The shot put is an athletics (track and field) event involving "putting" (throwing in a pushing motion) a heavy metal ball (called the shot) as far as possible. It is common to use the term "shot put" to refer to both the shot itself and to the throwing motion.
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Competitors take their throw from inside a circle 7 feet (2.13 m) in diameter, with a toe board approximately 4 inches (0.10 m) high at the front of the circle. The distance thrown is measured from the inside of the circumference of the circle to the disturbance of the soil from which the ball bounced, then stopped.
Foul throws occur when an athlete:
Each competition has a set number of rounds of throws. Typically there are 3 rounds of preliminaries to determine seats for the final. The competitor with the farthest legal put is declared the winner. In men's competition, the shot weighs 7.26 kilograms (16 pounds). The women's shot weighs 4 kg (8.82 lb). American high schools usually use 12 pounds (5.44 kg) shots for boys and 4 kg shots for girls; these are sometimes used as practice shots as well. The weight of the ball differs depending on the age group. Men over the age of 50 or under 19 use a 6 kg shot (13.2 pounds) in international competition.
Shot put competitions have been held at the Summer Olympic Games since their inception, and is also included as an event in athletic world championships. The shot put originates from Highland games 'stone put' where competitors put a rounded cube, stone, or metal form of considerable weight from behind a given line.[citation needed] Cannon ball throwing contests were organised in 17th century England.[1] Although Scottish athletics has an analogous event, this does not necessarily indicate a common origin.[citation needed]
Two putting styles are in current general use by shot put competitors: the glide and the spin.
The origin of the glide dates to 1951, when Parry O'Brien of the United States invented a technique that involves the putter facing backwards, rotating 180 degrees across the circle, and then tossing the shot. With this technique, a right-hand thrower begins facing the rear of the circle and kicks to the front with the left leg while pushing off forcefully with the right. The key is to move quickly across the circle with as little air under the feet as possible, hence the name "glide". As the thrower crosses the circle, the hips twist toward the front, followed by the shoulders and strikes in a putting motion with their arm.
In 1972 year Aleksandr Baryshnikov set his first USSR record by using a new putting style. [2] [3] In 1976 Aleksandr Baryshnikov set a world record with "spin" style and first time crossed 22 metres bound. That "spin" style ("круговой мах" in Russian) was invented by his coach Viktor Alexeyev. [4][5]
The spin was also invented in the United States in 1976[citation needed]. From this, in 1976, Brian Oldfield popularized the spin technique which involves rotating like a discus thrower and using rotational momentum for power. Oldfield set the record of 75 feet (23 m) in 1975; it was unofficial, however, because he was a professional at a time when the IAAF had an amateur-only policy, but undisputed and over 3 feet better than the official world record at the time. Oldfield's record in the 33 years since has been bettered by only 10 1/4 inches. In the spin, a right-handed thrower faces the rear, and begins to spin on the ball of the left foot. The thrower comes around and faces the front of the circle and drives the right foot into the middle of the circle. Finally, the thrower reaches for the front of the circle with the left foot, twists his hips and shoulders like in the glide, and puts the shot.
With all putting styles, the goal is to release the shot with maximum forward velocity at an angle of approximately forty degrees. Currently, most top male shot putters use the spin, but the glide remains popular, especially at the amateur level and among women, since the technique breeds higher consistency for the athlete as opposed to the rotational technique. It is worth noting that the world record by a male putter (Randy Barnes 75 ft 10¼ in (23.120 m) was completed with the spin technique, while the close second-best all-time distance (Ulf Timmermann 75 ft 8 in (23.063 m) was completed with the glide technique. The U.S. high school record for the 12-point shot, 81 ft 3½ in (24.778 m) by Michael Carter, was also completed with the glide technique. Measuring which technique can provide the most potential is difficult, as many of the best throws recorded with each technique come from athletes under a thick cloud of doping suspicion and violations. In some opinions the decision to glide or spin should be based on the thrower's size and power, with short throwers benefiting from the spin and taller throwers benefiting from the glide, but many throwers do not follow this guideline. Almost all throwers start by using the glide.
The current world record holders are:
| Type | Athlete | Distance | Venue | Date |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Men | ||||
| Outdoor | Randy Barnes[6] | 23.12 m (75 ft 10.2 in) | Westwood, California, USA | May 20, 1990 |
| Indoor | Randy Barnes | 22.66 m (74 ft 4.1 in) | Los Angeles, California, USA | January 20, 1989 |
| Women | ||||
| Outdoor | Natalya Lisovskaya[7] | 22.63 m (74 ft 2.9 in) | Moscow, USSR | June 7, 1987 |
| Indoor | Helena Fibingerová | 22.50 m (73 ft 9.8 in) | Jablonec, CZE | February 19, 1977 |
| Area | Men's | Women's | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Distance | Athlete | Nation | Distance | Athlete | Nation | |
| Africa | 21.97 m | Janus Robberts |  South Africa |
18.35 m | Vivian Chukwuemeka |  Nigeria |
| Asia | 21.13 m | Sultan Abdulmajeed Al-Hebshi |  Saudi Arabia |
21.76 m | Meisu Li |  China |
| Europe | 23.06 m | Ulf Timmermann |  East Germany |
22.63 m WR | Natalya Lisovskaya |  Soviet Union |
| North and Central America, and Caribbean |
23.12 m WR | Randy Barnes |  United States |
20.96 m[A] | Belsy Laza |  Cuba |
| Oceania | 21.26 m | Scott Martin |  Australia |
21.07 m | Valerie Vili |  New Zealand |
| South America | 21.13 m | Marco Antonio Verni |  Chile |
19.30 m[A] | Elisângela Adriano |  Brazil |
Note: A Represents a distance set at a high altitude.[9]
| Mark | Athlete | Nationality | Venue | Date |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 23.12 | Randy Barnes | United States |
UCLA | May 20, 1990 |
| 23.06 | Ulf Timmermann | East Germany |
Khania | May 22, 1988 |
| 22.91 | Alessandro Andrei |  Italy |
Viareggio | August 12, 1987 |
| 22.86 | Brian Oldfield | United States |
El Paso | May 10, 1975 |
| 22.75 | Werner Günthör |  Switzerland |
Bern | August 23, 1988 |
| 22.67 | Kevin Toth | United States |
Lawrence | April 19, 2003 |
| 22.64 | Udo Beyer | East Germany |
Berlin | August 20, 1986 |
| 22.54 | Christian Cantwell | United States |
Gresham | June 5, 2004 |
| 22.52 | John Brenner | United States |
Walnut | April 26, 1987 |
| 22.51 | Adam Nelson | United States |
Gresham | May 18, 2002 |
| Mark | Athlete | Nationality | Venue | Date |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 22.63 | Natalya Lisovskaya | Soviet Union |
Moscow | June 7, 1987 |
| 22.45 | Ilona Briesenick | East Germany |
Potsdam | May 11, 1980 |
| 22.32 | Helena Fibingerová |  Czechoslovakia |
Nitra | August 20, 1977 |
| 22.19 | Claudia Losch |  West Germany |
Hainfeld | August 23, 1987 |
| 21.89 | Ivanka Khristova |  Bulgaria |
Belmeken | July 4, 1976 |
| 21.86 | Marianne Adam | East Germany |
Leipzig | June 23, 1979 |
| 21.76 | Li Meisu | China |
Shijiazhuang | April 23, 1988 |
| 21.73 | Natalya Akhrimenko | Soviet Union |
Leselidze | May 21, 1988 |
| 21.69 | Vita Pavlysh |  Ukraine |
Budapest | August 15, 1998 |
| 21.66 | Sui Xinmei | China |
Beijing | June 9, 1990 |
| Année |  |
 |
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| 1974 | Geoff Capes ( England) |
Mike Winch ( England) |
Bruno Pirnie ( Canada) |
| 1978 | Geoff Capes ( England) |
Bruno Pauletto ( Canada) |
Bishop Dolegiewicz ( Canada) |
| 1982 | Bruno Pauletto ( Canada) |
Mike Winch ( England) |
Luby Chambul ( Canada) |
| 1986 | Billy Cole ( England) |
Joe Quigley ( Australia) |
Stuart Gyngell ( Australia) |
| 1990 | Simon Williams ( England) |
Adewale Olukoju ( Nigeria) |
Paul Edwards ( Wales) |
| 1994 | Matt Simson ( England) |
Courtney Ireland ( New Zealand) |
Chima Ugma ( Niger) |
| 1998 | Burger Lambrechts ( South Africa) |
Michalis Louca ( Cyprus) |
Shaun Pickering ( Wales) |
| 2002 | Justin Anlezark ( Australia) |
Janus Roberts ( South Africa) |
Carl Myerscough ( England) |
| 2006 | Janus Roberts ( South Africa) |
Dorian Scott ( Jamaica) |
Scott Martin ( Australia) |
| Année | |
|
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| 1974 | Jane Haist ( Canada) |
Val Young ( New Zealand) |
Jean Roberts ( Australia) |
| 1978 | Gael Mulhall ( Australia) |
Carmen Ionescu ( Canada) |
Judy Oaks ( England) |
| 1982 | Judy Oaks ( England) |
Gael Mulhall ( Australia) |
Rose Haunch ( Canada) |
| 1986 | Gael Martin ( Australia) |
Judy Oaks ( England) |
Myrtle Augee ( England) |
| 1990 | Myrtle Augee ( England) |
Judy Oaks ( England) |
Yvonne Hanson-Nortey ( England) |
| 1994 | Judy Oaks ( England) |
Myrtle Augee ( England) |
Lisa-Maria Vizaniari ( Australia) |
| 1998 | Judy Oaks ( England) |
Myrtle Augee ( England) |
Johanna Abrahamse ( South Africa) |
| 2002 | Vivian Chukwuemeka ( Nigeria) |
Valerie Adams ( New Zealand) |
Johanna Abrahamse ( South Africa) |
| 2006 | Valerie Vili ( New Zealand) |
Vivian Chukwuemeka ( Nigeria) |
Cleapatra Borel-Brown ( Trinidad and Tobago) |
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Shot put is an athletics sport where people try to "put" a heavy weighted ball as far as they can. They are not allowed to throw it, but instead they push the ball out into the air. They "put" the ball by holding it at the their neck and pushing it through the air. The weight of the ball can vary from 6 to 16 pounds (2.76 to 7.26Kg), depending on level age and gender of the participants. The object of the sport is to throw it as far as possible.
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There are two types of putting styles; glide, spin (rotation). The glide was invented in the US in the year 1876. The spin, was also invented in the US. It was invented by Parry O'Brian, and made famous by Brian Oldfield.
Shot put was originally used in the Olympics to see who was the strongest athlete. Each athlete threw from a wooden square, and could only stand to throw. The shot put was a large stone ball. That is now a metal not softer than brass.
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