate |
- |
Total |
$4.459 billion[3] |
- |
Per capita |
$465[3] |
Gini (2003) |
45.1 (medium) |
HDI (2007) |
▲0.460 (low) (167th) |
Currency |
Rwandan franc (RWF ) |
Time zone |
CAT (UTC+2) |
- |
Summer (DST) |
not observed (UTC+2) |
Drives on the |
right |
Internet TLD |
.rw |
Calling code |
250 |
1 Estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected. |
|
.^ On the shores of Lake Kivu, Rwanda sits to the north of Burundi, the south of Uganda, the east of the Democratic Republic of Congo, and to the west of Tanzania.- Minority Rights Group International : Rwanda : Rwanda Overview 28 January 2010 0:47 UTC www.minorityrights.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ In 1990 4,000 NRA deserters launched an attack on Rwanda; though initially repulsed, with the help of troops from France, Belgium and the Democratic Republic of Congo (formerly Zaire), the impact was enormous.- Minority Rights Group International : Rwanda : Rwanda Overview 28 January 2010 0:47 UTC www.minorityrights.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Kabila became president of the newly renamed ‘Democratic Republic of Congo' (DRC), but quickly fell out with his backers in Kigali and Kampala.- Minority Rights Group International : Rwanda : Rwanda Overview 28 January 2010 0:47 UTC www.minorityrights.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
Although close to the
equator, the country has a cool temperate climate due to its high elevation. The terrain consists mostly of grassy uplands and gently rolling hills.
.^ You have the chance to trek to see the rare Mountain Gorilla before our amazing adventure finishes in Kampala.
^ Go on an exciting trek to track the rare Mountain Gorilla in the jungles of Rwanda, and throw yourself off a cliff on an intense bungee over the Nile if you dare!
^ Come face to face with a family of rare Mountain Gorillas in their natural habitat and interact with these beautiful creatures like you were one of their own on this amazing overland expedition.
.^ Independence in 1962 was accompanied by continuing violence; by 1964 an estimated 150,000 people, virtually all Tutsis, had fled to surrounding countries.- Minority Rights Group International : Rwanda : Rwanda Overview 28 January 2010 0:47 UTC www.minorityrights.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ From April to June 1994 Rwanda witnessed the most extensive genocide the world had seen in fifty years.- Minority Rights Group International : Rwanda : Rwanda Overview 28 January 2010 0:47 UTC www.minorityrights.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Kigali estimates that France is home to another eight fugitives, avoiding punishment for their role in the 1994 genocide.- Minority Rights Group International : Rwanda : Rwanda Overview 28 January 2010 0:47 UTC www.minorityrights.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[4] Since then the country has made a recovery and is now considered as a model for
developing countries. In 2009 a CNN report labeled Rwanda as Africa's biggest success story, having achieved stability, economic growth (average income has tripled in the past ten years) and international integration.
[5] The government is widely seen as one of the more efficient and honest ones in Africa. Fortune magazine published an article recently titled "Why CEOs Love Rwanda."
[6] The capital,
Kigali, is the first city in Africa to be bestowed with the Habitat Scroll of Honor Award in the recognition of its "cleanliness, security and urban conservation model."
[7] In 2008, Rwanda became the first country to elect a national legislature in which a majority of members were women.
[8] .^ Two or more crimes may be joined in one indictment if the series of acts committed together form the same transaction, and the said crimes were commit-ted by the same accused.- International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, Rules of Procedure and Evidence, U.N. Doc. ITR/3/REV.1 (1995), entered into force 29 June 1995. 28 January 2010 0:47 UTC www.umn.edu [Source type: Original source]
^ Click BACK to return to blog] August 29, 2009, KIGALI, RWANDA – Let me please first cover this blog entry in the Blood of Christ.
^ Click Back to return to block] March 29, 2009, KIGALI, RWANDA – Whew!
[10]
History
Pre-colonial period
.^ Although no accurate census has been done, Muslims leaders in Rwanda estimate that they have about a million followers, or about 15 percent of the population.
^ We have thought long and hard about this because my family and friends are in the US and JP’s family and friends are in Rwanda/Burundi.
^ State in whose territory or under whose jurisdiction and control the person to be served resides or was last known to him to be; and .- International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, Rules of Procedure and Evidence, U.N. Doc. ITR/3/REV.1 (1995), entered into force 29 June 1995. 28 January 2010 0:47 UTC www.umn.edu [Source type: Original source]
[11][13][14]
.^ Populations of these groups are estimated to be: Hutus 8.3 million (84%), Tutsis 1.5 million (15%) and Twa (Batwa) 33,000.- Minority Rights Group International : Rwanda : Rwanda Overview 28 January 2010 0:47 UTC www.minorityrights.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[11] Eventually these settlers were joined by
Bantu farmers from the west, known as the
Hutus.
[11] The exact dates of this are not certain, with estimates varying from 700 BC up to the beginning of the
Christian era, around 1 AD.
[11][15][16] The Hutus, with their sedentary farming lifestyle, soon outnumbered the Twas and began to take over their traditional hunting grounds, forcing them to retreat into the forests.
[17]
Later a third group, the
cattle-raising Tutsi, migrated to the area.
.^ The destinies of Rwandans remain intertwined; for this reason the principal ethnic groupings of Hutu, Tutsi and Twa are considered together, with a more detailed separate section on the Twa to follow.- Minority Rights Group International : Rwanda : Rwanda Overview 28 January 2010 0:47 UTC www.minorityrights.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Moderate Hutus were targeted as traitors, and Twa as collaborators with the Tutsi.- Minority Rights Group International : Rwanda : Rwanda Overview 28 January 2010 0:47 UTC www.minorityrights.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ However, for the marginalized Batwa community - historically discriminated against by both Hutus and Tutsis - recognition of its distinct identity has been extremely important.- Minority Rights Group International : Rwanda : Rwanda Overview 28 January 2010 0:47 UTC www.minorityrights.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[17][18] .^ Now they have come back, these Tutsi rebels.- Hotel Rwanda (2004) 28 January 2010 0:47 UTC www.imdb.com [Source type: General]
[18] Over time, the distinction between the three groups became blurred and some sources question whether they are truly of separate racial or ethnic stock.
[19]
.^ The standard (if disputed) conception of pre-colonial Rwanda, in which Tutsi pastoralists moved from the north to rule over Hutu agriculturalists four hundred years ago, does little to illuminate the complex hierarchies and regional variations within traditional Rwandan society.- Minority Rights Group International : Rwanda : Rwanda Overview 28 January 2010 0:47 UTC www.minorityrights.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ In January 2006 the government reorganized the Rwandan state, replacing 12 provinces with five new regions (Kigali, North, South, East, and West).- Minority Rights Group International : Rwanda : Rwanda Overview 28 January 2010 0:47 UTC www.minorityrights.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[20] .^ Urukundo” means “love” in Kinyarwanda, the native language of Rwanda.
^ I wish I had the Kinyarwanda language fully in my grasp so that I may directly share with the people of Rwanda the full passion I have for Jesus and the full love He has placed in my heart for the people of Rwanda.
A traditional local justice system called
Gacaca predominated in much of the region as an institution for resolving conflict and rendering justice. The Tutsi king (
mwami) became the ultimate judge and arbiter for those cases over which he had jurisdiction. Through this system, stability was achieved in large areas of what is now Rwanda.
[21]
Colonial era
After signing treaties with chiefs in the
Tanganyika region in 1884-1885, Germany claimed Tanganyika, Rwanda and Burundi as its own territory.
.^ This even was truly a first time historical event for Rwanda.
^ The village was much like the villages in Cyangugu where I first came into Rwanda to evangelize.
^ LINDA HUANG I'm a missionary SENT BY GOD to live and serve in Rwanda, East Africa since June 2007.
After the Mwami's death in 1895, a period of unrest followed. Germans and missionaries then began to enter the country from Tanganyika in 1897-98.
By 1899 the Germans exerted some influence by placing advisors at the courts of local chiefs. Much of the Germans' time was spent fighting uprisings in Tanganyika, especially the
Maji Maji war of 1905-1907. On May 14, 1910 the European Convention of Brussels fixed the borders of
Uganda,
Belgian Congo, and
German East Africa which included Tanganyika and
Ruanda-Urundi.
[22] .^ The true-life story of Paul Rusesabagina, a hotel manager who housed over a thousand Tutsi refugees during their struggle against the Hutu militia in Rwanda.- Hotel Rwanda (2004) 28 January 2010 0:47 UTC www.imdb.com [Source type: General]
^ Throughout most of the 1960s Tutsi refugees launched attacks from abroad; in 1963 an estimated 15,000 Tutsis in Rwanda were massacred in retaliation by Hutu gangs.- Minority Rights Group International : Rwanda : Rwanda Overview 28 January 2010 0:47 UTC www.minorityrights.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Very few Hutus believed RPF assurances that they were not bent on reasserting Tutsi control, or taking revenge for the genocide.- Minority Rights Group International : Rwanda : Rwanda Overview 28 January 2010 0:47 UTC www.minorityrights.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ JP was born in Bujumbura, Burundi (south of Rwanda) to a family of means, but the plight of war (the same ethnic tribal conflicts as Rwanda) forced his family into poverty.
After Germany lost the War, Belgium accepted the
League of Nations Mandate of 1923 to govern Ruanda-Urundi along with the Congo, while Great Britain accepted Tanganyika and other German colonies. After World War II, Ruanda-Urundi became a
United Nations (UN) "trust territory" administered by Belgium. The Belgian involvement in the region was far more direct than German involvement and extended its interests into education and agricultural supervision. The latter was especially important in the face of two droughts and subsequent famines in 1928-29 and in 1943. These famines forced large migrations of Rwandans to neighboring Congo.
[23] In 1933 ethnic identification cards were used to classify one's ethnicity.
.^ The Tutsi were collaborators for the Belgian colonists, they stole our Hutu land, they whipped us.- Hotel Rwanda (2004) 28 January 2010 0:47 UTC www.imdb.com [Source type: General]
.^ The Tutsi were collaborators for the Belgian colonists, they stole our Hutu land, they whipped us.- Hotel Rwanda (2004) 28 January 2010 0:47 UTC www.imdb.com [Source type: General]
In the 1920s, under military threat, the Belgians finally helped to bring the northwest Hutu kingdoms, who had maintained local control of land not subject to the Mwami, under the Tutsi royalty's central control.
[24] These two actions
disenfranchised the Hutu. Large, centralized land holdings were then divided into smaller chiefdoms.
[25]
The fragmenting of Hutu lands angered
Mwami Yuhi IV, who had hoped to further centralize his power enough to rid himself of the Belgians. In 1931 Tutsi plots against the Belgian administration resulted in the Belgians deposing the Tutsi Mwami Yuhi.
.^ The Tutsi were collaborators for the Belgian colonists, they stole our Hutu land, they whipped us.- Hotel Rwanda (2004) 28 January 2010 0:47 UTC www.imdb.com [Source type: General]
^ Very few Hutus believed RPF assurances that they were not bent on reasserting Tutsi control, or taking revenge for the genocide.- Minority Rights Group International : Rwanda : Rwanda Overview 28 January 2010 0:47 UTC www.minorityrights.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[26]
The Roman Catholic Church and Belgian colonial authorities considered the Hutus and Tutsis different ethnic races based on their physical differences and patterns of migration.
.^ The true-life story of Paul Rusesabagina, a hotel manager who housed over a thousand Tutsi refugees during their struggle against the Hutu militia in Rwanda.- Hotel Rwanda (2004) 28 January 2010 0:47 UTC www.imdb.com [Source type: General]
^ I have heard many stories of many people who came here with millions of dollars that get stolen from trusting the wrong person.
^ The Tutsi were collaborators for the Belgian colonists, they stole our Hutu land, they whipped us.- Hotel Rwanda (2004) 28 January 2010 0:47 UTC www.imdb.com [Source type: General]
.^ The destinies of Rwandans remain intertwined; for this reason the principal ethnic groupings of Hutu, Tutsi and Twa are considered together, with a more detailed separate section on the Twa to follow.- Minority Rights Group International : Rwanda : Rwanda Overview 28 January 2010 0:47 UTC www.minorityrights.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
From 1935 on, "Tutsi", "Hutu" and "Twa" were indicated on identity cards.
.^ Help me to raise funds to develop a better education system for them and a future hope in Christ.
^ Help me to stay so I can develop a better education system for them and a future hope in Christ.
In the 1940s and 1950s the vast majority of students were Tutsi. In 1943, Mwami Mutari III became the first Tutsi monarch to convert to Catholicism.
The
Belgian colonialists continued to depend on the Tutsi aristocracy to collect taxes and enforce Belgian policies. It maintained the dominance of the Tutsi in local colonial administration and expanded the Tutsi system of labor for colonial purposes. The United Nations later decried this policy and demanded a greater
self-representation of the Hutu in local affairs. In 1954 the Tutsi monarchy of Ruanda-Urundi demanded independence from Belgian rule. At the same time it agreed to abolish the system of indentured servitude (
ubuhake and uburetwa) the Tutsis had practiced over the Hutu until then.
In the 1950s and early 1960s, a wave of
Pan-Africanism swept through Central Africa, with leaders such as
Julius Nyerere in
Tanzania and
Patrice Lumumba in the Congo. Anti-colonial sentiment stirred throughout central Africa, and a socialist platform of African unity and equality for all Africans was forwarded. Nyerere himself wrote about the elitism of educational systems,
[27] which Hutus interpreted as an indictment of the elitist educations provided for Tutsis in their own country.
.^ The true-life story of Paul Rusesabagina, a hotel manager who housed over a thousand Tutsi refugees during their struggle against the Hutu militia in Rwanda.- Hotel Rwanda (2004) 28 January 2010 0:47 UTC www.imdb.com [Source type: General]
The United Nations mandates, the Tutsi overlord class, and the Belgian colonialists themselves added to the growing unrest.
.^ Local elections in 1960, won by the Party of the Movement for Hutu Emancipation (PARMEHUTU), were marred by violent conflict on inter-ethnic lines; hundreds were killed and over 200,000 internally displaced.- Minority Rights Group International : Rwanda : Rwanda Overview 28 January 2010 0:47 UTC www.minorityrights.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
In reaction, in 1959 the UNAR party was formed by Tutsis who desired an immediate independence for Ruanda-Urundi, to be based on the existing Tutsi monarchy. This group also became quickly militarized. Skirmishes began between UNAR and PARMEHUTU groups. Then in July 1959, the Tutsi Mwami (King)
Mutara III Charles was believed by Rwandan Tutsis to have been assassinated when he died following a routine vaccination by a Flemish physician in Bujumbura. His younger half-brother then became the next Tutsi monarch, Mwami (King)
Kigeli V.
In November 1959, Tutsi forces beat up a Hutu politician,
Dominique Mbonyumutwa, and rumors of his death set off a violent backlash against the Tutsi known as "the wind of destruction." Thousands of Tutsis were killed and many thousands more, including the Mwami, fled to neighboring Uganda before Belgian commandos arrived to quell the violence.
.^ The Tutsi were collaborators for the Belgian colonists, they stole our Hutu land, they whipped us.- Hotel Rwanda (2004) 28 January 2010 0:47 UTC www.imdb.com [Source type: General]
Tutsi
refugees also fled to the South Kivu province of the Congo, where they called themselves
Banyamulenge. They eventually became a primary force in the First and Second Congo Wars.
In 1960, the Belgian government agreed to hold democratic municipal elections in Ruanda-Urundi, in which Hutu representatives were elected by the Hutu majorities. This precipitous change in the power structure threatened the centuries-old system by which Tutsi superiority had been maintained through monarchy. An effort to create an independent Ruanda-Urundi with Tutsi-Hutu power sharing failed, largely due to escalating violence.
.^ JP was born in Bujumbura, Burundi (south of Rwanda) to a family of means, but the plight of war (the same ethnic tribal conflicts as Rwanda) forced his family into poverty.
Each had elections in 1961 in preparation for independence.
In 1961, Rwandans voted, by referendum and with the support of the Belgian colonial government, to abolish the Tutsi monarchy and instead establish a republic.
Dominique Mbonyumutwa, who had survived his previous attack, was named the first president of the transitional government. This attack was the pretext used to explain that Tutsis were dangerous and had to be killed.
Burundi, by contrast, established a
constitutional monarchy, and in the 1961 elections leading up to independence,
Louis Rwagasore, the son of the Tutsi Mwami and a popular politician and anti-colonial agitator, was elected as Prime Minister. However, he was soon assassinated. The monarchy, with the aid of the military, therefore assumed control of the country, and allowed no further elections until 1965.
Between 1961 and 1962, Tutsi guerrilla groups staged attacks into Rwanda from neighboring countries.
.^ The destinies of Rwandans remain intertwined; for this reason the principal ethnic groupings of Hutu, Tutsi and Twa are considered together, with a more detailed separate section on the Twa to follow.- Minority Rights Group International : Rwanda : Rwanda Overview 28 January 2010 0:47 UTC www.minorityrights.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ In October 1996 Zairean Tutsi militias supported by Rwandan troops attacked the refugee camps in the Zairean province of North Kivu, provoking the repatriation of several hundred thousand Hutu refugees, though leaving hundreds of thousands more in Zaire.- Minority Rights Group International : Rwanda : Rwanda Overview 28 January 2010 0:47 UTC www.minorityrights.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The great majority of Rwandan Tutsis, along with a great many Twa and moderate Hutus - as many as 800,000 to one million people all told - were killed.- Minority Rights Group International : Rwanda : Rwanda Overview 28 January 2010 0:47 UTC www.minorityrights.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ Independence in 1962 was accompanied by continuing violence; by 1964 an estimated 150,000 people, virtually all Tutsis, had fled to surrounding countries.- Minority Rights Group International : Rwanda : Rwanda Overview 28 January 2010 0:47 UTC www.minorityrights.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
Rwanda was created as a republic governed by the majority Party of the Hutu Emancipation Movement (Parmehutu), which had gained full control of national politics by this time.
.^ JP was born in Bujumbura, Burundi (south of Rwanda) to a family of means, but the plight of war (the same ethnic tribal conflicts as Rwanda) forced his family into poverty.
In response, a previous economic union between Rwanda and Burundi was dissolved and tensions between the two countries worsened. Rwanda also now became a Hutu-dominated one-party state. In excess of 70,000 people had been killed.
[citation needed] It was thought for a while that
British Royal Marines then stationed in Tanzania might be sent to Rwanda to stop the horrific loss of life there.
Post-independence
Gregoire Kayibanda, founder of Parmehutu (and a Hutu) was the first president (from 1962 to 1973), followed by
Juvenal Habyarimana (who was president from 1973 to 1994). The latter, also a Hutu (from the northwest of Rwanda), took power from Kayibanda in a 1973 coup, claiming the government to have been ineffective and riddled with favoritism.
He installed his own political party into government. Thereafter political parties were banned and one party rule effected. Rwanda enjoyed relative economic prosperity during the early part of his regime due to rising coffee and tea prices, the country's main exports, however only a small political elite connected to the President and his family would benefit from the country's growing prosperity.
Civil War and Genocide
In the 1980s the economic situation worsened and the incumbent president,
Juvénal Habyarimana, began losing popularity.
.^ The RPF claimed that only its victory could end the massacres, and its advance precipitated some of the largest and fastest movements of refugees ever recorded.- Minority Rights Group International : Rwanda : Rwanda Overview 28 January 2010 0:47 UTC www.minorityrights.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The destinies of Rwandans remain intertwined; for this reason the principal ethnic groupings of Hutu, Tutsi and Twa are considered together, with a more detailed separate section on the Twa to follow.- Minority Rights Group International : Rwanda : Rwanda Overview 28 January 2010 0:47 UTC www.minorityrights.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Although the Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF) invaders insisted they were not bent on restoring Tutsi hegemony, and managed to attract an element of Hutu support, Tutsis within the country were automatically suspected of sympathy or collaboration with the invaders, leading to growing abuses.- Minority Rights Group International : Rwanda : Rwanda Overview 28 January 2010 0:47 UTC www.minorityrights.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
Their aim was to secure their right to return to their homeland and threatened to wage an armed struggle.
.^ The true-life story of Paul Rusesabagina, a hotel manager who housed over a thousand Tutsi refugees during their struggle against the Hutu militia in Rwanda.- Hotel Rwanda (2004) 28 January 2010 0:47 UTC www.imdb.com [Source type: General]
^ Moderate Hutus were targeted as traitors, and Twa as collaborators with the Tutsi.- Minority Rights Group International : Rwanda : Rwanda Overview 28 January 2010 0:47 UTC www.minorityrights.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Habyarimana's movement represented a consolidation of Hutu domination and anti-Tutsi sentiment, as well as shift in power from the south to the north of the country.- Minority Rights Group International : Rwanda : Rwanda Overview 28 January 2010 0:47 UTC www.minorityrights.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ The true-life story of Paul Rusesabagina, a hotel manager who housed over a thousand Tutsi refugees during their struggle against the Hutu militia in Rwanda.- Hotel Rwanda (2004) 28 January 2010 0:47 UTC www.imdb.com [Source type: General]
.^ The destinies of Rwandans remain intertwined; for this reason the principal ethnic groupings of Hutu, Tutsi and Twa are considered together, with a more detailed separate section on the Twa to follow.- Minority Rights Group International : Rwanda : Rwanda Overview 28 January 2010 0:47 UTC www.minorityrights.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Although the Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF) invaders insisted they were not bent on restoring Tutsi hegemony, and managed to attract an element of Hutu support, Tutsis within the country were automatically suspected of sympathy or collaboration with the invaders, leading to growing abuses.- Minority Rights Group International : Rwanda : Rwanda Overview 28 January 2010 0:47 UTC www.minorityrights.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ This year the government abruptly changed the national language to English (from French and Kinyarwanda) so all subjects must now be taught in English.
Despite continuing ethnic strife, including the displacement of large numbers of Hutu in the north by the rebels and periodic localized extermination of Tutsi to the south, pressure on the government of Juvénal Habyarimana resulted in a cease-fire in 1993 and the preliminary implementation of the
Arusha Accords.
On April 6, 1994 Rwandan President Habyarimana and the Burundian President were killed when Habyarimana's plane was shot down near Kigali Airport. Hutu extremists, suspecting that the Rwandan president was finally about to implement the Arusha Peace Accords, are believed to have been behind the attack.
[30][31] The shooting down of the plane served as the trigger for the Genocide.
.^ It has been a long and hard few months, as par for the course here in mission field Rwanda.
.^ Within two days most leading opposition politicians (both Hutus and Tutsis, including many serving within the new coalition government) and hundreds of Tutsi civilians had been killed by Hutu soldiers and militiamen.- Minority Rights Group International : Rwanda : Rwanda Overview 28 January 2010 0:47 UTC www.minorityrights.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Moderate Hutus were targeted as traitors, and Twa as collaborators with the Tutsi.- Minority Rights Group International : Rwanda : Rwanda Overview 28 January 2010 0:47 UTC www.minorityrights.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Habyarimana's movement represented a consolidation of Hutu domination and anti-Tutsi sentiment, as well as shift in power from the south to the north of the country.- Minority Rights Group International : Rwanda : Rwanda Overview 28 January 2010 0:47 UTC www.minorityrights.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ I trust God that I will be okay.” This was from a hurting nine-year-old.” THE FESTIVAL According to Palau, there were approximately 7,000 people at the two-day festival.
[32] Estimates of the
death toll have ranged between 500,000 and 1,000,000,
[33] or as much as 20% of the total population of the country.
The
assassination of Habyarimana in April 1994 was the proximate cause of the mass killings of Tutsis and pro-peace Hutus. They were carried out primarily by two Hutu militias associated with political parties: the
Interahamwe and the
Impuzamugambi. The genocide was directed by a Hutu power group known as the
Akazu. The killing also marked the end of the peace agreement meant to end the war and the Tutsi RPF restarted their offensive, eventually defeating the army and seizing control of the country.
Post-civil war
.^ Within two days most leading opposition politicians (both Hutus and Tutsis, including many serving within the new coalition government) and hundreds of Tutsi civilians had been killed by Hutu soldiers and militiamen.- Minority Rights Group International : Rwanda : Rwanda Overview 28 January 2010 0:47 UTC www.minorityrights.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Since the 1994 genocide, when the ruling elite of the majority Hutu group stoked up murderous hatred against minority Tutsis, ethnicity has been a difficult and sensitive area in Rwanda.- Minority Rights Group International : Rwanda : Rwanda Overview 28 January 2010 0:47 UTC www.minorityrights.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ On the shores of Lake Kivu, Rwanda sits to the north of Burundi, the south of Uganda, the east of the Democratic Republic of Congo, and to the west of Tanzania.- Minority Rights Group International : Rwanda : Rwanda Overview 28 January 2010 0:47 UTC www.minorityrights.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
Thousands of them died in epidemics of diseases common to the squalor of refugee camps, such as
cholera and
dysentery.
[34] The United States staged the
Operation Support Hope airlift from July to September 1994 to stabilize the situation in the camps.
[35]
After the victory of the RPF, the size of UNAMIR (henceforth called UNAMIR 2) was increased to its full strength, remaining in Rwanda until March 8, 1996.
[36]
.^ The true-life story of Paul Rusesabagina, a hotel manager who housed over a thousand Tutsi refugees during their struggle against the Hutu militia in Rwanda.- Hotel Rwanda (2004) 28 January 2010 0:47 UTC www.imdb.com [Source type: General]
^ However, God has taught me two important things in this last year…first, you don’t choose who you love, but you can choose who you spend your life with.
^ Roman Catholicism has been the dominant faith in Rwanda for more than a century.
This massive repatriation was followed at the end of December 1996 by the return of 500,000 more from Tanzania after they were ejected by the Tanzanian government. Various successor organizations to the Hutu militants operated in eastern DR Congo until May 22, 2009.
Political development
After its military victory in July 1994, the
Rwandan Patriotic Front organized a coalition government similar to that established by President
Juvénal Habyarimana in 1992. Called The Broad Based Government of National Unity, its fundamental law is based on a combination of the constitution, the Arusha accords, and political declarations by the parties. The
MRND party was outlawed. Political organizing was banned until 2003. The first post-war presidential and legislative elections were held in August and September 2003 respectively.
[citation needed]
The current government prohibits discrimination on the basis of ethnicity, race or religion. The government has also passed laws prohibiting emphasis on Hutu or Tutsi identity in most types of political activity.[citation needed]
.^ Click Back to return to block] March 29, 2009, KIGALI, RWANDA – Whew!
^ KIGALI HOPE FESTIVAL (ANDREW PALAU) I have taken on a side project of helping to consult with the Palau festival which is coming to Rwanda in July.
[37] Four years after the genocide, Clinton issued what is now known as the "Clinton apology," acknowledging his failure to efficiently deal with the situation in Rwanda, but not formally apologizing for inaction by the U.S. government or the international community.
In March 2000, after removing
Pasteur Bizimungu,
Paul Kagame became President of Rwanda. On August 25, 2003 Kagame won the first national elections since the RPF took power in 1994.
Rebuilding
A new constitution, written by the Kagame government, was then adopted by referendum in 2003. The first post-war presidential and legislative elections were held in August and September 2003, respectively. The stated RPF-led government goals were to promote reconciliation and unity among all Rwandans through the new constitution by forbidding any political activity or discrimination based on race, ethnicity or religion.
.^ Bridge to Rwanda” is God’s vision of hope in Rwanda and my original call to return to serve indefinitely here in Rwanda.
^ We are praying for all the funds needed to fly to Houston and return to Rwanda to finish out the mission.
[38]
By law, at least a third of the Parliamentary representation must be female. In the parliamentary election of September 2008, 56% of seats were won by women.
[39]
The
Senate has at least 26 members, each with a term of eight years. Eight posts are appointed by the president. 12 are elected representatives of the former 11 provinces and the city of Kigali. Four members are designated by the Forum of Political Organizations (a quasi-governmental organization that currently is an arm of the dominant political party); one member is a university lecturer or researcher elected by the public universities; one member is a university lecturer or researcher elected by the private universities. Any past President has permanent membership in the Senate. Under this scheme, up to 12 appointees to the Senate are appointed by the President and his party. The elected members must be approved by the Supreme Court. The 14 Supreme Court members are designated by the President and confirmed by the Senate. The Chamber of Deputies has 80 members, each with a 5 year term; 24 posts are reserved for women and are elected by province; 53 posts can be men or women and are also are elected by local elections; 2 posts are elected by the National Youth Council; 1 post is elected by Federation of the Associations of the Disabled.
The President and the Speaker of the Chamber of Deputies must be from different political parties. The President is elected every seven years, and may serve a maximum of two terms. In 2006, however, the structure of the country was reorganized. It is unclear how this affects current elected representation proportions.
The current Rwandan government, led by
Paul Kagame, has been praised by many for establishing security and promoting reconciliation and economic development, but is also criticized by some for being overly militant and opposed to dissent. The country now has many international visitors and is regarded as the safest country in East and Central Africa.
With new independent radio stations and other media arising, Rwanda is attempting a
free press, but the Government has been criticized for cracking down on journalists who have questioned the government.
[40][41]
.^ Click BACK to return to blog] December 25, 2009, KIGALI, RWANDA – Merry Christmas!
^ Click BACK to return to blog] August 29, 2009, KIGALI, RWANDA – Let me please first cover this blog entry in the Blood of Christ.
[42]
Rebuilding the economy
The government initiated an economic stabilization and recovery program in 1994, which led to a major economic turnaround over the period between 1994 and 2001. The government restructured the country's external debt through the Paris Club, secured a three-year support loan from IMF/World Bank, abolished export taxes, initiated rehabilitation of the banking sector, liberalized trade, currency and wage regimes, achieved full current account convertibility, firmed up the independence of the Central Bank, and launched the restructuring and privatisation of public entities.[citation needed]
Between 1994 and 1997, the GDP growth rate rose by nearly 70%. In the following years, growth remained relatively high (between 6% and 9%). The last three years have also seen spectacular GDP growth at an average rate of over 8%. In 2008 Rwanda registered double digit growth at 11.2%.
Administrative divisions
Rwanda is divided into five
provinces (
intara) and subdivided into thirty
districts (
akarere). The provinces are:
Prior to 1 January 2006, Rwanda was composed of twelve provinces (known as prefectures up to 2001), but these were abolished in full and redrawn as part of a program of decentralization and reorganization.
Geography
The Nyabarongo river flowing through Rwanda to Lake Victoria and the
Nile river.
Rwanda's countryside is covered by grasslands and small farms extending over rolling hills, with areas of rugged mountains that extend southeast from a chain of volcanoes in the northwest. The divide between the
Congo and
Nile drainage systems extends from north to south through western Rwanda at an average elevation of almost 9,000 feet (2,743 m).
The eastern slopes are more moderate, with rolling hills extending across central uplands at gradually reducing altitudes, to the plains, swamps, and lakes of the eastern border region. Therefore the country is also fondly known as "Land of a Thousand Hills" (
Pays des mille collines). In 2006, a British-led exploration announced that they had located the longest headstream of the
River Nile in
Nyungwe Forest.
[43]
Transport
The transport system in Rwanda centres primarily around the road network, with paved roads between the capital, Kigali and most other major cities and towns in the country.
[44] .^ LINDA HUANG I'm a missionary SENT BY GOD to live and serve in Rwanda, East Africa since June 2007.
[45] The country has an
international airport at Kigali, serving one domestic and several international destinations.
[46][47] There is no public water transport between the port cities on Lake Kivu, although a limited private service exists.
[48] A large amount of investment in the transport infrastructure has been made by the government since the 1994 genocide, with aid from the
USA,
European Union,
Japan and others.
.^ And the house is safe and near the main road, local stores, and the market.
Coach services are available to various destinations in neighbouring countries.
.^ JP was born in Bujumbura, Burundi (south of Rwanda) to a family of means, but the plight of war (the same ethnic tribal conflicts as Rwanda) forced his family into poverty.
[49] A delegation from the American railroad
BNSF also met with President Paul Kagame to discuss a route from Kigali to Isaka and at the same time the government announced that it had selected a German consulting company to undertake pilot work for the proposed rail line.
[50]
Communications
For now, Rwanda leads the region in terms of ICT adoption and infrastructure development. The country has a 100% mobile telecommunication coverage. Three Mobile phone operators (MTN, RwandaTel & TIGO) provide 3G mobile phone and internet services.
In 2009, WiBro technology was launched in Kigali enabling users to access high speed wireless Internet from any part of the city.
.^ The postal system is mostly reliable.- Top20Rwanda.com - Your Top20 Guide to Rwanda! 28 January 2010 0:47 UTC top20rwanda.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ Those wishing to receive post Office.- Top20Rwanda.com - Your Top20 Guide to Rwanda! 28 January 2010 0:47 UTC top20rwanda.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ There is one national television station: Rwanda Television which programming repeated in Kinyarwanda, English and French.- Top20Rwanda.com - Your Top20 Guide to Rwanda! 28 January 2010 0:47 UTC top20rwanda.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ There is one government-operated television station.
^ There is a fledgling television station.- Rwanda 11 September 2009 9:46 UTC clinton2.nara.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ This year the government abruptly changed the national language to English (from French and Kinyarwanda) so all subjects must now be taught in English.
^ A problem that I also see is that the government is changing the national language of the country from French to English – with really no set program in place to accomplish this.- How to Cross the Digital Divide, Rwanda-Style 28 January 2010 0:47 UTC www.techcrunch.com [Source type: General]
^ There is one national television station: Rwanda Television which programming repeated in Kinyarwanda, English and French.- Top20Rwanda.com - Your Top20 Guide to Rwanda! 28 January 2010 0:47 UTC top20rwanda.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
Subscription-based satellite television is easily available. There are currently two operators: South African based DSTV and China based Star Communications.
Economy
Coffee, such as this bag of
Maraba Coffee, is one of Rwanda's major cash crops.
Rwanda is a country of few natural resources, and the economy is based mostly on semi-subsistence agriculture by local farmers using simple tools.
[55] An estimated 90% of the working population farms, and agriculture comprised an estimated 39.4% of GDP in 2006.
[51] Since the mid 1980s, farm sizes have and food production have been decreasing, due in part to the resettlement of displaced people.
[56][57] Thus despite Rwanda's fertile ecosystem, food production often does not keep pace with population growth, requiring food imports.
[51] Crops grown in the country include
coffee,
tea,
pyrethrum,
bananas,
beans,
sorghum and
potatoes. Coffee and tea are the major cash crops for export, with the high altitudes, steep slopes and volcanic soils providing favourable conditions. Reliance on agricultural exports makes Rwanda vulnerable to shifts in their prices.
[58]
Livestock are raised throughout the country, with animal husbandry contributing around 8.8% of GDP in 2006.
[59] Animals raised in Rwanda include
cows,
goats,
sheep,
pigs,
chicken and
rabbits, with geographical variation in the numbers of each.
[59] Production systems are mostly traditional, although there are a few intensive dairy farms around Kigali.
[59] Shortage of land, water shortage, insufficient and poor quality feed and regular disease epidemics with insufficient veterinary service are major constraints, restricting output in this sector. Fishing takes place on the country's lakes, but stocks are very depleted and live fish are now being imported in an attempt to revive the industry.
[60]
The industrial sector is small and uncompetitive.
[61] Products manufactured include cement, agricultural products, small-scale beverages, soap, furniture, shoes, plastic goods, textiles, cigarettes.
[51] Despite being a landlocked country of few natural resources, Rwanda's mining industry is an important contributor, generating
US$93 million in 2008.
[62] Minerals mined include
cassiterite,
coltan,
wolfram, and
gold and
coltan, which is used in the manufacture of electronic and communication devices such as mobile phones.
[62][63]
.^ PERSEVERING THE MISSION FIELD: 3rd Year It’s been 2-1/2 years now and its been tough serving in a foreign country all alone where it’s not common for women to be independent and single.
^ Today, in what is still a predominantly Catholic country, Islam is the fastest growing religion .
[64] .^ Independence in 1962 was accompanied by continuing violence; by 1964 an estimated 150,000 people, virtually all Tutsis, had fled to surrounding countries.- Minority Rights Group International : Rwanda : Rwanda Overview 28 January 2010 0:47 UTC www.minorityrights.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The great majority of Rwandan Tutsis, along with a great many Twa and moderate Hutus - as many as 800,000 to one million people all told - were killed.- Minority Rights Group International : Rwanda : Rwanda Overview 28 January 2010 0:47 UTC www.minorityrights.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Most of the country's minority Tutsi population, along with Twa and moderate Hutus - as many as 800,000 to one million people - were systematically massacred by compatriots loyal to the country's then-ruling political party and other extreme Hutu groupings.- Minority Rights Group International : Rwanda : Rwanda Overview 28 January 2010 0:47 UTC www.minorityrights.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[65][67] .^ On the shores of Lake Kivu, Rwanda sits to the north of Burundi, the south of Uganda, the east of the Democratic Republic of Congo, and to the west of Tanzania.- Minority Rights Group International : Rwanda : Rwanda Overview 28 January 2010 0:47 UTC www.minorityrights.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[70]
Demographics
.^ Setting the over-riding goal as reconciliation, an official from the Ministry of Justice told IRIN in 2006 that ‘ethnic divisions have only caused conflicts between the peoples of the country'.- Minority Rights Group International : Rwanda : Rwanda Overview 28 January 2010 0:47 UTC www.minorityrights.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The great majority of Rwandan Tutsis, along with a great many Twa and moderate Hutus - as many as 800,000 to one million people all told - were killed.- Minority Rights Group International : Rwanda : Rwanda Overview 28 January 2010 0:47 UTC www.minorityrights.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Most of the country's minority Tutsi population, along with Twa and moderate Hutus - as many as 800,000 to one million people - were systematically massacred by compatriots loyal to the country's then-ruling political party and other extreme Hutu groupings.- Minority Rights Group International : Rwanda : Rwanda Overview 28 January 2010 0:47 UTC www.minorityrights.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
Educated Rwandans speak French and English.
.^ This year the government abruptly changed the national language to English (from French and Kinyarwanda) so all subjects must now be taught in English.
^ In January 2006 the government reorganized the Rwandan state, replacing 12 provinces with five new regions (Kigali, North, South, East, and West).- Minority Rights Group International : Rwanda : Rwanda Overview 28 January 2010 0:47 UTC www.minorityrights.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ In January 2008, French police arrested a former Rwandan army officer suspected of taking part in the genocide.- Minority Rights Group International : Rwanda : Rwanda Overview 28 January 2010 0:47 UTC www.minorityrights.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
This change was initiated to ensure further integration with the global economic community. Rwanda was admitted in November 2009 to membership of the
Commonwealth of Nations.
[71]
Religion
Most Rwandans are Christian, with significant changes since the genocide.
.^ Although no accurate census has been done, Muslims leaders in Rwanda estimate that they have about a million followers, or about 15 percent of the population.
Figures from 2001 survey were 49.6 % Catholic, 43.9 % Protestant, 4.6 % Muslim, 1.7 % no religious beliefs, and 0.1 % traditional indigenous beliefs. This represented a 19.9 percent increase in the number of Protestants, a 7.6 percent drop in the number of Catholics, and a 3.5 percent increase in the number of Muslims from the U.N. Population Fund survey in 1996.
There has been a proliferation of small, usually Christian-linked schismatic religious groups since the 1994 Genocide.
[72] The figures for Protestants include the growing number of members of Jehovah's Witnesses and evangelical Protestant groups. There also is a small population of
Baha'is and Jews.
[74][75]
.^ The Muslim community now boasts so many converts that it has had to embark on a crash campaign to build new mosques to accommodate all of the faithful.
[76][77] .^ Although no accurate census has been done, Muslims leaders in Rwanda estimate that they have about a million followers, or about 15 percent of the population.
[78][76][77][79]
.^ In 1990 4,000 NRA deserters launched an attack on Rwanda; though initially repulsed, with the help of troops from France, Belgium and the Democratic Republic of Congo (formerly Zaire), the impact was enormous.- Minority Rights Group International : Rwanda : Rwanda Overview 28 January 2010 0:47 UTC www.minorityrights.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Kabila became president of the newly renamed ‘Democratic Republic of Congo' (DRC), but quickly fell out with his backers in Kigali and Kampala.- Minority Rights Group International : Rwanda : Rwanda Overview 28 January 2010 0:47 UTC www.minorityrights.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ On the shores of Lake Kivu, Rwanda sits to the north of Burundi, the south of Uganda, the east of the Democratic Republic of Congo, and to the west of Tanzania.- Minority Rights Group International : Rwanda : Rwanda Overview 28 January 2010 0:47 UTC www.minorityrights.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[80]
Health
Fertility is at about six births per woman.
[81] .^ It was a joy to reunite the old Rwandan band about 2 years later for a spectacular event such as Palau festival.
[81] There were 5 physicians per 100,000 people in 2000-2004.
[81] Infant mortality was at 118 per 1,000 live births in 2005.
[81]
Culture
Music
LGBT rights
.^ Although no accurate census has been done, Muslims leaders in Rwanda estimate that they have about a million followers, or about 15 percent of the population.
[82]
.^ Click BACK to return to blog] December 25, 2009, KIGALI, RWANDA – Merry Christmas!
^ That, too, would represent a doubling of their numbers in the past 10 years.
[83] This legislation is similar to the controversial
Anti-Homosexuality Bill in the neighboring country of Uganda, which would penalize homosexuals with imprisonment and (in cases of relations with a minor or a disabled person, in cases where the "offender" is
HIV-positive and in cases of repeated homosexual acts)
[84] the death penalty.
Education
Net primary enrollment rate was at 74 % in 2004.
[81] Public expenditure was at 3.8 % of the GDP in 2002-2005.
[81] A significant minority of the adult population of Rwanda is
illiterate, particularly women.
[81] Public primary education has become fee-free.
[85] .^ This year the government abruptly changed the national language to English (from French and Kinyarwanda) so all subjects must now be taught in English.
^ Main languages: Kinyarwanda, French, English (all official).- Minority Rights Group International : Rwanda : Rwanda Overview 28 January 2010 0:47 UTC www.minorityrights.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[86] Rwanda has several universities.
[87]
Primary and Secondary
Post Secondary Institutions
There are 20 places of higher education in Rwanda with 6 public and 14 private
[88]:
Public
Private
- Adventist University of Central Africa
- Kigali Independent University
- Kigali Lay Adventist University
- Gitwe Institute of Education
- Kibungo University of Agriculture, Technology and Education
- Kabgayi Catholic University
- Butare Protestant Theological College
- International College of Accountancy and Management
- Nyakibanda Major Seminary
- Byumba Polytechnic Institute
- Rwanda Pentecostal University
- Kigali Professional Institute
International rankings
See also
References
- ^ Central Intelligence Agency (2009). "Rwanda". The World Factbook. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/rw.html. Retrieved January 12, 2010.
- ^ Department of Economic and Social Affairs Population Division (2009) (.PDF). World Population Prospects, Table A.8. 2008 revision. United Nations. p. 19. http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/wpp2008/wpp2008_text_tables.pdf. Retrieved 2009-03-12.
- ^ a b c d "Rwanda". International Monetary Fund. http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2009/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2006&ey=2009&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=714&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC%2CLP&grp=0&a=&pr.x=57&pr.y=18. Retrieved 2009-10-01.
- ^ See, e.g., Rwanda: How the genocide happened, BBC, April 1, 2004, which gives an estimate of 800,000, and OAU sets inquiry into Rwanda genocide, Africa Recovery, Vol. 12 1#1 (August 1998), page 4, which estimates the number at between 500,000 and 1,000,000.
- ^ CNN: Africa's Biggest Success Story, Zakaria "
- ^ Fortune: Why CEO's Love Rwanda. "
- ^ UN Habitat. "
- ^ Siuberski, Philippe. "
- ^ Josh Kron (2009-11-29). "Rwanda Joins British Commonwealth". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/29/world/africa/29rwanda.html. Retrieved 2009-11-29.
- ^ BBC News - Rwanda becomes a member of the Commonwealth
- ^ a b c d e Briggs and Booth 2006 p6
- ^ Chrétien p44
- ^ Dorsey p36
- ^ Chrétien p45
- ^ Chrétien p43-44
- ^ H. J. M. Claessen, Peter Skalník. "The Study of the State". Mouton, 1981. 17. ISBN 9-0279-3348-0
- ^ a b Briggs and Booth 2006 p7
- ^ a b Prunier p16
- ^ "The Rwandan Conflict: Origin, Development, Exit Strategies". http://www.nurc.gov.rw/documents/researches/rwandan%20_conflict.pdf.
- ^ ""The Origin of Rwandan Conflict". Rwandan Government: National Unity and Reconciliation Committee. http://www.nurc.gov.rw/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=63:the-origin-of-rwandan-conflict&catid=35:reseaches&Itemid=40.
- ^ "RECONCILIATION: AN EXPERIENCE FROM RWANDA (Memorandum submitted by Dr Zac Nsenga, Embassy of the Republic of Rwanda, to Select Committee on Northern Ireland Affairs)". Parliament of the U.K.. 2004-12-29. http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200405/cmselect/cmniaf/303/303we32.htm.
- ^ "International Boundary Study: Democratic Republic of the Congo (Zaire) -- Rwanda Boundary" (PDF). Department of State, Washington, D.C., US. 1965-06-15. http://www.law.fsu.edu/library/collection/LimitsinSeas/IBS052.pdf. Retrieved 2006-06-05.
- ^ "Re-imagining Rwanda: Conflict, Survival and Disinformation in the Twentieth Century" (PDF). School of Oriental and African Studies, University of England (Cambridge University Press). 2002-03-01. http://assets.cambridge.org/97805218/13662/sample/9780521813662ws.pdf. Retrieved 2006-06-05.
- ^ "Re-imagining Rwanda: Conflict, Survival and Disinformation in the Twentieth Century" (PDF). School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London (Cambridge University Press). 2002-03-01. http://assets.cambridge.org/97805218/13662/sample/9780521813662ws.pdf. Retrieved 2006-06-05.
- ^ "Perspective of Land Reform in Rwanda" (PDF). Ministry of Lands, Human Settlement, and Environmental Protection, Kigali, Rwanda. 2002-04-26. http://www.fig.net/pub/fig_2002/Ts7-7/TS7_7_rurangwa.pdf. Retrieved 2006-06-05.
- ^ "The Teaching of the History of Rwanda: A Participatory Approach (A Reference Book for Secondary Schools in Rwanda)" (PDF). Ministry of Education, Science, Technology and Research, Kigali, Rwanda, and UC Berkeley Human Rights Center, Berkeley, US. 2007-03-01. http://www.hrcberkeley.org/download/Rwanda-Curriculum-English1.pdf. Retrieved 2007-06-05.
- ^ "Julius Nyerere: Lifelong Learning and Informal Education". infed (Informal Education website), London, UK. 2007-05-27. http://www.infed.org/thinkers/et-nye.htm. Retrieved 2007-05-27.
- ^ Wallis, Andrew. Silent accomplice. 2006, page 38-41
- ^ Walter, Barbara F. and Snyder, Jack L. Civil Wars, Insecurity, and Intervention. 1999, page 135
- ^ New Yorker: The Mutsinzi Report on the Rwandan Genocide, Philip Gourevitch"
- ^ PBS: 100 Days of Slaughter, A chronology of US/UN inaction"
- ^ Des Forges, Alison (1999). Leave None to Tell the Story: Genocide in Rwanda. Human Rights Watch. ISBN 1-56432-171-1. http://www.hrw.org/reports/1999/rwanda. Retrieved 2007-01-12.
- ^ See, e.g., Rwanda: How the genocide happened, BBC, April 1, 2004, which gives an estimate of 800,000, and OAU sets inquiry into Rwanda genocide, Africa Recovery, Vol. 12 1#1 (August 1998), page 4, which estimates the number at between 500,000 and 1,000,000. 7 out of every 10 Tutsis were killed.
- ^ Ch. 10: "The Rwandan genocide and its aftermath"PDF in State of the World's Refugees 2000, United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
- ^ "Operation Support Hope". GlobalSecurity.org. 2005-04-27. http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/ops/support_hope.htm. Retrieved 2008-10-02.
- ^ Homepage for the United Nations Assistance Mission for Rwanda, un.org
- ^ Power, Samantha. "Bystanders to Genocide." Atlantic Monthly. Sept. 2001.<http://www.theatlantic.com/doc/200109/power-genocide>.
- ^ "The Constitution of the Republic of Rwanda". Government of Rwanda, Kigali. 2003-05-26. http://www.cjcr.gov.rw/eng/constitution_eng.doc. Retrieved 2007-06-04.
- ^ "Rwandan Women Secure 56% of Parliamentary Seats in Historic Election Result". United Nations Development Fund for Women. Retrieved on 2009-01-30.
- ^ "Rwanda - 2007 Annual Report". Reporters Without Borders, Paris, France. 2007-05-02. http://www.rsf.org/article.php3?id_article=20737.
- ^ "OPC Letter to Rwanda". Overseas Press Club of America, New York, USA. 2007-02-15. http://www.opcofamerica.org/press_freedom/letters/080207_rwandaletter.php.
- ^ "Rwanda – first landmine-free country". BBC News. 2 December 2009. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/8388822.stm. Retrieved 2 December 2009.
- ^ "Team reaches Nile's 'true source'". BBC News. 2006-03-31. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/hampshire/4864782.stm. Retrieved 2006-12-04.
- ^ Briggs and Booth 2006, p63
- ^ TRANSIT TRANSPORT COORDINATION AUTHORITY OF THE NORTHERN CORRIDOR TRANSIT TRANSPORT COORDINATION AUTHORITY OF THE NORTHERN CORRIDOR
- ^ Briggs and Booth 2006, p35
- ^ Briggs and Booth 2006, p62
- ^ Briggs and Booth 2006, p64
- ^ "China to Assist Rwanda". Railways Africa, Gauteng, South Africa. 2006-09-07. http://railwaysafrica.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=563&Itemid=35.
- ^ "Rwanda: Kagame Meets Railway Expert". The New Times. Kigali, Rwanda. 2007-04-27. http://allafrica.com/stories/200704250668.html.
- ^ a b c d e https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/rw.html The World Factbook - Rwanda] United States Central Intelligence Agency
- ^ Gross domestic product based on purchasing-power-parity (PPP) per capita GDP, Rwanda, 1994 World Economic Outlook Database, April 2008, International Monetary Fund
- ^ Gross domestic product based on purchasing-power-parity (PPP) per capita GDP, Rwanda, 2008 World Economic Outlook Database, April 2008, International Monetary Fund
- ^ East African currency coming News24, South Africa
- ^ "Special Report on Rwanda, July 97". CROP AND FOOD SUPPLY ASSESSMENT MISSION TO RWANDA. FAO/WFP. 1997-07-01. http://www.fao.org/docrep/004/w5836e/w5836e00.htm. Retrieved 2009-02-04.
- ^ "Agriculture and Food COUNTRY PROFILE - Rwanda". EarthTrends: The Environmental Information Portal. Earth Resources Institute. 2006. http://earthtrends.wri.org/text/agriculture-food/country-profile-153.html. Retrieved 2009-02-04.
- ^ "Rwanda - Economy". Travel Document Systems, Inc. http://www.traveldocs.com/rw/economy.htm. Retrieved 2009-02-04.
- ^ "Continued reforms and technical assistance should help Rwanda in its efforts to achieve a dynamic economy". TRADE POLICY REVIEW: RWANDA. World Trade Organization. 2004-09-30. http://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/tpr_e/tp236_e.htm. Retrieved 2009-02-04.
- ^ a b c "Livestock production". Rwanda Ministry of Agriculture. 2006-06-10. http://www.minagri.gov.rw/article.php3?id_article=23. Retrieved 2009-02-05.
- ^ Namata, Berna (2008-12-28). "Rwanda to restock water bodies with fisheries". The New Times. http://www.newtimes.co.rw/index.php?issue=13758&article=1108&week=45. Retrieved 5 February 2009.
- ^ "World Hunger - Rwanda". World Food Program. http://www.wfp.org/country_brief/indexcountry.asp?country=646. Retrieved 2006-12-04.
- ^ a b "Mining industry generated $93 million in 2008". The New Times. 2009-01-15. http://www.newtimes.co.rw/index.php?issue=13776&article=12470. Retrieved 2009-02-04.
- ^ Imtiyaz Delawala (2001-09-07). "What Is Coltan?". Nightline. ABC news. http://www.un.int/drcongo/war/coltan.htm. Retrieved 2009-02-04.
- ^ a b "Tourism and Conservation Performance in 2008". Rwanda Tourist Board (ORTPN). 2009-01-06. http://www.rwandatourism.com/tourism_performance_2008.htm. Retrieved 2009-02-07.
- ^ a b Briggs and Booth 2001, Introduction viii
- ^ "Rwanda - Country Specific Information". International Travel Information. U.S. Department of State. 2009-02-06. http://travel.state.gov/travel/cis_pa_tw/cis/cis_1007.html. Retrieved 2009-02-07.
- ^ Briggs and Booth 2006, p204
- ^ Briggs and Booth 2006, p140-141
- ^ Briggs and Booth 2006, p165
- ^ Briggs and Booth 2006, p229
- ^ Stephanie McCrummen (2008-10-28). "Rwandans Say Adieu to Français". The Washington Post (Washington, D.C.): p. A10. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/10/27/AR2008102703165.html. Retrieved 2008-11-08.
- ^ a b U.S. Department of State
- ^ U.S. Department of State, International Religious Freedom Report 2007
- ^ Thousands Outraged at Aquittal [sic] in '94 Bombing of Jewish Community Center (Argentina)
- ^ Rwandan genocide survivor visits Canada | Canadian Bahá’í News Service
- ^ a b Emily Wax (2002-11-23). "Islam Attracting Many Survivors of Rwanda Genocide". Washington, D.C.: The Washington Post. p. A10. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A53018-2002Sep22.html. Retrieved 2007-12-04.
- ^ a b Tiemessen, Alana (2005) From Genocide to Jihad: Islam and Ethnicity in Post-Genocide Rwanda. Paper presented at the Annual General Meeting of the Canadian Political Science Association, London, Ontario.
- ^ Robert Walke (2004-04-01). "Rwanda's religious reflections". BBC. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/3561365.stm. Retrieved 2008-08-23.
- ^ Times Daily
- ^ "World Refugee Survey 2008". U.S. Committee for Refugees and Immigrants. 2008-06-19. http://www.refugees.org/survey.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Human Development Report 2009 - Rwanda
- ^ Spartacus International Gay Guide, page 1216. Bruno Gmunder Verlag, 2007.
- ^ Africa’s Culture War: The Fight Over Uganda’s Anti-Gay Bill - The World Newser
- ^ Anti-gay bill in Uganda challenges Catholics to take a stand | National Catholic Reporter
- ^ Republic Of Rwanda - Ministry of Education
- ^ Site en travaux
- ^ Site en travaux
- ^ Rwandan Development Gateway
- ^ Kigali Institute of Science and Technology
- ^ "Vision of Humanity". Vision of Humanity. http://www.visionofhumanity.org/gpi/home.php. Retrieved 2010-02-04.
Cited texts
- Briggs, Philip & Booth, Janice (2006) Rwanda - The Bradt Travel Guide. 3rd ed. London: Bradt Travel Guides. ISBN 1841621803
- Chrétien, Jean-Pierre (2003) The Great Lakes of Africa: Two Thousand Years of History Hardcover ed. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. ISBN 189095134X
- Dorsey, Learthen (1994) Historical Dictionary of Rwanda. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 0810828200
- Munyakazi, Augustine & Ntagaramba, Johnson Funga (2005). Atlas of Rwanda French ed. Oxford: Macmillan Education. ISBN 0333954513
External links
- Government
- General
- Travel
- Ceremony site
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1 Associate member. 2 Provisionally referred to by the Francophonie as the "former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia"; see Macedonia naming dispute. |
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Dark blue: Countries and territories where English is spoken natively by a significant population.
.^ Main languages: Kinyarwanda, French, English (all official).- Minority Rights Group International : Rwanda : Rwanda Overview 28 January 2010 0:47 UTC www.minorityrights.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
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