From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
| Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan |
|
In office
13 May 1962 – 13 May 1967 |
| Prime Minister |
Gulzarilal Nanda (1st term)
Lal Bahadur Shastri
Gulzarilal Nanda (2nd term) |
| Vice President |
Zakir Hussain |
| Preceded by |
Rajendra Prasad |
| Succeeded by |
Zakir Hussain |
|
In office
May 13, 1952 – May 12, 1962 |
| President |
Rajendra Prasad |
| Preceded by |
Office created |
| Succeeded by |
Zakir Hussain |
|
| Born |
September 5, 1888(1888-09-05)
Thiruttani, Tamil Nadu, India |
| Died |
April 17, 1975 (aged 86)
Chennai,Tamil Nadu, India |
| Political party |
Independent |
| Spouse(s) |
Sivakamu |
| Children |
Five daughters and a son |
| Occupation |
Politician, Philosopher, Professor |
| Religion |
Hinduism |
.^ Hide copyright information ) Copyright Radhakrishnan, Sir Sarvepalli (1888–1975) Indian philosopher and statesman, President (1962–67).- Radhakrishnan, Sir Sarvepalli - History of Radhakrishnan, Sir Sarvepalli | Encyclopedia.com: Dictionary of World History 19 September 2009 2:02 UTC www.encyclopedia.com [Source type: Academic]
^ Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan passed away on April 17, 1975.- Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan: Life and Writings 19 September 2009 2:02 UTC www.uramamurthy.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan ( September 5 , 1888 - April 17 , 1975 ) is best known as the man who introduced the thinking of western idealist philosophers into Indian thought.- Bambooweb: Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan 19 September 2009 2:02 UTC bambooweb.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ In May 1962, Dr. Radhakrishnan became the President of India, a post he served till May 1967.- Dr. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan - Doctor Radha Krishnan - President of India Late Dr. S. Radhakrishnan 19 September 2009 2:02 UTC festivals.iloveindia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan was one of the most distinguished diplomats, scholars and teachers of India, apart from being the first Vice President and the second President of the country.- Dr. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan - Doctor Radha Krishnan - President of India Late Dr. S. Radhakrishnan 19 September 2009 2:02 UTC festivals.iloveindia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Born: September 5, 1888 Died: April 17, 1975 Achievements: First Vice President and second President of India.- Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan Biography - Dr. Radhakrishnan Indian Vice President - Dr. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan History 19 September 2009 2:02 UTC www.iloveindia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ One of the foremost scholars of comparative...
^ East and West: Some Reflections (1955), and Religion in a Changing World (1967).- AllRefer.com - Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan (South Asian History, Biography) - Encyclopedia 19 September 2009 2:02 UTC reference.allrefer.com [Source type: Academic]
^ Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan was one of the most distinguished diplomats, scholars and teachers of India, apart from being the first Vice President and the second President of the country.- Dr. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan - Doctor Radha Krishnan - President of India Late Dr. S. Radhakrishnan 19 September 2009 2:02 UTC festivals.iloveindia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ He not only helped popularize India’s highest philosophical thought to a world audience, but did so in a manner intended to indicate ways to a better life for mankind.- Radhakrishnan, Sarvepalli - MSN Encarta 19 September 2009 2:02 UTC uk.encarta.msn.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ Three years later, he was appointed to the most important philosophy chair in India, King George V Chair of Mental and Moral Science in the University of Calcutta.- Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan: Life and Writings 19 September 2009 2:02 UTC www.uramamurthy.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Three years later, he was appointed as a Professor to King George V Chair of Mental and Moral Science in the University of Calcutta.- Dr. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan - Doctor Radha Krishnan - President of India Late Dr. S. Radhakrishnan 19 September 2009 2:02 UTC festivals.iloveindia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Worked as Professor of Philosophy in University of Mysore (1918) and University of Calcutta (1921).- Welcome to Thematic Gallery of Indian Autographs - Detailed autograph information of Radhakrishnan S., Dr. at indianautographs.com by Praful Thakkar 19 September 2009 2:02 UTC www.indianautographs.com [Source type: General]
) and
.^ From 1936-39, he served as the Spalding Professor of Eastern Religions and Ethic,s at Oxford University.- Dr. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan - Doctor Radha Krishnan - President of India Late Dr. S. Radhakrishnan 19 September 2009 2:02 UTC festivals.iloveindia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Invited to deliver the Upton Lectures at Harris Manchester College , Oxford, in 1926, he attracted the attention of British philosophers and academics, leading to his appointment as the Spalding Professor of Eastern Religion and Ethics at the University of Oxford .- Radhakrishnan, Sarvepalli - MSN Encarta 19 September 2009 2:02 UTC uk.encarta.msn.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The main part of his life was spent as an academic; he was a philosophy professor at Mysore (191821) and Calcutta (192131, 193741) universities and also held a professorship in eastern religion and ethics at Oxford (193652).- AllRefer.com - Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan (South Asian History, Biography) - Encyclopedia 19 September 2009 2:02 UTC reference.allrefer.com [Source type: Academic]
.^ He was awarded the Bharat Ratna in 1954.- Bambooweb: Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan 19 September 2009 2:02 UTC bambooweb.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ He was honored with the Bharat Ratna in 1954.- Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan Biography - Dr. Radhakrishnan Indian Vice President - Dr. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan History 19 September 2009 2:02 UTC www.iloveindia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Bharat Ratna, the highest award of the nation, was conferred on him in 1954 in recognition of his meritorious service to mankind.- Feature 19 September 2009 2:02 UTC pib.nic.in [Source type: Original source]
.^ In India, September 5 (his birthday) is celebrated as Teacher's Day in his honor.- Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan: Life and Writings 19 September 2009 2:02 UTC www.uramamurthy.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ He was a famous teacher and his birthday is celebrated as Teacher's Day in India.- Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan Biography - Dr. Radhakrishnan Indian Vice President - Dr. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan History 19 September 2009 2:02 UTC www.iloveindia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ September, the birthday of Dr. Radhskrishnan, is observed as Teacher's Day.- Feature 19 September 2009 2:02 UTC pib.nic.in [Source type: Original source]
Personal life and background
Early life and education
.^ Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan was born on September 5, 1888, at Tiruttani, near Madras, in South India.- Welcome to IECTEC 19 September 2009 2:02 UTC www.iectec.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan • Born : 5th September, 1888 • Died : 17th April, 1975 • Birth Place : Tiruttani, Tamil Nadu, India .- Welcome to Thematic Gallery of Indian Autographs - Detailed autograph information of Radhakrishnan S., Dr. at indianautographs.com by Praful Thakkar 19 September 2009 2:02 UTC www.indianautographs.com [Source type: General]
^ DR. SARVEPALLI RADHAKRISHNAN - THE PHILOSOPHER PRESIDENT D r.Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan was born on September 5, 1888, in a middle class family in the pilgrim town of Tirutani.- Feature 19 September 2009 2:02 UTC pib.nic.in [Source type: Original source]
His early years were spent in Tirutani and Tirupati. His father was a subordinate revenue official in the service of a local
Zamindar (landlord).
.^ Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan had his early education at Gowdie School, Tiruvallur and then went to the Lutheran Mission School in Tirupati for his high school.- Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan Biography - Dr. Radhakrishnan Indian Vice President - Dr. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan History 19 September 2009 2:02 UTC www.iloveindia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ He initially went to school in Tirutani and then to the Lutheran Mission School in Tirupati for his high school.- Dr. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan 19 September 2009 2:02 UTC www.liveindia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ He initially went to school in Tirutani and then to the Lutheran Mission School in Tirupati for his high school.- Dr. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan 19 September 2009 2:02 UTC www.liveindia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[1]
.^ It was difficult for Radhakrishnan's father to educate him with a meagre income and a large family to take care of. Radhakrishnan went through most of his education on scholarships.- Dr. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan 19 September 2009 2:02 UTC www.liveindia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ Later, he joined the Christian College, Madras, and studied philosophy.- Feature 19 September 2009 2:02 UTC pib.nic.in [Source type: Original source]
^ He joined the Voorhee's College in Vellore but switched to the Madras Christian College at the age of 17.- Dr. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan 19 September 2009 2:02 UTC www.liveindia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Philosophy and Life His first book, "The Ethics of the Vedanta and Its Material Presupposition"', being his thesis for the M.A. degree examination of the Madras University, published in 1908, at once established his fame as a great philosopher of undoubted ability.- Feature 19 September 2009 2:02 UTC pib.nic.in [Source type: Original source]
[2] Radhakrishnan wrote his thesis for the M.A. degree on "The Ethics of the Vedanta and its Metaphysical Presuppositions".
[3] He was afraid that his M.A. thesis, "The Ethics of the Vedanta" would offend his philosophy professor, Dr. A.G. Hogg. Instead, Dr. Hogg commended Radhakrishnan on doing an excellent job.
.^ Radhakrishnan's M.A. thesis was published when he was only 20 .- Dr. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan 19 September 2009 2:02 UTC www.liveindia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Radhakrishnan's second book, "The Reign of Religion in Contemporary Philosophy" was published in 1920. Radhakrishnan's books and articles, drew the attention of Ashutosh Mookerjee, Vice Chancellor of Calcutta University.- Dr. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan 19 September 2009 2:02 UTC www.liveindia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ In 1923, Dr. Radhakrishnan's "Indian Philosophy" was published.- Dr. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan 19 September 2009 2:02 UTC www.liveindia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
A cousin of his who had graduated from the same college handed over to him the textbooks in philosophy. As Radhakrishnan was poor at this juncture of his life, this incident decided his future career.
[4][5] .^ Among his works are Indian Philosophy (2 vol., 192327), The Philosophy of the Upanishads (1924), Eastern Religions and Western Thought (1939, 2d ed.- AllRefer.com - Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan (South Asian History, Biography) - Encyclopedia 19 September 2009 2:02 UTC reference.allrefer.com [Source type: Academic]
Marriage
.^ Radhakrishnan was married to Sivakamuamma at the age of 16 while still in Vellore.- Dr. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan 19 September 2009 2:02 UTC www.liveindia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
The marriage was a traditional Indian
arranged marriage.
.^ The couple had five daughters and a son. After serving two terms as Vice-President, Radhakrishnan was elected President of India in 1962.- Dr. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan 19 September 2009 2:02 UTC www.liveindia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
Career
.^ Later on in his life, he studied Marxism and Existentialism. In 1914, in a strange twist of fate, Radhakrishnan met Srinivasa Ramanujan, the mathematical genius.- Dr. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan 19 September 2009 2:02 UTC www.liveindia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ Srinivasa was leaving for Cambridge for studies and had come to seek Radhakrishnan's blessings because a goddess came in his dream and told him to do so before undertaking the trip.- Dr. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan 19 September 2009 2:02 UTC www.liveindia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Later on in his life, he studied Marxism and Existentialism. In 1914, in a strange twist of fate, Radhakrishnan met Srinivasa Ramanujan, the mathematical genius.- Dr. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan 19 September 2009 2:02 UTC www.liveindia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ The two never met again. In 1918, Radhakrishnan was selected as Professor of Philosophy by the University of Mysore.- Dr. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan 19 September 2009 2:02 UTC www.liveindia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ He nominated Radhakrishnan to the prestigious George V Professor of Philosophy at the Calcutta University, 1921.- Dr. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan 19 September 2009 2:02 UTC www.liveindia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Radhakrishnan's second book, "The Reign of Religion in Contemporary Philosophy" was published in 1920. Radhakrishnan's books and articles, drew the attention of Ashutosh Mookerjee, Vice Chancellor of Calcutta University.- Dr. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan 19 September 2009 2:02 UTC www.liveindia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The two never met again. In 1918, Radhakrishnan was selected as Professor of Philosophy by the University of Mysore.- Dr. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan 19 September 2009 2:02 UTC www.liveindia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ By the time, Radhakrishnan had written many articles for journals of repute like The Quest, Journal of Philosophy and the International Journal of Ethics.- Dr. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan 19 September 2009 2:02 UTC www.liveindia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
He completed his first book "The Philosophy of Rabindranath Tagore."
.^ He believed Tagore's philosophy to be the "genuine manifestation of the Indian spirit."- Dr. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan 19 September 2009 2:02 UTC www.liveindia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
Radhakrishnan's second book, "The Reign of Religion in Contemporary Philosophy" was published in 1920.
.^ Three years later, he was appointed to the most important philosophy chair in India, King George V Chair of Mental and Moral Science in the University of Calcutta.
^ In 1918, he was appointed Professor of Philosophy in the University of Mysore.
^ Radhakrishnan represented University of Calcutta at the Congress of the Universities of the British Empire in June 1926 and the International Congress of Philosophy at the Harvard Univesity in September 1926.
.^ Radhakrishnan represented University of Calcutta at the Congress of the Universities of the British Empire in June 1926 and the International Congress of Philosophy at the Harvard Univesity in September 1926.
^ In 1929, Radhakrishnan was invited to take the post vacated by Principal J. Estin Carpenter in Manchester College, Oxford.
^ Worked as Professor of Philosophy in University of Mysore (1918) and University of Calcutta (1921).- Welcome to Thematic Gallery of Indian Autographs - Detailed autograph information of Radhakrishnan S., Dr. at indianautographs.com by Praful Thakkar 19 September 2009 2:02 UTC www.indianautographs.com [Source type: General]
.^ This gave him the opportunity to lecture to the students of University of Oxford on Comparative Religion.
^ Invited to the Oxford University in England to be part of the special 'Upton Lectures'.- Welcome to Thematic Gallery of Indian Autographs - Detailed autograph information of Radhakrishnan S., Dr. at indianautographs.com by Praful Thakkar 19 September 2009 2:02 UTC www.indianautographs.com [Source type: General]
^ During that visit, he also gave the Hibbert Lectures on "An Idealist View of Life" to audiences at the Universities of London and Manchester.
.^ In 1939, he was elected Fellow of the British Academy.
^ This gave him the opportunity to lecture to the students of University of Oxford on Comparative Religion.
^ From 1936-39, Radhakrishnan was the Spalding Professor of Eastern Religions and Ethics at Oxford University.
In 1939, Pt.
.^ From 1939-48, he was the Vice-Chancellor of the Banaras Hindu University.
^ Was Vice Chancellor of Andhra University and Benares Hindu University.- Welcome to Thematic Gallery of Indian Autographs - Detailed autograph information of Radhakrishnan S., Dr. at indianautographs.com by Praful Thakkar 19 September 2009 2:02 UTC www.indianautographs.com [Source type: General]
.^ Was the first envoy of India to Soviet Union.- Welcome to Thematic Gallery of Indian Autographs - Detailed autograph information of Radhakrishnan S., Dr. at indianautographs.com by Praful Thakkar 19 September 2009 2:02 UTC www.indianautographs.com [Source type: General]
^ Almost immediately after Independence Nehru assigned him as Indias first Ambassador to the Soviet Union.- Teachers Day in India - Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan free essay, term paper and book report 19 September 2009 2:02 UTC www.freeessays123.com [Source type: General]
^ He was the Vice-President of India from 1952-1962 and the President, General Conference of UNESCO from 1952-54.
.^ Was the Vice President of India from 1952 to 1962.- Welcome to Thematic Gallery of Indian Autographs - Detailed autograph information of Radhakrishnan S., Dr. at indianautographs.com by Praful Thakkar 19 September 2009 2:02 UTC www.indianautographs.com [Source type: General]
^ He was the Vice-President of India from 1952-1962 and the President, General Conference of UNESCO from 1952-54.
^ S.Radhakrishnan, Philosopher & former President of India .
They were married for over 51 years.
[7] .^ Was the Vice President of India from 1952 to 1962.- Welcome to Thematic Gallery of Indian Autographs - Detailed autograph information of Radhakrishnan S., Dr. at indianautographs.com by Praful Thakkar 19 September 2009 2:02 UTC www.indianautographs.com [Source type: General]
^ From May 1962 to May 1967, he was the President of India.
^ Was the President of India from 1962 to 1967.- Welcome to Thematic Gallery of Indian Autographs - Detailed autograph information of Radhakrishnan S., Dr. at indianautographs.com by Praful Thakkar 19 September 2009 2:02 UTC www.indianautographs.com [Source type: General]
.^ In India, September 5 (his birthday) is celebrated as Teacher's Day in his honor.
He replied,
"Instead of celebrating my birthday, it would be my proud privilege if 5 September is observed as
Teachers' Day."
.^ In India, September 5 (his birthday) is celebrated as Teacher's Day in his honor.
^ Teachers Day in India - Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan free essay, term paper and book report .- Teachers Day in India - Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan free essay, term paper and book report 19 September 2009 2:02 UTC www.freeessays123.com [Source type: General]
^ We have been observing it ever since his passing away as our countrys Teachers Day.- Teachers Day in India - Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan free essay, term paper and book report 19 September 2009 2:02 UTC www.freeessays123.com [Source type: General]
[8] Radhakrishnan along with
Ghanshyam Das Birla and a few other Social Workers in pre independence era formed
Krishnarpan Charity Trust.
Philosophy
Radhakrishnan argued that Western philosophers, despite all claims to
objectivity, were biased by
theological influences of their own culture.
[9] .^ From then on, he was engaged in the serious study of Indian philosophy and religion, and was a teacher of Philosophy.
^ In: A Source Book in Indian Philosophy.- An Indian logic-based argument representation formalism for knowledge-sharing -- Mahalakshmi and Geetha 17 (1): 55 -- Logic Journal of IGPL 19 September 2009 2:02 UTC jigpal.oxfordjournals.org [Source type: Academic]
.^ During that visit, he also gave the Hibbert Lectures on "An Idealist View of Life" to audiences at the Universities of London and Manchester.
.^ In college, he mastered the classics of Hindu philosophy, namely the Upanishads, Bhagvad Gita, Brahmasutra, and commentaries of Sankara, Ramunuja and Madhava.- Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan Biography - Dr. Radhakrishnan Indian Vice President - Dr. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan History 19 September 2009 2:02 UTC www.iloveindia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ In 1939, he was elected Fellow of the British Academy.
He donated the entire Templeton Prize amount to Oxford University.
.^ From 1936-39, Radhakrishnan was the Spalding Professor of Eastern Religions and Ethics at Oxford University.
For recent biographies, see Robert Minor's: "Radhakrishnan, a religious biography" or Sarvepalli Gopal's:"Radhakrishnan;a biography".
| “ |
It is not God that is worshipped but the authority that claims to speak in His name. Sin becomes disobedience to authority not violation of integrity. |
” |
Works
-
-
"Those who have read the author's previous volumes or have heard him speak are accustomed to associate with him warmth and vigor of style, penetrating flashes of keen analysis, and detailed familiarity with past and present philosophies in both east and west. In these respects none will find the book disappointing."
.
- Eastern Religions and Western Thought (1939), Oxford University Press, 396 pages
- Religion and Society (1947), 242 pages
- The Philosophy of Sarvepalli Radhakrishna ed.^ This gave him the opportunity to lecture to the students of University of Oxford on Comparative Religion.
^ Although process thought is usually highly regarded in theological seminaries, the topic is ignored in many contemporary Philosophy of Religion texts.- http://cseng.awl.com/catalog/academic/EZPrint_Product/0,2989,0205645194,00.html 19 September 2009 2:02 UTC cseng.awl.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Oxford University Press.- An Indian logic-based argument representation formalism for knowledge-sharing -- Mahalakshmi and Geetha 17 (1): 55 -- Logic Journal of IGPL 19 September 2009 2:02 UTC jigpal.oxfordjournals.org [Source type: Academic]
by P.A.Schilpp (1952), Tudor Publishing Company, New York
- Recovery of Faith (1956), 205 pages
- A Source Book in Indian Philosophy (1957), 683 pages, Princeton University Press
-
-
"I believe this is the first time I have written a review when no negative criticism of any kind seemed to me warranted. ... No one interested in Indian thought who does not expect to master the original materials can dispense with this book."
References
- ^ Sarvepalli Gopal: "Radhakrishnan; a Biography" (1989) p. 11
- ^ Sarvepalli Gopal:Radhakrishnan; a Biography (1989) p.15
- ^ Sarvepalli Gopal: "Radhakrishnan; a Biography" (1989) p.17
- ^ The Philosophy of Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan (1952) p.6
- ^ Sarvepalli Gopal: Radhakrishnan;a Biography (1989) p.14
- ^ Murty, K. Satchidananda; Ashok Vohra (1990). Radhakrishnan: his life and ideas. SUNY Press. p. 90. ISBN 0791403432. http://books.google.co.in/books?id=x6FsaptULgAC&pg=PA90&dq=Madan+Mohan+Malaviya&lr=&cd=20#v=onepage&q=Madan%20Mohan%20Malaviya&f=false.
- ^ a b TeluguOne
- ^ Teacher's Day, Teacher's Day Celebrations, Celebration of Teacher's Day, September Festivals, Legends Behind Teacher's Day, Stories of Teacher's Day, Teacher's Day Celebrations
- ^ Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, Charles Moore (eds.), A source Book in Indian Philosophy, Princeton: Princeton University Press 1989, 610-639
- Robert N. Minor: Radhakrishna - a religious Biography, State University of New York Press, Albany, NY, 1987, 189 pp.
- New Essays in the Philosophy of Sarvepalli Radhakrishna/ Ed. by S.S. Rama Rao Pappu, Sri Satguru Publications, Delhi.
External links