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.^ The Horn of Africa, at whose core Somalia lies, is newly oil-rich.- Somalia Update II | The Agonist 28 January 2010 0:52 UTC agonist.org [Source type: Original source]
^ The patrols often intercepted pirated ships before the rise of the Islamists, who lessened crime in the Horn of Africa country during their six-month rule based on Islamic (Sharia) law.- Somalia Update II | The Agonist 28 January 2010 0:52 UTC agonist.org [Source type: Original source]
^ Jan 27, Muhammad Siad Barre, the dictator of the Somali Democratic Republic since 1969, fled Mogadishu as rebels overran his palace and captured the Somali capital.- Timeline Somalia 20 November 2009 23:023 UTC timelines.ws [Source type: News]
.^ A Malaysian military helicopter saved an Indian tanker from being hijacked in the new year's first attacks by pirates in the dangerous Gulf of Aden.- Timeline Somalia 20 November 2009 23:023 UTC timelines.ws [Source type: News]
^ A Somali politician says a major conference has been held in a town near Somalia's border with Kenya and Ethiopia to develop a plan to establish a regional government in southern Somalia.
^ Kismayo, a scenic harbor town along the Indian Ocean that was once part of the fabled East African spice empire, had been spared the fighting so far.- Somalia Update II | The Agonist 28 January 2010 0:52 UTC agonist.org [Source type: Original source]
.^ One of the most visible leaders of an Al Qaeda-affiliated terrorist militia in Somalia spent a year in Toronto ingratiating himself into the Somali immigrant community as a convert to Islam.- Terror Free Somalia Foundation 28 January 2010 0:52 UTC terrorfreesomalia.blogspot.com [Source type: News]
- Wardheernews (WDN); Somalia News; Horn of Africa News; Djibouti; Heeso; Qaraami; Somalia 28 January 2010 0:52 UTC www.wardheernews.com [Source type: News]
^ Shaded Green areas are new areas of Muslim influence .
^ News from afar Disseminating Somali news through Web site is brothers' mission By San Diego Tribune .- Wardheernews (WDN); Somalia News; Horn of Africa News; Djibouti; Heeso; Qaraami; Somalia 28 January 2010 0:52 UTC www.wardheernews.com [Source type: News]
.^ Islamic forces flee Somali capital * State of emergency in Somalia .- Somalia Update II | The Agonist 28 January 2010 0:52 UTC agonist.org [Source type: Original source]
^ Shukri Harbi, a freshman in political science, fled Somalia with her family for the peace and safety of Utah at the height of the African nation’s civil war in 1993.- Wardheernews (WDN); Somalia News; Horn of Africa News; Djibouti; Heeso; Qaraami; Somalia 28 January 2010 0:52 UTC www.wardheernews.com [Source type: News]
^ The Courts now control all of Southern Somalia, from the Kenyan border to Mogadishu up to the central Somali town of Galcaio.- Somalia Update II | The Agonist 28 January 2010 0:52 UTC agonist.org [Source type: Original source]
.^ (AP, 4/5/08) 2008 Apr 6, In Somalia 4 people were killed in Mogadishu in separate attacks overnight, as violence raged in the shattered east African nation.- Timeline Somalia 20 November 2009 23:023 UTC timelines.ws [Source type: News]
[15]
.^ According to Sheikh Shuriye Afrah Sabriye, the group’s regional governor of Hiiraan region bordering with Ethiopia, Islamist forces are ready for a big war against Ethiopia, saying the attacks inside Ethiopia are imminent in the next few days, “Ethiopia is responsible for attacks on positions belonging to our forces outside the city of Beledweyn and in retaliation we will attack Ethiopian army bases inside Ethiopian territories, we are committed to do that” he said He said that in the past several weeks there have been attacks on Islamist positions near the border accusing Ethiopian military of helping the Somali government forces who carried out those attacks on Islamist positions in the region.
^ Last week, a newly powerful Somali government retook Mogadishu, with the help of Ethiopian troops.- Somalia Update II | The Agonist 28 January 2010 0:52 UTC agonist.org [Source type: Original source]
^ (AP, 11/17/06) 2006 Nov 19, In Somalia Islamic fighters used land mines and ambushed an 80-vehicle Ethiopian military convoy headed to Baidoa killing 6 soldiers and injuring 20.- Timeline Somalia 20 November 2009 23:023 UTC timelines.ws [Source type: News]
[18] .^ Abdullahi Yusuf ended with the premier's resignation, throwing the government of the war-battered Horn of Africa nation into disarray.- Timeline Somalia 20 November 2009 23:023 UTC timelines.ws [Source type: News]
.^ Fought against a backdrop of shifting Cold War alliances, Ethiopia's army crushed Somali troops who tried to lay claim to the Ogaden region with the vision of recapturing ethnically Somali territories outside Somalia.- Somalia Update II | The Agonist 28 January 2010 0:52 UTC agonist.org [Source type: Original source]
^ One of the most visible leaders of an Al Qaeda-affiliated terrorist militia in Somalia spent a year in Toronto ingratiating himself into the Somali immigrant community as a convert to Islam.- Terror Free Somalia Foundation 28 January 2010 0:52 UTC terrorfreesomalia.blogspot.com [Source type: News]
- Wardheernews (WDN); Somalia News; Horn of Africa News; Djibouti; Heeso; Qaraami; Somalia 28 January 2010 0:52 UTC www.wardheernews.com [Source type: News]
^ Somali pirates had already seized at least 80 ships off the Horn of Africa this year.- Timeline Somalia 20 November 2009 23:023 UTC timelines.ws [Source type: News]
.^ I never said Somalia must be colonized and I never will”, he added.- Somalia Update II | The Agonist 28 January 2010 0:52 UTC agonist.org [Source type: Original source]
[19][20][21] .^ On Wednesday, the US state department said the country has forces off the coast of Somalia and is working with other countries in the region to ensure that Islamists linked to terrorism are not able to flee the country.- Somalia Update II | The Agonist 28 January 2010 0:52 UTC agonist.org [Source type: Original source]
^ Troops Re-Enter Gedo Region of Jubbaland State of Somalia , Al Shabaab jehadist Retreat Bare Adan shire an interview with bbc ..
^ The international community has time and again been skeptical about the role and the involvement of the police and coastal security forces in the hijackings.
[22] .^ A foiled bid by a Nigerian to blow up a U.S. airliner is reframing the delicate debate about racial profiling in the United States, where men from the Middle East...- Wardheernews (WDN); Somalia News; Horn of Africa News; Djibouti; Heeso; Qaraami; Somalia 28 January 2010 0:52 UTC www.wardheernews.com [Source type: News]
.^ Muslim Somali Chief, Ahmed Gran, uses firearms against the Ethiopians for the first time.- Timeline Somalia 20 November 2009 23:023 UTC timelines.ws [Source type: News]
.^ According to witnesses, the warplanes bombarded several towns while Ethiopian tanks pushed aggressively into territory that had been controlled by Somalia’s Islamist forces.- Somalia Update II | The Agonist 28 January 2010 0:52 UTC agonist.org [Source type: Original source]
.^ The Courts now control all of Southern Somalia, from the Kenyan border to Mogadishu up to the central Somali town of Galcaio.- Somalia Update II | The Agonist 28 January 2010 0:52 UTC agonist.org [Source type: Original source]
^ The Somali interim Government and its Ethiopian allies have said they aim to crush the Islamic movement, which took control of much of southern Somalia.- Somalia Update II | The Agonist 28 January 2010 0:52 UTC agonist.org [Source type: Original source]
^ For more than 10 years, he had thousands of militiamen under his control, keeping an iron grip on the southern part of Somalia's seaside capital.- Somalia Update II | The Agonist 28 January 2010 0:52 UTC agonist.org [Source type: Original source]
.^ On Monday, the information official for al-Shabab in the Juba region, Hassan Yacqub Ali, declared it would be impossible for anyone to challenge al-Shabab's power in southern Somalia.
.^ (HN, 2/26/98) 1960 Jun 26, British Somaliland became independent and five days later was united with Italian Somaliland as the Somali Republic.- Timeline Somalia 20 November 2009 23:023 UTC timelines.ws [Source type: News]
^ Jan 27, Muhammad Siad Barre, the dictator of the Somali Democratic Republic since 1969, fled Mogadishu as rebels overran his palace and captured the Somali capital.- Timeline Somalia 20 November 2009 23:023 UTC timelines.ws [Source type: News]
^ (SFC, 4/10/96, A-5) 1960 Jul 1, French and Italian Somaliland gained independence and united with the Somali Republic.- Timeline Somalia 20 November 2009 23:023 UTC timelines.ws [Source type: News]
Due to its longstanding ties with the
Arab world, Somalia was accepted in 1974 as a member of the
Arab League.
.^ Shukri Harbi, a freshman in political science, fled Somalia with her family for the peace and safety of Utah at the height of the African nation’s civil war in 1993.- Wardheernews (WDN); Somalia News; Horn of Africa News; Djibouti; Heeso; Qaraami; Somalia 28 January 2010 0:52 UTC www.wardheernews.com [Source type: News]
^ Ethiopia, which fought two wars against Somalia in the 1960s and 1970s and which accuses the Islamists of being terrorists, is even more widely reviled.- Somalia Update II | The Agonist 28 January 2010 0:52 UTC agonist.org [Source type: Original source]
^ The African Union's new representative for Somalia said he expected more peacekeepers to arrive starting this month.- Timeline Somalia 20 November 2009 23:023 UTC timelines.ws [Source type: News]
[26] .^ The UN envoy to Somalia said the UN should create a Baghdad-style Green Zone in the African country so he can base all his aid workers there.- Timeline Somalia 20 November 2009 23:023 UTC timelines.ws [Source type: News]
^ A closer look at a young Islamic extremist group in Somalia that has been actively recruiting young American members...- Wardheernews (WDN); Somalia News; Horn of Africa News; Djibouti; Heeso; Qaraami; Somalia 28 January 2010 0:52 UTC www.wardheernews.com [Source type: News]
^ Hawiye, the largest by number, are historically based in central Somalia and the capital, Mogadishu, though, like most clans, can be found all over the country.- Somalia Update II | The Agonist 28 January 2010 0:52 UTC agonist.org [Source type: Original source]
.^ Shabab has many other sources of weapons, both in the domestic market, and, remember, Somalia has one of the largest small weapons markets in Mogadishu itself,” he said.
^ World/Africa/2010/0106/UN-suspends-food-aid-to-southern-Somalia Posted by Terror Free Somalia Foundation at 8:21 PM 0 comments Links to this post .
^ If these clan-based secessionists are granted statehood, it will set an unprecedented step towards the integration of the countries in the Horn and many others in Africa, Asia and even Europe .
[27]History
Prehistory
Somalia has been inhabited by man since the
Paleolithic period.
.^ (AP, 11/5/06) 2006 Nov 6, In northern Somalia Islamic fighters clashed with government militia backed by Ethiopian forces.- Timeline Somalia 20 November 2009 23:023 UTC timelines.ws [Source type: News]
The most famous of these is the
Laas Geel complex, which contains some of the earliest known rock art on the African continent. Inscriptions have been found beneath each of the rock paintings, but
archaeologists have so far been unable to decipher this form of ancient writing.
[28] During the
Stone age, the Doian culture and the Hargeisan culture flourished here with their respective industries and factories.
.^ Torrential rains have pounded the Horn of Africa this month, bringing misery to large parts of Kenya, Somalia, Ethiopia, Sudan and Eritrea.- Timeline Somalia 20 November 2009 23:023 UTC timelines.ws [Source type: News]
^ The asylum seeker from Somalia hung his head as an immigration judge grilled him about his treacherous journey from the Horn of Africa .
^ Wardheernews (WDN); Somalia News; Horn of Africa News; Djibouti; Heeso; Qaraami; Somalia .- Wardheernews (WDN); Somalia News; Horn of Africa News; Djibouti; Heeso; Qaraami; Somalia 28 January 2010 0:52 UTC www.wardheernews.com [Source type: News]
.^ The West has helped to create in Somalia the very thing it feared the most .- Wardheernews (WDN); Somalia News; Horn of Africa News; Djibouti; Heeso; Qaraami; Somalia 28 January 2010 0:52 UTC www.wardheernews.com [Source type: News]
^ Witnesses said a radical Islamic militia controlled most of Somalia's third-largest city after three days of fighting in which some 70 people died.- Timeline Somalia 20 November 2009 23:023 UTC timelines.ws [Source type: News]
^ A long-time buffer zone between Ethiopia and Somalia, the politically and economically marginalized Ogaden region has transformed into a hotspot entangled .- Wardheernews (WDN); Somalia News; Horn of Africa News; Djibouti; Heeso; Qaraami; Somalia 28 January 2010 0:52 UTC www.wardheernews.com [Source type: News]
[29]
Antiquity & the Classical era
.^ The Somalis managed to reach the walled city of Harer, a center for Islam in Ethiopia.- Timeline Somalia 20 November 2009 23:023 UTC timelines.ws [Source type: News]
^ Somali PEN Workshop on The impact of the Civil war in Somalia on the Writer’s Freedom and Career .- Wardheernews (WDN); Somalia News; Horn of Africa News; Djibouti; Heeso; Qaraami; Somalia 28 January 2010 0:52 UTC www.wardheernews.com [Source type: News]
[30] .^ The double hijacking late Monday shows that, a year after an international naval armada began deploying off Somalia to protect shipping, piracy remains a problem.
^ DATES and times of the Suufi family’s escape from Somalia are sketchy, but that is a result of being on the run from a raging civil war and murderous thieves.- Wardheernews (WDN); Somalia News; Horn of Africa News; Djibouti; Heeso; Qaraami; Somalia 28 January 2010 0:52 UTC www.wardheernews.com [Source type: News]
^ Gravely concerned about findings that Eritrea had provided support to armed groups undermining peace and reconciliation in Somalia and that it had not withdrawn its .- Wardheernews (WDN); Somalia News; Horn of Africa News; Djibouti; Heeso; Qaraami; Somalia 28 January 2010 0:52 UTC www.wardheernews.com [Source type: News]
[32]
.^ On the other hand, the Djibouti case is different because of time, cold war effect and superpowers interests in the Red Sea and the Horn of Africa area.
[34]
Ancient Somalis domesticated the
camel somewhere between the
third millennium and
second millennium BC from where it spread to Ancient Egypt and
North Africa.
[35] In the
classical period, the city states of
Mossylon,
Opone,
Malao,
Mundus and
Tabae in Somalia developed a lucrative trade network connecting with merchants from
Phoenicia,
Ptolemaic Egypt,
Greece,
Parthian Persia,
Saba,
Nabataea and the
Roman Empire.
.^ Somali pirates told Reuters late on Monday they had hijacked another vessel but did not give any details.
^ Speaking to clan elders in the Somali capital Mogadishu, Robow said the only flag which they accept will be the black flag that is known to their group.
^ A crew of the French warship "PM L'Her" dispatch boat intercepted two speedboats carrying 8 Somali pirates as they were preparing to board a Panamanian cargo ship.- Timeline Somalia 20 November 2009 23:023 UTC timelines.ws [Source type: News]
.^ Moreover, the Habar Awal merchants who financed Egal's administration practically control all trade and main port of Berbera .
^ John Harbour, the spokesman for the European Union's anti-piracy force, said the seizures were likely only a coincidence and not coordinated because several pirate bands operate in the Indian Ocean and Gulf of Aden ...more .
^ The pirates also were paid "a reward" of $100,000 by two Somali businessmen for freeing the aid ship.- Timeline Somalia 20 November 2009 23:023 UTC timelines.ws [Source type: News]
[36] .^ They hung out at a Somali restaurant in "Little Mogadishu" in the northwest corner of the city, played basketball together, and worshipped at a North York mosque.- Wardheernews (WDN); Somalia News; Horn of Africa News; Djibouti; Heeso; Qaraami; Somalia 28 January 2010 0:52 UTC www.wardheernews.com [Source type: News]
[37] .^ Moreover, the Habar Awal merchants who financed Egal's administration practically control all trade and main port of Berbera .
^ They are now operating in the Gulf of Aden, Arabian Sea and in the Indian Ocean," he said.National oil conglomerate Kuwait Petroleum Corp.
^ (AP, 6/2/08) 2008 Jun 2, Foreign ships gained UN authorization to enter Somali waters when fighting piracy and armed robbery.- Timeline Somalia 20 November 2009 23:023 UTC timelines.ws [Source type: News]
[38]
.^ (AP, 5/26/09) 2009 May 28, The Indian navy thwarted a pirate attack on a merchant ship in the Gulf of Aden off the coast of Somalia.- Timeline Somalia 20 November 2009 23:023 UTC timelines.ws [Source type: News]
This is said to have been the best kept secret of the Arab and Somali merchants in their trade with the
Roman and
Greek world.
.^ (AP, 5/26/09) 2009 May 28, The Indian navy thwarted a pirate attack on a merchant ship in the Gulf of Aden off the coast of Somalia.- Timeline Somalia 20 November 2009 23:023 UTC timelines.ws [Source type: News]
^ Somali Pirates Seize 2 Ships , Hold 45 Crew Members Posted by Terror Free Somalia Foundation at 7:03 AM 0 comments Links to this post .
^ Terrorism analysts had said the arrest in Somalia could prove highly valuable to the U.S. investigation.Somali Police Commissioner Gen.
[39] .^ (HN, 12/16/98) 1941 Feb 26, British took the Somali capital in East Africa.- Timeline Somalia 20 November 2009 23:023 UTC timelines.ws [Source type: News]
^ The Somali national had terrorist intent and was close to the radical Somali Shebab movement and leaders of Al-Qaeda in East Africa, the internal security service ...- Wardheernews (WDN); Somalia News; Horn of Africa News; Djibouti; Heeso; Qaraami; Somalia 28 January 2010 0:52 UTC www.wardheernews.com [Source type: News]
^ Authorities also said that dozens of Africans, most of whom were Somalis, were arrested fighting the army in support of the Houthi insurgents in the far north.
Birth of Islam & the Middle Ages
The
history of Islam in the
Horn of Africa is as old as the religion itself.
.^ Witnesses said a radical Islamic militia controlled most of Somalia's third-largest city after three days of fighting in which some 70 people died.- Timeline Somalia 20 November 2009 23:023 UTC timelines.ws [Source type: News]
.^ SAN DIEGO -- Several Muslim families invited to a service at Skyline Church in La Mesa said they received the insult of their lives, 10News reported....- Wardheernews (WDN); Somalia News; Horn of Africa News; Djibouti; Heeso; Qaraami; Somalia 28 January 2010 0:52 UTC www.wardheernews.com [Source type: News]
^ Torrential rains have pounded the Horn of Africa this month, bringing misery to large parts of Kenya, Somalia, Ethiopia, Sudan and Eritrea.- Timeline Somalia 20 November 2009 23:023 UTC timelines.ws [Source type: News]
.^ Moreover, the Habar Awal merchants who financed Egal's administration practically control all trade and main port of Berbera .
^ North Americans like to criticize Muslim-majority Iran as a country where sectarian religion holds too much sway over public life, pitting conservatives against ...- Wardheernews (WDN); Somalia News; Horn of Africa News; Djibouti; Heeso; Qaraami; Somalia 28 January 2010 0:52 UTC www.wardheernews.com [Source type: News]
^ The US Navy helped free the fifth ship in a week hijacked by Somalia pirates, attempting to bring security to crucial shipping routes between the Red Sea and Indian Ocean.- Timeline Somalia 20 November 2009 23:023 UTC timelines.ws [Source type: News]
.^ The Somalis managed to reach the walled city of Harer, a center for Islam in Ethiopia.- Timeline Somalia 20 November 2009 23:023 UTC timelines.ws [Source type: News]
^ It was the city's first triple homicide in nearly six years and the latest in a string of slayings among the city's Somali population.
.^ The Somalis managed to reach the walled city of Harer, a center for Islam in Ethiopia.- Timeline Somalia 20 November 2009 23:023 UTC timelines.ws [Source type: News]
^ Burundi peacekeepers in Somalia were killed and another 20 injured in a suicide attack by a Somali contractor who delivered supplies and had easy access to the base.- Timeline Somalia 20 November 2009 23:023 UTC timelines.ws [Source type: News]
^ Its prime minister said the government was ready to launch an offensive against the rebels, who are causing growing concerns due to their ability to team up with their counterparts in the Arabian Peninsula and perpetrate attacks.
.^ (AP, 4/5/08) 2008 Apr 6, In Somalia 4 people were killed in Mogadishu in separate attacks overnight, as violence raged in the shattered east African nation.- Timeline Somalia 20 November 2009 23:023 UTC timelines.ws [Source type: News]
^ The Somalis managed to reach the walled city of Harer, a center for Islam in Ethiopia.- Timeline Somalia 20 November 2009 23:023 UTC timelines.ws [Source type: News]
^ (AP, 11/22/08) 2008 Sep 29, Somali Islamist insurgents attacked government forces and African Union peacekeepers overnight in Mogadishu.- Timeline Somalia 20 November 2009 23:023 UTC timelines.ws [Source type: News]
.^ University of Michigan researchers find discrimination, bad experiences led to adverse health effects among large, well-established Arab community ....- Wardheernews (WDN); Somalia News; Horn of Africa News; Djibouti; Heeso; Qaraami; Somalia 28 January 2010 0:52 UTC www.wardheernews.com [Source type: News]
^ A Somali politician says a major conference has been held in a town near Somalia's border with Kenya and Ethiopia to develop a plan to establish a regional government in southern Somalia.
^ One of the most visible leaders of an Al Qaeda-affiliated terrorist militia in Somalia spent a year in Toronto ingratiating himself into the Somali immigrant community as a convert to Islam.- Terror Free Somalia Foundation 28 January 2010 0:52 UTC terrorfreesomalia.blogspot.com [Source type: News]
- Wardheernews (WDN); Somalia News; Horn of Africa News; Djibouti; Heeso; Qaraami; Somalia 28 January 2010 0:52 UTC www.wardheernews.com [Source type: News]
The century between 1150 and 1250 marked a decisive turn in the role of Islam in Somali history.
.^ The Somali government said Al-Qaeda has named Aden Hashi Ayro, a ruthless Islamist commander, as its leader in Mogadishu.- Timeline Somalia 20 November 2009 23:023 UTC timelines.ws [Source type: News]
^ (AP, 3/31/07)(AFP, 4/1/07) 2007 Mar-2000 Apr, Ethiopia later said that during this period it killed at least a thousand Shabab fighters, the armed wing of Islamic courts in Somalia.- Timeline Somalia 20 November 2009 23:023 UTC timelines.ws [Source type: News]
The
Adal Sultanate was now the center of a commercial empire stretching from
Cape Guardafui to
Hadiya. The Adalites then came under the influence of the expanding Horn African
Kingdom of Ifat, and prospered under its patronage.
.^ DATES and times of the Suufi family’s escape from Somalia are sketchy, but that is a result of being on the run from a raging civil war and murderous thieves.- Wardheernews (WDN); Somalia News; Horn of Africa News; Djibouti; Heeso; Qaraami; Somalia 28 January 2010 0:52 UTC www.wardheernews.com [Source type: News]
^ (AP, 9/5/02) 2002 Oct 4, In central Somalia heavy fighting between the Sa'ad subclan and the Majerten clan killed at least 10 people and injured 25 others.- Timeline Somalia 20 November 2009 23:023 UTC timelines.ws [Source type: News]
^ The incursion provoked a declaration of holy war by Somalia’s Muslim hard-liners against their neighboring Christian nation, and, more broadly, the United States for its perceived support of the invasion.
.^ Yemen: a new safe haven for al-Qaida .
During the
Age of the Ajuuraans, the
sultanates and
republics of
Merca,
Mogadishu,
Barawa,
Hobyo and their respective ports flourished and had a lucrative foreign commerce with ships sailing to and coming from
Arabia,
India,
Venetia,
[40] Persia,
Egypt,
Portugal and as far away as
China.
Vasco da Gama, who passed by Mogadishu in the 15th century, noted that it was a large city with houses of four or five storeys high and big palaces in its centre in addition to many mosques with cylindrical minarets.
[41]In the 1500s,
Duarte Barbosa noted that many ships from the
Kingdom of Cambaya in modern-day India sailed to Mogadishu with
cloth and
spices, for which they in return received
gold,
wax and
ivory. Barbosa also highlighted the abundance of
meat,
wheat,
barley,
horses, and
fruit on the coastal markets, which generated enormous wealth for the merchants.
[42] Mogadishu, the center of a thriving weaving industry known as
toob benadir (specialized for the markets in Egypt and
Syria[43]), together with Merca and Barawa, also served as a transit stop for
Swahili merchants from
Mombasa and
Malindi and for the gold trade from
Kilwa.
[44] .^ (AP, 5/26/09) 2009 May 28, The Indian navy thwarted a pirate attack on a merchant ship in the Gulf of Aden off the coast of Somalia.- Timeline Somalia 20 November 2009 23:023 UTC timelines.ws [Source type: News]
[45]Trading relations were established with
Malacca in the 15th century
[46] with
cloth,
ambergris and
porcelain being the main commodities of the trade.
[47] .^ The Somali national had terrorist intent and was close to the radical Somali Shebab movement and leaders of Al-Qaeda in East Africa, the internal security service ...- Wardheernews (WDN); Somalia News; Horn of Africa News; Djibouti; Heeso; Qaraami; Somalia 28 January 2010 0:52 UTC www.wardheernews.com [Source type: News]
.^ Many merchants from Togdher, Sool and Sanag are alternatively using the port of Bosaso , which offers them courteous services and far less duties.
[49]Early modern era & the Scramble for Africa
Sultan Yusuf Mahamud Ibrahim, the third Sultan of the House of Gobroon, started the Golden age of the Gobroon Dynasty. His army came out victorious during the Bardheere Jihad, which restored stability in the region and revitalized the East African
ivory trade. He also received presents from and had cordial relations with the rulers of neighbouring and distant kingdoms such as the
Omani,
Witu and
Yemeni Sultans.
Sultan Ibrahim's son
Ahmed Yusuf succeeded him and was one of the most important figures in 19th century East Africa, receiving tribute from Omani governors and creating alliances with important Muslim families on the East African coast. In northern Somalia, the Gerad Dynasty conducted trade with
Yemen and
Persia and competed with the merchants of the Bari Dynasty. The Gerads and the Bari Sultans built impressive
palaces,
castles and
fortresses and had close relations with many different empires in the
Near East.
Somali soldiers board a British naval batilla.
.^ On the other hand, the Djibouti case is different because of time, cold war effect and superpowers interests in the Red Sea and the Horn of Africa area.
^ Abdullahi Yusuf ended with the premier's resignation, throwing the government of the war-battered Horn of Africa nation into disarray.- Timeline Somalia 20 November 2009 23:023 UTC timelines.ws [Source type: News]
^ The Lehmann Timber was one of two ships hijacked on May 30 off the Horn of Africa.- Timeline Somalia 20 November 2009 23:023 UTC timelines.ws [Source type: News]
.^ The Educational Underachievement of Somali Children in British Schools .- Wardheernews (WDN); Somalia News; Horn of Africa News; Djibouti; Heeso; Qaraami; Somalia 28 January 2010 0:52 UTC www.wardheernews.com [Source type: News]
.^ The state chapter of the country’s largest Muslim civil rights group on Thursday asked religious and political leaders to condemn anti-Muslim fliers that were ...- Wardheernews (WDN); Somalia News; Horn of Africa News; Djibouti; Heeso; Qaraami; Somalia 28 January 2010 0:52 UTC www.wardheernews.com [Source type: News]
.^ Burundi peacekeepers in Somalia were killed and another 20 injured in a suicide attack by a Somali contractor who delivered supplies and had easy access to the base.- Timeline Somalia 20 November 2009 23:023 UTC timelines.ws [Source type: News]
^ Rival Islamists Fight for Town in Somalia,Battle for Somali town kills at least 11: residents .
^ He hoped the TFG leadership would assist in maintaining the unity of Ahlu Sum to enable it to co-operate with the TFG more effectively.
.^ (AP, 6/17/06) 2006 Jun 22, Somalia's largely powerless government and the Islamic fighters who control the country's capital agreed to stop military action and recognize each other.- Timeline Somalia 20 November 2009 23:023 UTC timelines.ws [Source type: News]
^ (AP, 10/6/06) 2006 Oct 7, In Somalia dozens of people protested against an Islamic militia that has seized much of southern Somalia, a day after the group appointed a new administration in Kismayo, the country's third largest city.- Timeline Somalia 20 November 2009 23:023 UTC timelines.ws [Source type: News]
^ Shabab has many other sources of weapons, both in the domestic market, and, remember, Somalia has one of the largest small weapons markets in Mogadishu itself,” he said.
In addition, he gave a clarion call for Somali unity and independence, in the process organizing his forces.
Hassan's Dervish movement had an essentially military character, and the Dervish state was fashioned on the model of a Salihiya brotherhood. It was characterized by a rigid hierarchy and centralization.
.^ A Malaysian military helicopter saved an Indian tanker from being hijacked in the new year's first attacks by pirates in the dangerous Gulf of Aden.- Timeline Somalia 20 November 2009 23:023 UTC timelines.ws [Source type: News]
^ And the concern that the FBI has is that the situation will morph into one in which the kids come back and decide to launch some sort of terrorist attack here.
^ Jan 2, The Somali National Movement (SNM) launched its first military operation against the Somali government.- Timeline Somalia 20 November 2009 23:023 UTC timelines.ws [Source type: News]
He repulsed the British in four expeditions and had relations with the
central powers of the
Ottomans and the
Germans. In 1920, the Dervish state collapsed after intensive aerial bombardments by
Britain, and Dervish territories were subsequently turned into a
protectorate.
.^ Nairobi - Somalia's government called on Saturday for an international peace plan like President Barack Obama's new Afghan strategy, saying it would be more ....- Wardheernews (WDN); Somalia News; Horn of Africa News; Djibouti; Heeso; Qaraami; Somalia 28 January 2010 0:52 UTC www.wardheernews.com [Source type: News]
With the arrival of Governor
Cesare Maria De Vecchi on 15 December 1923, things began to change for that part of Somaliland known as
Italian Somaliland.
.^ The case was filed under the Torture Victim Protection Act.The Supreme Court will rule on the plaintiffs’ right to pursue a civil lawsuit against Samantar.
.^ But in January 2009, the Fourth Circuit Court of Appeals reinstated the case, ruling that this immunity applies not to individuals but only to governments and their agencies.
Fascist Italy, under
Benito Mussolini, attacked Abyssinia (Ethiopia) in 1935, with an aim to colonize it. The invasion was condemned by the
League of Nations, but little was done to stop it or to liberate occupied Ethiopia.
.^ (HN, 2/26/98) 1960 Jun 26, British Somaliland became independent and five days later was united with Italian Somaliland as the Somali Republic.- Timeline Somalia 20 November 2009 23:023 UTC timelines.ws [Source type: News]
^ (SFC, 4/10/96, A-5) 1960 Jul 1, French and Italian Somaliland gained independence and united with the Somali Republic.- Timeline Somalia 20 November 2009 23:023 UTC timelines.ws [Source type: News]
^ (HN, 2/18/98) 1940 Dec 16, British carried out an air raid on Italian Somalia.- Timeline Somalia 20 November 2009 23:023 UTC timelines.ws [Source type: News]
.^ Nigeria and other African countries have contributed troops to the African Union Peacekeeping Mission in Somalia (AMISOM) as part of efforts to tackle piracy....- Wardheernews (WDN); Somalia News; Horn of Africa News; Djibouti; Heeso; Qaraami; Somalia 28 January 2010 0:52 UTC www.wardheernews.com [Source type: News]
^ (HN, 2/26/98) 1960 Jun 26, British Somaliland became independent and five days later was united with Italian Somaliland as the Somali Republic.- Timeline Somalia 20 November 2009 23:023 UTC timelines.ws [Source type: News]
^ (AP, 2/28/07) 2007 Mar 1, An advance team of an African peacekeeping force to Somalia arrived unannounced into the country.- Timeline Somalia 20 November 2009 23:023 UTC timelines.ws [Source type: News]
.^ (HN, 2/26/98) 1960 Jun 26, British Somaliland became independent and five days later was united with Italian Somaliland as the Somali Republic.- Timeline Somalia 20 November 2009 23:023 UTC timelines.ws [Source type: News]
.^ (AP, 2/5/09) 2009 Feb 8, In Somalia at least three civilians were killed when insurgents attacked African Union forces and government troops in the strife-torn capital Mogadishu.- Timeline Somalia 20 November 2009 23:023 UTC timelines.ws [Source type: News]
.^ Speaking to clan elders in the Somali capital Mogadishu, Robow said the only flag which they accept will be the black flag that is known to their group.
After World War II, the number of the
Italian colonists started to decrease; their numbers had dwindled to less than 10,000 in 1960.
[50]
The State of Somalia
.^ (AP, 11/1/07) 2007 Oct 29, A long-brewing power struggle between the Somali PM Ali Mohamed Gedi and Pres.- Timeline Somalia 20 November 2009 23:023 UTC timelines.ws [Source type: News]
^ (HN, 2/26/98) 1960 Jun 26, British Somaliland became independent and five days later was united with Italian Somaliland as the Somali Republic.- Timeline Somalia 20 November 2009 23:023 UTC timelines.ws [Source type: News]
^ (SFC, 4/10/96, A-5) 1960 Jul 1, French and Italian Somaliland gained independence and united with the Somali Republic.- Timeline Somalia 20 November 2009 23:023 UTC timelines.ws [Source type: News]
.^ (HN, 2/26/98) 1960 Jun 26, British Somaliland became independent and five days later was united with Italian Somaliland as the Somali Republic.- Timeline Somalia 20 November 2009 23:023 UTC timelines.ws [Source type: News]
^ A group of Somali refugees in Randfontein are facing homelessness and growing uncertainty, while government and the United Nations pass the buck on ...- Wardheernews (WDN); Somalia News; Horn of Africa News; Djibouti; Heeso; Qaraami; Somalia 28 January 2010 0:52 UTC www.wardheernews.com [Source type: News]
^ The United Nations Security Council imposed sanctions on Eritrea last week for arming and supporting Islamist insurgents in Somalia.
[51][52] British Somaliland remained a protectorate of Britain until 1960.
[53]
.^ (AP, 6/2/08) 2008 Jun 2, Foreign ships gained UN authorization to enter Somali waters when fighting piracy and armed robbery.- Timeline Somalia 20 November 2009 23:023 UTC timelines.ws [Source type: News]
These were advantages that British Somaliland, which was to be incorporated into the new Somali state, did not have.
.^ (Bloomberg) -- The U.S. and U.K. governments will increase counter-terrorism efforts in Yemen and Somalia as they respond to a failed attempt to blow up an airplane over Detroit.
.^ A long-time buffer zone between Ethiopia and Somalia, the politically and economically marginalized Ogaden region has transformed into a hotspot entangled .- Wardheernews (WDN); Somalia News; Horn of Africa News; Djibouti; Heeso; Qaraami; Somalia 28 January 2010 0:52 UTC www.wardheernews.com [Source type: News]
[54]
.^ According to Sheikh Shuriye Afrah Sabriye, the group’s regional governor of Hiiraan region bordering with Ethiopia, Islamist forces are ready for a big war against Ethiopia, saying the attacks inside Ethiopia are imminent in the next few days, “Ethiopia is responsible for attacks on positions belonging to our forces outside the city of Beledweyn and in retaliation we will attack Ethiopian army bases inside Ethiopian territories, we are committed to do that” he said He said that in the past several weeks there have been attacks on Islamist positions near the border accusing Ethiopian military of helping the Somali government forces who carried out those attacks on Islamist positions in the region.
^ (AP, 2/16/07) 2007 Feb 18, Fierce inter-clan fighting killed at least 43 people in Ethiopia's southeastern Ogaden region, inhabited mainly by ethnic Somalis.- Timeline Somalia 20 November 2009 23:023 UTC timelines.ws [Source type: News]
^ Somali clans vow to defend Kenya against Al-Shabaab .
[56]
.^ Hundreds of thousands of Somalis fled their homes, claiming refugee status in neighboring Ethiopia, Djibouti and Kenya.
[51] .^ Communal Groups Back Somali in Bid To Block Israel...
^ Communal Groups Back Somali in Bid To Block Israel Lawsuits .- Terror Free Somalia Foundation 28 January 2010 0:52 UTC terrorfreesomalia.blogspot.com [Source type: News]
- Wardheernews (WDN); Somalia News; Horn of Africa News; Djibouti; Heeso; Qaraami; Somalia 28 January 2010 0:52 UTC www.wardheernews.com [Source type: News]
[51] .^ As mentioned before, Sool and Sanag joined the regional administration of Puntland.
^ In 1998, the northern Somali region of Puntland declared autonomy from south-central Somalia after a series of failed attempts at national reconciliation.
[58]
.^ (SFC, 4/10/96, A-5) 1960 Jul 1, French and Italian Somaliland gained independence and united with the Somali Republic.- Timeline Somalia 20 November 2009 23:023 UTC timelines.ws [Source type: News]
^ (HN, 2/26/98) 1960 Jun 26, British Somaliland became independent and five days later was united with Italian Somaliland as the Somali Republic.- Timeline Somalia 20 November 2009 23:023 UTC timelines.ws [Source type: News]
^ Somaliland in north-western Somalia, however, declared its independence from the rest of Somalia in May 1991, but remains without international recognition.
The referendum turned out in favour of a continued association with France, largely due to a combined yes vote by the sizable
Afar ethnic group and resident Europeans.
.^ Nairobi - Somalia's government called on Saturday for an international peace plan like President Barack Obama's new Afghan strategy, saying it would be more ....- Wardheernews (WDN); Somalia News; Horn of Africa News; Djibouti; Heeso; Qaraami; Somalia 28 January 2010 0:52 UTC www.wardheernews.com [Source type: News]
^ Burundi peacekeepers in Somalia were killed and another 20 injured in a suicide attack by a Somali contractor who delivered supplies and had easy access to the base.- Timeline Somalia 20 November 2009 23:023 UTC timelines.ws [Source type: News]
^ They will also back proposals at the United Nations Security Council for a larger peacekeeping force in Somalia, the statement said.Al-Qaeda’s Yemen-based branch claimed responsibility for the Dec.
Harbi was killed in a plane crash two years later.
.^ (SFC, 4/10/96, A-5) 1960 Jul 1, French and Italian Somaliland gained independence and united with the Somali Republic.- Timeline Somalia 20 November 2009 23:023 UTC timelines.ws [Source type: News]
^ Somalia was torn apart by factional fighting after the overthrow of the country's Honourable Somali President Mohamed Siad Barre, in 1991.
[59]
.^ (HN, 2/26/98) 1960 Jun 26, British Somaliland became independent and five days later was united with Italian Somaliland as the Somali Republic.- Timeline Somalia 20 November 2009 23:023 UTC timelines.ws [Source type: News]
^ (SFC, 4/10/96, A-5) 1960 Jul 1, French and Italian Somaliland gained independence and united with the Somali Republic.- Timeline Somalia 20 November 2009 23:023 UTC timelines.ws [Source type: News]
^ Is it the former British Protectorate of Somaliland as the Isaq claim?
[60] .^ (HN, 2/26/98) 1960 Jun 26, British Somaliland became independent and five days later was united with Italian Somaliland as the Somali Republic.- Timeline Somalia 20 November 2009 23:023 UTC timelines.ws [Source type: News]
^ (SFC, 4/10/96, A-5) 1960 Jul 1, French and Italian Somaliland gained independence and united with the Somali Republic.- Timeline Somalia 20 November 2009 23:023 UTC timelines.ws [Source type: News]
^ Wretched, jobless, invisible: are Britain’s Somalis the enemy within?- Wardheernews (WDN); Somalia News; Horn of Africa News; Djibouti; Heeso; Qaraami; Somalia 28 January 2010 0:52 UTC www.wardheernews.com [Source type: News]
[61][62][63] .^ Omar Abdirashid Ali Sharmarke faced the task of uniting a fractious government besieged by Islamic insurgents that control most of the country.- Timeline Somalia 20 November 2009 23:023 UTC timelines.ws [Source type: News]
^ Somalia's Minister of Health, Dr. Qamar Aden Ali, was among those killed in Thursday's terrorist attack in Mogadishu.- Wardheernews (WDN); Somalia News; Horn of Africa News; Djibouti; Heeso; Qaraami; Somalia 28 January 2010 0:52 UTC www.wardheernews.com [Source type: News]
^ But the coalition government of President Mwai Kibaki and opposition leader turned prime minister Raila Odinga has remained entrenched in the divisive tribal politics that led to the ethnic violence.
On July 20, 1961 and through a popular
referendum, the Somali people ratified a new
constitution, which was first drafted in 1960.
[67]
However, inter-clan rivalry persisted.
[62][68][69][70] In 1967,
Muhammad Haji Ibrahim Egal became Prime Minister, a position to which he was appointed by Shermarke.
.^ Nairobi - Somalia's government called on Saturday for an international peace plan like President Barack Obama's new Afghan strategy, saying it would be more ....- Wardheernews (WDN); Somalia News; Horn of Africa News; Djibouti; Heeso; Qaraami; Somalia 28 January 2010 0:52 UTC www.wardheernews.com [Source type: News]
^ NAIROBI, 16 December 2009 (IRIN) - The number of reported rapes in camps for internally displaced persons (IDPs) in Bosasso, in Somalia's self-declared autonomous region of Puntland, is increasing and rape has become ...- Wardheernews (WDN); Somalia News; Horn of Africa News; Djibouti; Heeso; Qaraami; Somalia 28 January 2010 0:52 UTC www.wardheernews.com [Source type: News]
^ On Monday, the information official for al-Shabab in the Juba region, Hassan Yacqub Ali, declared it would be impossible for anyone to challenge al-Shabab's power in southern Somalia.
.^ Jan 27, Muhammad Siad Barre, the dictator of the Somali Democratic Republic since 1969, fled Mogadishu as rebels overran his palace and captured the Somali capital.- Timeline Somalia 20 November 2009 23:023 UTC timelines.ws [Source type: News]
^ The African leaders also called for dialogue between Zimbabwe's political foes and a national unity government following President Robert Mugabe's widely discredited reelection.- Timeline Somalia 20 November 2009 23:023 UTC timelines.ws [Source type: News]
^ (SFC, 6/2/09, p.A2) 2009 Jun 4, Ethiopia charged 46 people, most of them ex-military, of plotting to assassinate government officials.- Timeline Somalia 20 November 2009 23:023 UTC timelines.ws [Source type: News]
Barre became President and Korshel vice-president. The revolutionary army established large-scale public works programmes and successfully implemented an urban and rural
literacy campaign, which helped dramatically increase the literacy rate from 5% to 55% by the mid-1980s. However, struggles continued during Barre's rule.
.^ The statement was accompanied by photos of the suspect."The claim at this point appears valid," said one U.S. counterterrorism official.
^ He pointed out the movement’s primary goal was for the different communities in Somalia to live in peaceful coexistence without any one group imposing its will on others.
It was in July 1976 when the real dictatorship of the Somali military commenced with the founding of the
Somali Revolutionary Socialist Party (Xisbiga Hantiwadaagga Kacaanka Soomaaliyeed, XHKS).
.^ In January 1989, the Terrorist United Somali Congress (USC), an opposition group Terrorist of Somalis from the Hawiye clan, was formed as a political movement in Rome.
^ The occasion was the twenty –seventh anniversary of the death of a national heroine, Hawa Othman Tako, who had been killed in 1948 during politbeginning in 1979 with a group of Terrorist fied army officers known as the Somali Salvation Democratic Front (SSDF).Mr Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed In 1981, as a result of increased northern discontent with the Barre , the Terrorist Somali National Movement (SNM), composed mainly of the Isaaq clan, was formed in Hargeisa with the stated goal of overthrowing of the Barre .
^ Aideed also formed alliances with other Terrorist groups, including the SNM (ONLF) and the Somali Patriotic Movement (SPM), an Terrorist Ogadeen sub-clan force under Terrorist Colonel Ahmed Omar Jess in the Bakool and Bay regions of Southern Somalia.
The country was renamed the
Somali Democratic Republic.
.^ Samantar , in which a group of Somalis is seeking financial damages from Mohamed Ali Samantar, Somalia’s former defense minister.
^ A Somali politician says a major conference has been held in a town near Somalia's border with Kenya and Ethiopia to develop a plan to establish a regional government in southern Somalia.
^ They disgracefully claim that they are not ethnic Somalis, but migrants from Arabia and therefore, have to break away from Somalia .
.^ A Somali politician says a major conference has been held in a town near Somalia's border with Kenya and Ethiopia to develop a plan to establish a regional government in southern Somalia.
.^ In 2007 and 2008, al-Shabab, a militant group with ties to al-Qaida, rallied Somalis with calls for nationalism and consolidated vast amount of territory in southern and central Somalia and large areas of Mogadishu.
.^ Sheikh "shaytan" Mahamud emphasized that Ethiopia could help towards the fulfillment of the common objectives of all Somalis and assist the international community to understand more clearly where its own interests lie.
^ Somaliland in north-western Somalia, however, declared its independence from the rest of Somalia in May 1991, but remains without international recognition.
^ Nigeria and other African countries have contributed troops to the African Union Peacekeeping Mission in Somalia (AMISOM) as part of efforts to tackle piracy....- Wardheernews (WDN); Somalia News; Horn of Africa News; Djibouti; Heeso; Qaraami; Somalia 28 January 2010 0:52 UTC www.wardheernews.com [Source type: News]
Still the USSR, finding itself supplying both sides of a war, attempted to mediate a ceasefire.
.^ By the end of the 1980s, armed opposition to Barre’s government, fully operational in the northern regions, had spread to the central and southern regions.
^ Authorities also said that dozens of Africans, most of whom were Somalis, were arrested fighting the army in support of the Houthi insurgents in the far north.
.^ A l-Shabab insurgents control much of southern Somalia, including the city of Kismayo.
After the siege of
Harar, a massive unprecedented Soviet intervention consisting of 20 thousand
Cuban forces and several thousands Soviet experts came to the aid of Ethiopia.
.^ The illusion of this divisive force is to create a clan-based state in the 21st century, where countries of mutual or economic interests are uniting and world is becoming a global village.
^ Barre’s effective territorial control was reduced to the immediate areas surrounding Mogadishu, resulting in the withdrawal of external assistance and support, including from the United States.
^ In Iran, Somali FM pleads with Muslim states to help .- Wardheernews (WDN); Somalia News; Horn of Africa News; Djibouti; Heeso; Qaraami; Somalia 28 January 2010 0:52 UTC www.wardheernews.com [Source type: News]
Although the
Carter Administration had expressed interest in helping Somalia, it later declined, as did American allies in the
Middle East and
Asia.
.^ At one of the largest mosques in the United States, Muslim leaders are trying to create a safe haven for young people to learn Islam's lessons about peace.- Wardheernews (WDN); Somalia News; Horn of Africa News; Djibouti; Heeso; Qaraami; Somalia 28 January 2010 0:52 UTC www.wardheernews.com [Source type: News]
^ Honourable Somali President Mohamed Siad Barre was born 1919, Ganane, — (gedo) jubbaland state of somalia ,He passed away Jan.
^ Bronwyn Bruton argues that United States goverment must change its Somalia policy and fast.- Wardheernews (WDN); Somalia News; Horn of Africa News; Djibouti; Heeso; Qaraami; Somalia 28 January 2010 0:52 UTC www.wardheernews.com [Source type: News]
[71]
By 1978, the moral authority of the Somali government had collapsed.
.^ Somali PEN Workshop on The impact of the Civil war in Somalia on the Writer’s Freedom and Career .- Wardheernews (WDN); Somalia News; Horn of Africa News; Djibouti; Heeso; Qaraami; Somalia 28 January 2010 0:52 UTC www.wardheernews.com [Source type: News]
.^ Hezbal Islam an Islamist rebel movement fighting the Somali government vowed on Thursday to carry out attacks inside Ethiopia targeting military bases and government buildings.
^ Somali Region is one of the four least developed regions of the country, Ethiopia.- Wardheernews (WDN); Somalia News; Horn of Africa News; Djibouti; Heeso; Qaraami; Somalia 28 January 2010 0:52 UTC www.wardheernews.com [Source type: News]
^ According to the Eritrean government, the sanctions were drummed up by the country's arch foe, Ethiopia, and the United States, whose aid workers were expelled from the country in 2005.
.^ Speaking to clan elders in the Somali capital Mogadishu, Robow said the only flag which they accept will be the black flag that is known to their group.
Fuel shortages caused long lines of cars at petrol stations. Inflation had driven the price of pasta, (ordinary dry Italian noodles, a staple at that time), to five U.S. dollars per kilogram. The price of
khat, imported daily from
Kenya, was also five U.S. dollars per standard bunch. Paper currency notes were of such low value that several bundles were needed to pay for simple restaurant meals. Coins were scattered on the ground throughout the city being too low in value to be used.
A thriving black market existed in the centre of the city as banks experienced shortages of local currency for exchange. At night, the city of Mogadishu lay in darkness. The generators used to provide electricity to the city had been sold off by the government. Close monitoring of all visiting foreigners was in effect. Harsh
exchange control regulations were introduced to prevent export of foreign currency and access to it was restricted to official banks, or one of three government-operated hotels.
Although no travel restrictions were placed on foreigners, photographing many locations was banned.
.^ For the past several days I have been in Mogadishu for consultations with Hezbal Islam’s commanders and we will soon invade on Ethiopia” he stated during Thursday’s press conference in Mogadishu.
^ Top officials of Al-shabab had lectured to the Islamist fighters at Maslah camp in Mogadishu saying that the forces will fight with the transitional government troops and AMISOM. .
^ Mogadishu -- Somalia’s transitional government fired its police and military commanders following a suicide- bomb attack last week that killed four Cabinet...- Wardheernews (WDN); Somalia News; Horn of Africa News; Djibouti; Heeso; Qaraami; Somalia 28 January 2010 0:52 UTC www.wardheernews.com [Source type: News]
Alleged late-night operations by government authorities, however, included 'disappearances' of individuals from their homes.
The Somali Civil War
1991 saw great changes in Somalia.
.^ The illusion of this divisive force is to create a clan-based state in the 21st century, where countries of mutual or economic interests are uniting and world is becoming a global village.
^ By the end of the 1980s, armed opposition to Barre’s government, fully operational in the northern regions, had spread to the central and southern regions.
^ Observers say if the conference attracted as many delegates as claimed, it underscores the growing sense of frustration among various clan-based communities in southern Somalia.
.^ Since it declared its secession from Somalia in May 1991, the one-clan-based secessionist enclave in NW Somalia, calling itself Somaliland, has been vying to lay its hands by hook or by crook on our three northern regions of Sool, Sanaag and Cayn (SSC) which consider themselves as part and parcel of .- Wardheernews (WDN); Somalia News; Horn of Africa News; Djibouti; Heeso; Qaraami; Somalia 28 January 2010 0:52 UTC www.wardheernews.com [Source type: News]
^ A group of Somali refugees in Randfontein are facing homelessness and growing uncertainty, while government and the United Nations pass the buck on ...- Wardheernews (WDN); Somalia News; Horn of Africa News; Djibouti; Heeso; Qaraami; Somalia 28 January 2010 0:52 UTC www.wardheernews.com [Source type: News]
^ The Somali national had terrorist intent and was close to the radical Somali Shebab movement and leaders of Al-Qaeda in East Africa, the internal security service ...- Wardheernews (WDN); Somalia News; Horn of Africa News; Djibouti; Heeso; Qaraami; Somalia 28 January 2010 0:52 UTC www.wardheernews.com [Source type: News]
[72][73]In January 1991, President
Ali Mahdi Muhammad was selected by the manifesto group as an interim state president until a conference between all stakeholders to be held in Djibouti the following month to select a national leader.
.^ Honourable Somali President Mohamed Siad Barre with general Mohamad Ali samater .
^ A group of Somali refugees in Randfontein are facing homelessness and growing uncertainty, while government and the United Nations pass the buck on ...- Wardheernews (WDN); Somalia News; Horn of Africa News; Djibouti; Heeso; Qaraami; Somalia 28 January 2010 0:52 UTC www.wardheernews.com [Source type: News]
^ Samantar , in which a group of Somalis is seeking financial damages from Mohamed Ali Samantar, Somalia’s former defense minister.
.^ Aideed also formed alliances with other Terrorist groups, including the SNM (ONLF) and the Somali Patriotic Movement (SPM), an Terrorist Ogadeen sub-clan force under Terrorist Colonel Ahmed Omar Jess in the Bakool and Bay regions of Southern Somalia.
^ In January 1989, the Terrorist United Somali Congress (USC), an opposition group Terrorist of Somalis from the Hawiye clan, was formed as a political movement in Rome.
.^ Honourable Somali President Mohamed Siad Barre was born 1919, Ganane, — (gedo) jubbaland state of somalia ,He passed away Jan.
^ Somalia was torn apart by factional fighting after the overthrow of the country's Honourable Somali President Mohamed Siad Barre, in 1991.
.^ According to southern Somali politician Aden Mohamed Nur "Saransoor," 200 delegates gathered in the Somali border town of Dolow in the Gedo region three days ago to discuss the way forward for liberating southern Somalia from Islamist radicals and for creating a regional state The politician says the objective of the conference was to find a way to establish a semi-autonomous state encompassing six regions - Gedo, Bay, Bakool, Lower and Middle Juba and Lower Shabelle.
^ Middle juba, Gedo state of Southwest Somali, shabaab hardline groups imposing a strict version of Islamic law traditionally shunned by many Somalis.
^ But violence and insecurity have risen in recent months and the region is also a major base for pirates who have been causing havoc to shipping off the Horn of Africa.
The armed conflict within the USC devastated the Mogadishu area.
.^ Shukri Harbi, a freshman in political science, fled Somalia with her family for the peace and safety of Utah at the height of the African nation’s civil war in 1993.- Wardheernews (WDN); Somalia News; Horn of Africa News; Djibouti; Heeso; Qaraami; Somalia 28 January 2010 0:52 UTC www.wardheernews.com [Source type: News]
^ DATES and times of the Suufi family’s escape from Somalia are sketchy, but that is a result of being on the run from a raging civil war and murderous thieves.- Wardheernews (WDN); Somalia News; Horn of Africa News; Djibouti; Heeso; Qaraami; Somalia 28 January 2010 0:52 UTC www.wardheernews.com [Source type: News]
^ Before he turned 18, he'd lost his entire family during a deadly civil war in Somalia.- Wardheernews (WDN); Somalia News; Horn of Africa News; Djibouti; Heeso; Qaraami; Somalia 28 January 2010 0:52 UTC www.wardheernews.com [Source type: News]
.^ The sectarian war between Ahlu-Sunna and al-Shabab is just one of several conflicts raging between and among Islamist groups in Somalia.
.^ The United Nations Security Council imposed sanctions on Eritrea last week for arming and supporting Islamist insurgents in Somalia.
^ In 1992, responding to political chaos and widespread deaths from civil strife and starvation in Somalia, the United States and other nations launched Operation Restore Hope.
cattle. It is a competition that used to be fought out with arrows and sabers... Now it is fought out with AK-47s."
[74] .^ December 2009 – The top United Nations envoy to Somalia today welcomed the announcement of a meeting tomorrow of over 30 countries, ....- Wardheernews (WDN); Somalia News; Horn of Africa News; Djibouti; Heeso; Qaraami; Somalia 28 January 2010 0:52 UTC www.wardheernews.com [Source type: News]
^ UNITED NATIONS, December 8 -- Mirroring the chaos of the Transitional Federal Government in Somalia, donors and vultures and purported helpers are all working .- Wardheernews (WDN); Somalia News; Horn of Africa News; Djibouti; Heeso; Qaraami; Somalia 28 January 2010 0:52 UTC www.wardheernews.com [Source type: News]
^ UNITED NATIONS, New York - U.N. Security Council members have agreed to impose an arms embargo on Eritrea this month, as well as travel bans and asset freezes...- Wardheernews (WDN); Somalia News; Horn of Africa News; Djibouti; Heeso; Qaraami; Somalia 28 January 2010 0:52 UTC www.wardheernews.com [Source type: News]
[75] UNOSOM's use of force was limited to self-defence and it was soon disregarded by the warring factions.
.^ The illusion of this divisive force is to create a clan-based state in the 21st century, where countries of mutual or economic interests are uniting and world is becoming a global village.
^ 'Time for a new Somalia policy' Government troops conduct search operations in Mog...
^ I think Shabab controls much of southern Somalia at the present, and in the last week or so, they have had military celebrations in Mogadishu itself, to show the caliber of their troops and the size of their troops.
.^ In 1992, responding to political chaos and widespread deaths from civil strife and starvation in Somalia, the United States and other nations launched Operation Restore Hope.
^ Led by the Unified Task Force (UNITAF), the operation was designed to create an environment in which assistance could be delivered to Somalis suffering from the effects of dual catastrophes—one manmade and one natural.
^ UNITAF was followed by the United Nations Operation in Somalia (UNOSOM).
.^ The incursion provoked a declaration of holy war by Somalia’s Muslim hard-liners against their neighboring Christian nation, and, more broadly, the United States for its perceived support of the invasion.
^ 'Time for a new Somalia policy' Government troops conduct search operations in Mog...
^ The United Nations Security Council imposed sanctions on Eritrea last week for arming and supporting Islamist insurgents in Somalia.
However,
Mohamed Farrah Aidid saw UNOSOM II as a threat to his power and in June 1993 his militia attacked
Pakistan Army troops, attached to UNOSOM II, (see
Somalia (March 1992 to February 1996)) in Mogadishu inflicting over 80 casualties.
.^ FORWARD OPERATING BASE COBRA, Iraq (AP) The top U.S. commander in Iraq says things are still on track for American combat troops to leave the country by the end of August, despite Iraq's national elections being put-off until March.
^ The African Union, during its summit in Sirte, Libya last July, asked the UN to impose sanctions on Eritrea.Eritrea has repeatedly denied that it supports Al Shabaab militants fighting to topple the Somali government.
^ MOGADISHU, Somalia, December 24, 2009 (AP) — Witnesses in Somalia say fighting spurred by a land dispute has killed eight people.- Wardheernews (WDN); Somalia News; Horn of Africa News; Djibouti; Heeso; Qaraami; Somalia 28 January 2010 0:52 UTC www.wardheernews.com [Source type: News]
In August 1996, Aidid was killed in Mogadishu.
.^ Shukri Harbi, a freshman in political science, fled Somalia with her family for the peace and safety of Utah at the height of the African nation’s civil war in 1993.- Wardheernews (WDN); Somalia News; Horn of Africa News; Djibouti; Heeso; Qaraami; Somalia 28 January 2010 0:52 UTC www.wardheernews.com [Source type: News]
^ Somalia-based piracy remains an intractable problem .- Wardheernews (WDN); Somalia News; Horn of Africa News; Djibouti; Heeso; Qaraami; Somalia 28 January 2010 0:52 UTC www.wardheernews.com [Source type: News]
^ Just over six months ago, this Congress was abuzz with concern about piracy off Somalia’s coast.- Wardheernews (WDN); Somalia News; Horn of Africa News; Djibouti; Heeso; Qaraami; Somalia 28 January 2010 0:52 UTC www.wardheernews.com [Source type: News]
[77] Piracy arose as a response by local Somali fishermen from coastal towns such as
Eyl,
Kismayo and
Harardhere to predatory fishing by foreign fishing trawlers that followed the collapse of Somali governmental authority.
[78][79] .^ Just over six months ago, this Congress was abuzz with concern about piracy off Somalia’s coast.- Wardheernews (WDN); Somalia News; Horn of Africa News; Djibouti; Heeso; Qaraami; Somalia 28 January 2010 0:52 UTC www.wardheernews.com [Source type: News]
[80] .^ Piracy is a lucrative business in Puntland and already mansions and expensive Landcruisers bought with the ransoms are part of the economic boom!
[81][82][83]
From 1800 to 1890, between 25,000–50,000
Bantu slaves from
Mozambique and
Tanzania are thought to have been sold from the slave market of
Zanzibar to the Somali coast.
[84] Bantus are ethnically, physically, and culturally distinct from
Somalis, and have remained marginalized ever since their arrival in Somalia.
[85] .^ Shukri Harbi, a freshman in political science, fled Somalia with her family for the peace and safety of Utah at the height of the African nation’s civil war in 1993.- Wardheernews (WDN); Somalia News; Horn of Africa News; Djibouti; Heeso; Qaraami; Somalia 28 January 2010 0:52 UTC www.wardheernews.com [Source type: News]
^ More than a month before, his father, a wealthy banker, has visited the U.S. Embassy in Nigeria, worried that his son has gone missing and may be hanging around with Yemeni- .- Wardheernews (WDN); Somalia News; Horn of Africa News; Djibouti; Heeso; Qaraami; Somalia 28 January 2010 0:52 UTC www.wardheernews.com [Source type: News]
^ DATES and times of the Suufi family’s escape from Somalia are sketchy, but that is a result of being on the run from a raging civil war and murderous thieves.- Wardheernews (WDN); Somalia News; Horn of Africa News; Djibouti; Heeso; Qaraami; Somalia 28 January 2010 0:52 UTC www.wardheernews.com [Source type: News]
[87] The Tanzanian government has also begun granting Bantus citizenship and land in areas of Tanzania where their ancestors are known to have been removed from.
[88]Politics
Current situation in Somalia
.^ Nairobi - Somalia's government called on Saturday for an international peace plan like President Barack Obama's new Afghan strategy, saying it would be more ....- Wardheernews (WDN); Somalia News; Horn of Africa News; Djibouti; Heeso; Qaraami; Somalia 28 January 2010 0:52 UTC www.wardheernews.com [Source type: News]
^ The New Yorker 's Jon Lee Anderson took a hazardous trip to no-man's land: the largely warlord-controlled failed state of Somalia.- Wardheernews (WDN); Somalia News; Horn of Africa News; Djibouti; Heeso; Qaraami; Somalia 28 January 2010 0:52 UTC www.wardheernews.com [Source type: News]
^ Government of Puntland State of Somalia signs agreement with Threat Management Group for the provision of advisory services in security sector.- Wardheernews (WDN); Somalia News; Horn of Africa News; Djibouti; Heeso; Qaraami; Somalia 28 January 2010 0:52 UTC www.wardheernews.com [Source type: News]
.^ According to southern Somali politician Aden Mohamed Nur "Saransoor," 200 delegates gathered in the Somali border town of Dolow in the Gedo region three days ago to discuss the way forward for liberating southern Somalia from Islamist radicals and for creating a regional state The politician says the objective of the conference was to find a way to establish a semi-autonomous state encompassing six regions - Gedo, Bay, Bakool, Lower and Middle Juba and Lower Shabelle.
^ Flanked by Sheikh Abdikhadir Ahmed, who is the chairman of the committee to protect Wamo region neighboring North-Eastern region of Kenya, Gure said they fully support the Transitional Federal Government.The leader said the lower Juba area of Somali bordering Kenya was considering seceding from the larger Somalia and declaring an autonomous federal state like Puntland.
^ On Monday, the information official for al-Shabab in the Juba region, Hassan Yacqub Ali, declared it would be impossible for anyone to challenge al-Shabab's power in southern Somalia.
Although initially the instigators of this, the
Rahanweyn Resistance Army, which had been established in 1995, was only in full control of Bay, Bakool and parts of Gedo and Jubbada Dhexe, they quickly established the de facto autonomy of Southwestern Somalia.
Although conflict between
Hasan Muhammad Nur Shatigadud and his two deputies weakened the Rahanweyn militarily from February 2006, the Southwest became central to the
TFG based in the city of
Baidoa.
.^ Sheikh Abdulkadir Aden was elected as the speaker of the parliament and Sheikh Abdullahi Abdi Mohamed as the first deputy speaker.
^ Sheikh Ali Omar Hareed was also elected as the second deputy speaker of the Islamist, Sufi parliament.
Shatigadud also held the Chairmanship of the Rahanwein Traditional Elders' Court.
.^ NAIROBI, Kenya — In a devastating blow to Somalia’s fragile transitional government, a suicide bomber disguised as a veiled woman blew himself up at a college .- Wardheernews (WDN); Somalia News; Horn of Africa News; Djibouti; Heeso; Qaraami; Somalia 28 January 2010 0:52 UTC www.wardheernews.com [Source type: News]
^ NAIROBI, Kenya — United Nations experts investigating whether Somali businessmen are funneling aid money to terrorist groups have recently received death threats .- Wardheernews (WDN); Somalia News; Horn of Africa News; Djibouti; Heeso; Qaraami; Somalia 28 January 2010 0:52 UTC www.wardheernews.com [Source type: News]
[89][90] The TFG capital is presently in Baidoa.
.^ MOGADISHU, Somalia, December 24, 2009 (AP) — Witnesses in Somalia say fighting spurred by a land dispute has killed eight people.- Wardheernews (WDN); Somalia News; Horn of Africa News; Djibouti; Heeso; Qaraami; Somalia 28 January 2010 0:52 UTC www.wardheernews.com [Source type: News]
^ A vicious suicide bombing in Mogadishu earlier this month that killed and wounded 60 people increased fears in Somalia and in the West that the country is on the verge of becoming a significant base for al-Qaida.
^ Shabab has many other sources of weapons, both in the domestic market, and, remember, Somalia has one of the largest small weapons markets in Mogadishu itself,” he said.
.^ The asylum seeker from Somalia hung his head as an immigration judge grilled him about his treacherous journey from the Horn of Africa .
^ Wardheernews (WDN); Somalia News; Horn of Africa News; Djibouti; Heeso; Qaraami; Somalia .- Wardheernews (WDN); Somalia News; Horn of Africa News; Djibouti; Heeso; Qaraami; Somalia 28 January 2010 0:52 UTC www.wardheernews.com [Source type: News]
[91] .^ In 1998, the northern Somali region of Puntland declared autonomy from south-central Somalia after a series of failed attempts at national reconciliation.
^ Do these people have the right to say NO to the Isaq illusion of declaring the region as one of their own?Ethnically, Isaq belongs to the Dir clan family.
^ Troops Re-Enter Gedo Region of Jubbaland State of Somalia , Al Shabaab jehadist Retreat Bare Adan shire an interview with bbc ..
.^ On Monday, the information official for al-Shabab in the Juba region, Hassan Yacqub Ali, declared it would be impossible for anyone to challenge al-Shabab's power in southern Somalia.
^ The Sufis who are fighting against al Shabaab militants control many towns in central Somalia.
^ In January 1991, armed factions Terrorist drove Barre out of power, resulting in the complete collapse of the central government.
.^ In 1998, the northern Somali region of Puntland declared autonomy from south-central Somalia after a series of failed attempts at national reconciliation.
.^ "We arrived here to implement the Islamic law, and this is kind of extending our rule into more lands in Somalia.
^ Islamic Militancy in the History of Somalia Desperate Somalis seek 'back-door' route to US Somali Wannabe-terrorist, AlQaida testing, plottin...
^ (Bloomberg) -- The U.S. and U.K. governments will increase counter-terrorism efforts in Yemen and Somalia as they respond to a failed attempt to blow up an airplane over Detroit.
Social law changes, such as the forbidding of chewing
khat,
[92] were part of moves by the ICU to change behaviours and impose strict social morals. It was widely reported that soccer playing was being banned, as well as viewing of broadcasts of soccer games,
[93] but there were also reports of the ICU itself denying any such bans.
.^ He accompanied the country's president, Sheikh Sharif Sheikh Ahmed, who controls just ...- Wardheernews (WDN); Somalia News; Horn of Africa News; Djibouti; Heeso; Qaraami; Somalia 28 January 2010 0:52 UTC www.wardheernews.com [Source type: News]
^ Radicals from the Islamic Courts Union government reformed their forces and began a war of attrition with Ethiopia.
.^ He accompanied the country's president, Sheikh Sharif Sheikh Ahmed, who controls just ...- Wardheernews (WDN); Somalia News; Horn of Africa News; Djibouti; Heeso; Qaraami; Somalia 28 January 2010 0:52 UTC www.wardheernews.com [Source type: News]
^ "We arrived here to implement the Islamic law, and this is kind of extending our rule into more lands in Somalia.
^ The New Yorker 's Jon Lee Anderson took a hazardous trip to no-man's land: the largely warlord-controlled failed state of Somalia.- Wardheernews (WDN); Somalia News; Horn of Africa News; Djibouti; Heeso; Qaraami; Somalia 28 January 2010 0:52 UTC www.wardheernews.com [Source type: News]
.^ That day they killed my hope and the future of our family… He and his friends did not deserve to die like that before they had even begun their lives.
That is our priority. Our priority is not land; the people are important to us."
[95]
Somalia at the height of I.C.U. power, December 2006
Several hundred people, mostly civilians caught in the crossfire, died during this conflict. Mogadishu residents described it as the worst fighting in more than a decade.
.^ Radicals from the Islamic Courts Union government reformed their forces and began a war of attrition with Ethiopia.
.^ The State Department warns U.S. citizens of the risks of travel to Somalia and recommends that U.S. citizens avoid all travel to Somalia.- Wardheernews (WDN); Somalia News; Horn of Africa News; Djibouti; Heeso; Qaraami; Somalia 28 January 2010 0:52 UTC www.wardheernews.com [Source type: News]
^ Uganda blasts Eritrea over Somalia militia, U.N. Security Council orders arms embargo on Eritrea .
^ Bronwyn Bruton argues that United States goverment must change its Somalia policy and fast.- Wardheernews (WDN); Somalia News; Horn of Africa News; Djibouti; Heeso; Qaraami; Somalia 28 January 2010 0:52 UTC www.wardheernews.com [Source type: News]
A few e-mails describing covert illegal operations by private military companies in breach of U.N. regulations have been reported
[96] by the UK Sunday newspaper
The Observer.
.^ Somalia's foreign minister has called on Islamic states to assist his country as it tries to move toward lasting peace and stability.- Wardheernews (WDN); Somalia News; Horn of Africa News; Djibouti; Heeso; Qaraami; Somalia 28 January 2010 0:52 UTC www.wardheernews.com [Source type: News]
^ The spokesman adds that many al-Shabab fighters were killed in the day-long battle and Ahlu-Sunna is still in control of the town in the Galgadud region, about 560 kilometers north of Mogadishu.
^ So they are already what they are, and they control what’s left of Somalia….small strips in south Mogadishu and a few other pockets.
The remaining A.R.P.C.T. forces fled to the east or across the border into Ethiopia and the alliance effectively collapsed.
.^ Top officials of Al-shabab had lectured to the Islamist fighters at Maslah camp in Mogadishu saying that the forces will fight with the transitional government troops and AMISOM. .
^ The U.S. called on Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi’s government to re-examine a law that limits foreign funding of human rights and pro-democracy groups, .- Wardheernews (WDN); Somalia News; Horn of Africa News; Djibouti; Heeso; Qaraami; Somalia 28 January 2010 0:52 UTC www.wardheernews.com [Source type: News]
The I.C.U. meanwhile were fiercely opposed to foreign troops—particularly Ethiopians—in Somalia.
[97] claiming that
.^ Islamic Militancy in the History of Somalia Desperate Somalis seek 'back-door' route to US Somali Wannabe-terrorist, AlQaida testing, plottin...
^ A long-time buffer zone between Ethiopia and Somalia, the politically and economically marginalized Ogaden region has transformed into a hotspot entangled .- Wardheernews (WDN); Somalia News; Horn of Africa News; Djibouti; Heeso; Qaraami; Somalia 28 January 2010 0:52 UTC www.wardheernews.com [Source type: News]
.^ A l-Shabab insurgents control much of southern Somalia, including the city of Kismayo.
^ I think Shabab controls much of southern Somalia at the present, and in the last week or so, they have had military celebrations in Mogadishu itself, to show the caliber of their troops and the size of their troops.
^ Observers say if the conference attracted as many delegates as claimed, it underscores the growing sense of frustration among various clan-based communities in southern Somalia.
.^ As many as six Somali-Americans are believed to have died after taking up arms with Al Shabab, the Al Qaeda-linked Islamist militants battling the transitional government in Somalia.
^ A Somali politician says a major conference has been held in a town near Somalia's border with Kenya and Ethiopia to develop a plan to establish a regional government in southern Somalia.
^ Many Somali people are against how al Shabaab interpreted the Islamic Sharia.
Ethiopia said it would protect Baidoa if threatened.
.^ A Somali politician says a major conference has been held in a town near Somalia's border with Kenya and Ethiopia to develop a plan to establish a regional government in southern Somalia.
^ Mogadishu -- Somalia’s transitional government fired its police and military commanders following a suicide- bomb attack last week that killed four Cabinet...- Wardheernews (WDN); Somalia News; Horn of Africa News; Djibouti; Heeso; Qaraami; Somalia 28 January 2010 0:52 UTC www.wardheernews.com [Source type: News]
^ He said the boats carrying weapons from Yemen had docked in the southern port of Kismayu, which is under al Shabaab's control, last week.
[98] .^ A Somali politician says a major conference has been held in a town near Somalia's border with Kenya and Ethiopia to develop a plan to establish a regional government in southern Somalia.
^ The incursion provoked a declaration of holy war by Somalia’s Muslim hard-liners against their neighboring Christian nation, and, more broadly, the United States for its perceived support of the invasion.
^ The Sufis who are fighting against al Shabaab militants control many towns in central Somalia.
[99]
Kismayo, one of Somalia's leading ports.
On 1 November 2006, peace talks between the Transitional Government and the ICU broke down.
.^ Obama’s vision offers hope for all sides”, Opinion, Dec 3) marks a sea change in international support to troubled countries.- Wardheernews (WDN); Somalia News; Horn of Africa News; Djibouti; Heeso; Qaraami; Somalia 28 January 2010 0:52 UTC www.wardheernews.com [Source type: News]
^ TEMPLE-RASTON: Well, essentially, it all started back in 2007, when there were some young men in the Somali community in Minneapolis who were getting together to talk about politics and the recent Ethiopian invasion of Somalia.
^ A similar development happened in Afghanistan and that country has been welcomed back to the international community.
[100] .^ Al-Shabab is fighting the transitional government in Somalia right now.
^ Flanked by Sheikh Abdikhadir Ahmed, who is the chairman of the committee to protect Wamo region neighboring North-Eastern region of Kenya, Gure said they fully support the Transitional Federal Government.The leader said the lower Juba area of Somali bordering Kenya was considering seceding from the larger Somalia and declaring an autonomous federal state like Puntland.
^ According to Sheikh Shuriye Afrah Sabriye, the group’s regional governor of Hiiraan region bordering with Ethiopia, Islamist forces are ready for a big war against Ethiopia, saying the attacks inside Ethiopia are imminent in the next few days, “Ethiopia is responsible for attacks on positions belonging to our forces outside the city of Beledweyn and in retaliation we will attack Ethiopian army bases inside Ethiopian territories, we are committed to do that” he said He said that in the past several weeks there have been attacks on Islamist positions near the border accusing Ethiopian military of helping the Somali government forces who carried out those attacks on Islamist positions in the region.
[101].^ Al-Shabaab, the Al-Qaeda linked Militant Islamic group out of Somalia, has now taken full control of all southern provinces from government troops.
.^ A Somali politician says a major conference has been held in a town near Somalia's border with Kenya and Ethiopia to develop a plan to establish a regional government in southern Somalia.
^ By the time the Ethiopians retreated, with the formation of a broadly based transitional Somali government, Al Shabab had taken over vast swaths of the south, and much of the nation’s capital, Mogadishu remains under Shabab control...more..
^ I think the project that the United States helped take part in in Djibouti, which ultimately produced the Transitional Federal Government was both illegitimate and incompetent.
An Ethiopian jet fighter strafed
Mogadishu International Airport (now Aden Adde International Airport), without apparently causing serious damage but prompting the airport to be shut down.
.^ Mogadishu -- Somalia’s transitional government fired its police and military commanders following a suicide- bomb attack last week that killed four Cabinet...- Wardheernews (WDN); Somalia News; Horn of Africa News; Djibouti; Heeso; Qaraami; Somalia 28 January 2010 0:52 UTC www.wardheernews.com [Source type: News]
[102][103] .^ NAIROBI Kenya - Somali government troops are ready to launch a major offensive against insurgents and expect to drive them out of the capital by the end of this month, the country's prime minister told Reuters on Sunday.- Wardheernews (WDN); Somalia News; Horn of Africa News; Djibouti; Heeso; Qaraami; Somalia 28 January 2010 0:52 UTC www.wardheernews.com [Source type: News]
^ The U.S. called on Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi’s government to re-examine a law that limits foreign funding of human rights and pro-democracy groups, .- Wardheernews (WDN); Somalia News; Horn of Africa News; Djibouti; Heeso; Qaraami; Somalia 28 January 2010 0:52 UTC www.wardheernews.com [Source type: News]
"Ethiopian defence forces were forced to enter into war to the protect the sovereignty of the nation and to blunt repeated attacks by Islamic courts terrorists and anti-Ethiopian elements they are supporting," he said.
[104][105]
.^ Mogadishu -- Somalia’s transitional government fired its police and military commanders following a suicide- bomb attack last week that killed four Cabinet...- Wardheernews (WDN); Somalia News; Horn of Africa News; Djibouti; Heeso; Qaraami; Somalia 28 January 2010 0:52 UTC www.wardheernews.com [Source type: News]
^ MOGADISHU, Dec 20 (Reuters) - Artillery shelling between Islamist rebels and Somali government forces killed at least 14 people and wounded 28 others in Mogadishu...- Wardheernews (WDN); Somalia News; Horn of Africa News; Djibouti; Heeso; Qaraami; Somalia 28 January 2010 0:52 UTC www.wardheernews.com [Source type: News]
Both sides claimed to have inflicted hundreds of casualties, but the Islamic infantry and vehicle artillery were badly beaten and forced to retreat toward Mogadishu. On 28 December 2006, the allies entered Mogadishu after Islamic fighters fled the city.
.^ Somalia's Minister of Health, Dr. Qamar Aden Ali, was among those killed in Thursday's terrorist attack in Mogadishu.- Wardheernews (WDN); Somalia News; Horn of Africa News; Djibouti; Heeso; Qaraami; Somalia 28 January 2010 0:52 UTC www.wardheernews.com [Source type: News]
[106] Yet as of April 2008, the Transitional Federal Government and its Ethiopian allies still face frequent attacks from an Islamic insurgency.
The
Islamists retreated south, towards their stronghold in Kismayo, fighting rearguard actions in several towns. They abandoned Kismayo, too, without a fight, claiming that their flight was a strategic withdrawal to avoid civilian casualties, and entrenched around the small town of
Ras Kamboni, at the southernmost tip of Somalia and on the border with Kenya.
.^ Jijiga, January 5 (WIC) – Preparations have been finalized so as to colorfully celebrate the 12th Ethiopian Pastoralists’ Day (EPD) in Jijiga town, ...- Wardheernews (WDN); Somalia News; Horn of Africa News; Djibouti; Heeso; Qaraami; Somalia 28 January 2010 0:52 UTC www.wardheernews.com [Source type: News]
^ MINNEAPOLIS, November 25, 2009 (AP) — A man hosted a gathering for several young Somalis days before they left Minneapolis to fight with a terrorist group...- Wardheernews (WDN); Somalia News; Horn of Africa News; Djibouti; Heeso; Qaraami; Somalia 28 January 2010 0:52 UTC www.wardheernews.com [Source type: News]
^ MOGADISHU, Somalia, January 03, 2009 (AFP) — Somalia's radical Islamic Shebab group hailed Saturday the attack by a Somali on a Danish cartoonist reviled ...- Wardheernews (WDN); Somalia News; Horn of Africa News; Djibouti; Heeso; Qaraami; Somalia 28 January 2010 0:52 UTC www.wardheernews.com [Source type: News]
.^ Great Britain and the United States will strengthen their efforts against terrorism in Yemen and Somalia in the wake of the failed suicide attack on 25 December against a U.S. airliner, announced Sunday Downing Street.- Wardheernews (WDN); Somalia News; Horn of Africa News; Djibouti; Heeso; Qaraami; Somalia 28 January 2010 0:52 UTC www.wardheernews.com [Source type: News]
^ Bronwyn Bruton argues that United States goverment must change its Somalia policy and fast.- Wardheernews (WDN); Somalia News; Horn of Africa News; Djibouti; Heeso; Qaraami; Somalia 28 January 2010 0:52 UTC www.wardheernews.com [Source type: News]
Dozens were killed and by then the ICU were largely defeated.
.^ A group of Somali refugees in Randfontein are facing homelessness and growing uncertainty, while government and the United Nations pass the buck on ...- Wardheernews (WDN); Somalia News; Horn of Africa News; Djibouti; Heeso; Qaraami; Somalia 28 January 2010 0:52 UTC www.wardheernews.com [Source type: News]
^ Jewish groups have filed briefs siding with a former Somali official now living in Virginia ...- Wardheernews (WDN); Somalia News; Horn of Africa News; Djibouti; Heeso; Qaraami; Somalia 28 January 2010 0:52 UTC www.wardheernews.com [Source type: News]
^ Refugee Advice Group [Birmingham] in partnership with Kayd Somali Arts and Culture, and other Somali community organizations will facilitate the first Birmingham Somali Art and Culture Festival on 28th December 2009 ...- Wardheernews (WDN); Somalia News; Horn of Africa News; Djibouti; Heeso; Qaraami; Somalia 28 January 2010 0:52 UTC www.wardheernews.com [Source type: News]
They recovered effective control of large portions of the country.
.^ Refugee Advice Group [Birmingham] in partnership with Kayd Somali Arts and Culture, and other Somali community organizations will facilitate the first Birmingham Somali Art and Culture Festival on 28th December 2009 ...- Wardheernews (WDN); Somalia News; Horn of Africa News; Djibouti; Heeso; Qaraami; Somalia 28 January 2010 0:52 UTC www.wardheernews.com [Source type: News]
^ UNITED NATIONS, December 8 -- Mirroring the chaos of the Transitional Federal Government in Somalia, donors and vultures and purported helpers are all working .- Wardheernews (WDN); Somalia News; Horn of Africa News; Djibouti; Heeso; Qaraami; Somalia 28 January 2010 0:52 UTC www.wardheernews.com [Source type: News]
.^ Great Britain and the United States will strengthen their efforts against terrorism in Yemen and Somalia in the wake of the failed suicide attack on 25 December against a U.S. airliner, announced Sunday Downing Street.- Wardheernews (WDN); Somalia News; Horn of Africa News; Djibouti; Heeso; Qaraami; Somalia 28 January 2010 0:52 UTC www.wardheernews.com [Source type: News]
In his speech, which was broadcast on national radio, Yusuf expressed regret at failing to end the country's seventeen year conflict as his government had mandated to do.
[107] .^ UNITED NATIONS, December 8 -- Mirroring the chaos of the Transitional Federal Government in Somalia, donors and vultures and purported helpers are all working .- Wardheernews (WDN); Somalia News; Horn of Africa News; Djibouti; Heeso; Qaraami; Somalia 28 January 2010 0:52 UTC www.wardheernews.com [Source type: News]
^ (Xinhua) -- A UN-backed international meeting on Somalia has called on the world community to support initiatives aimed at stabilizing the ...- Wardheernews (WDN); Somalia News; Horn of Africa News; Djibouti; Heeso; Qaraami; Somalia 28 January 2010 0:52 UTC www.wardheernews.com [Source type: News]
[108] .^ He accompanied the country's president, Sheikh Sharif Sheikh Ahmed, who controls just ...- Wardheernews (WDN); Somalia News; Horn of Africa News; Djibouti; Heeso; Qaraami; Somalia 28 January 2010 0:52 UTC www.wardheernews.com [Source type: News]
[109]
In 2009, the Islamic Courts Union was absorbed into the Transitional Federal Government, along with the
Alliance for the Re-liberation of Somalia, a collection of moderate Islamist groups. The Islamists were awarded with 200 seats in parliament.
.^ He accompanied the country's president, Sheikh Sharif Sheikh Ahmed, who controls just ...- Wardheernews (WDN); Somalia News; Horn of Africa News; Djibouti; Heeso; Qaraami; Somalia 28 January 2010 0:52 UTC www.wardheernews.com [Source type: News]
^ A group of Somali refugees in Randfontein are facing homelessness and growing uncertainty, while government and the United Nations pass the buck on ...- Wardheernews (WDN); Somalia News; Horn of Africa News; Djibouti; Heeso; Qaraami; Somalia 28 January 2010 0:52 UTC www.wardheernews.com [Source type: News]
^ UNITED NATIONS, December 8 -- Mirroring the chaos of the Transitional Federal Government in Somalia, donors and vultures and purported helpers are all working .- Wardheernews (WDN); Somalia News; Horn of Africa News; Djibouti; Heeso; Qaraami; Somalia 28 January 2010 0:52 UTC www.wardheernews.com [Source type: News]
According to the deal, Ethiopian troops were to withdraw from Somalia, giving their bases to the transitional government, African Union (AU) peacekeepers and moderate Islamist groups led by the ARS. Following the Ethiopian withdrawal, the transitional government expanded its parliament to include the opposition and elected Sheikh Ahmed as its new president on January 31, 2009. Sheikh Ahmed then appointed
Omar Abdirashid Ali Sharmarke, the son of slain former President
Abdirashid Ali Sharmarke, as the nation's new Prime Minister.
Law
Civil law
.^ NAIROBI, 16 December 2009 (IRIN) - The number of reported rapes in camps for internally displaced persons (IDPs) in Bosasso, in Somalia's self-declared autonomous region of Puntland, is increasing and rape has become ...- Wardheernews (WDN); Somalia News; Horn of Africa News; Djibouti; Heeso; Qaraami; Somalia 28 January 2010 0:52 UTC www.wardheernews.com [Source type: News]
^ But a border dispute between Puntland and Somaliland is now ...- Wardheernews (WDN); Somalia News; Horn of Africa News; Djibouti; Heeso; Qaraami; Somalia 28 January 2010 0:52 UTC www.wardheernews.com [Source type: News]
^ Galkayo is Somalia's third front, an issue associated with, but distinct from, the Islamic radical insurgency and the Somaliland-Puntland border dispute...- Wardheernews (WDN); Somalia News; Horn of Africa News; Djibouti; Heeso; Qaraami; Somalia 28 January 2010 0:52 UTC www.wardheernews.com [Source type: News]
In the case of the
Transitional Federal Government, a new judicial structure was formed through various international conferences.
Despite some significant political differences between them, all of these administrations share similar legal structures, much of which are predicated on the judicial systems of previous Somali administrations. These similarities in civil law include:
[110]
- A charter which affirms the primacy of Muslim shari'a or religious law, although in practice shari'a is applied mainly to matters such as marriage, divorce, inheritance, and civil issues.
- The charter guarantees respect for universal standards of human rights to all subjects of the law. It also assures the independence of the judiciary, which in turn is protected by a judicial committee.
- The laws of the civilian government which were in effect prior to the military coup d'état that saw the Barre regime into power remain in force until the laws are amended.
Shari'a
Islamic
shari'a has traditionally played a significant part in Somali society. In theory, it has served as the basis for all national legislation in every Somali
constitution. In practice, however, it only applied to common civil cases such as
marriage,
divorce,
inheritance and family matters. This changed after the start of the civil war when a number of new shari'a courts began to spring up in many different cities and towns across the country.
[110]These new shari'a courts serve three functions:
- To pass rulings in both criminal and civil cases.
- To organize a militia capable of arresting criminals.
- To keep convicted prisoners incarcerated.
The shari'a courts, though structured along simple lines, feature a conventional hierarchy of a
chairman,
vice-chairman and four
judges.
.^ Stereotyping Somalis isn't going to help solve a string of killings among young Somali-Canadian males, say community representatives and police.- Wardheernews (WDN); Somalia News; Horn of Africa News; Djibouti; Heeso; Qaraami; Somalia 28 January 2010 0:52 UTC www.wardheernews.com [Source type: News]
In addition, the courts manage detention centers where criminals are kept. An independent finance committee is also assigned the task of collecting and managing
tax revenue levied on regional merchants by the local authorities.
[110].^ Nairobi - Somalia's government called on Saturday for an international peace plan like President Barack Obama's new Afghan strategy, saying it would be more ....- Wardheernews (WDN); Somalia News; Horn of Africa News; Djibouti; Heeso; Qaraami; Somalia 28 January 2010 0:52 UTC www.wardheernews.com [Source type: News]
^ December 2009 – The top United Nations envoy to Somalia today welcomed the announcement of a meeting tomorrow of over 30 countries, ....- Wardheernews (WDN); Somalia News; Horn of Africa News; Djibouti; Heeso; Qaraami; Somalia 28 January 2010 0:52 UTC www.wardheernews.com [Source type: News]
^ MOGADISHU, Somalia, December 07, 2009 (AP) — Somalia's government is warning that militants plan to carry out suicide attacks against key installations in...- Wardheernews (WDN); Somalia News; Horn of Africa News; Djibouti; Heeso; Qaraami; Somalia 28 January 2010 0:52 UTC www.wardheernews.com [Source type: News]
[111]
Xeer
Somalis for centuries have practiced a form of
customary law which they call
Xeer. Xeer is a
polycentric legal system where there is no monopolistic agent that determines what the law should be or how it should be interpreted.
The Xeer legal system is assumed to have developed exclusively in the
Horn of Africa since approximately the 7
th century. There is no evidence that it developed elsewhere or was greatly influenced by any foreign legal system. The fact that Somali legal terminology is practically devoid of
loan words from foreign languages suggests that Xeer is truly indigenous.
[112]
- Payment of blood money (locally referred to as diya) for libel, theft, physical harm, rape and death, as well as supplying assistance to relatives.
- Assuring good inter-clan relations by treating women justly, negotiating with "peace emissaries" in good faith, and sparing the lives of socially protected groups (e.g. children, women, the pious, poets and guests).
- Family obligations such as the payment of dowry, and sanctions for eloping.
- Rules pertaining to the management of resources such as the use of pasture land, water, and other natural resources.
- Providing financial support to married female relatives and newlyweds.
- Donating livestock and other assets to the poor.
Cities
Cities of the Republic of Somalia
Mogadishu
Bosaso
Kismayo
Borama |
Rank |
Core City |
Division |
Pop. |
view • talk • edit
Hargeisa
Merka
Barawa
Garowe |
| 1 |
Mogadishu |
Banadir |
Ca.2,500,000 |
|
| 2 |
Hargeisa |
W.Galbeed |
Ca. 1,800,000 |
[114] |
| 3 |
Bosaso |
Bari |
Ca. 350,000 |
|
| 4 |
Borama |
Awdal |
Ca.300,000 |
|
| 5 |
Kismayo |
Jubbada Hoose |
Ca. 200,000 |
|
| 6 |
Burao |
Togdheer |
Ca. 150,000 |
|
| 7 |
Beledweyn |
Hiiraan |
Ca. 150,000 |
|
| 8 |
Gaalkacyo |
Mudug |
Ca. 100,000 |
[114] |
| 9 |
Berbera |
W.Galbeed |
Ca. 100,000 |
|
| 10 |
Garowe |
Nugaal |
Ca. 86,000 |
[114] |
| 11 |
Baidoa |
Bay |
Ca. 75,000 |
[114] |
| 12 |
Bardera |
Gedo |
Ca. 75,000 |
|
| 13 |
Goldogob |
Mudug |
Ca. 40,000 |
|
| 14 |
Erigavo |
Sanaag |
Ca. 40,000 |
|
| 15 |
Merka |
Shabeellaha Hoose |
Ca. 40,000 |
[114] |
| 16 |
Jowhar |
Shabeellaha Hoose |
Ca. 40,000 |
[114] |
| 17 |
Qardho |
Bari |
Ca. 35,000 |
[114] |
Regions and districts
Prior to the civil war, Somalia was divided into eighteen regions (gobollada, singular gobol), which were in turn subdivided into districts. The regions are:
On a
de facto basis, northern Somalia is now divided up among the quasi-independent states of
Puntland,
Somaliland, and
Galmudug. The south is at least nominally controlled by the Transitional Federal Government, although it is in fact controlled by Islamist groups outside Mogadishu. Under the
de facto arrangements there are now
27 regions.
Geography and climate
Arabian horses colloquially referred to as
Sunaari, seen here in the arid plains of
Dhahar, Maakhir, Somalia
Africa's easternmost country, Somalia has a land area of 637,540 square kilometers. It occupies the tip of a region that, due to its resemblance on the map to a
rhinoceros' horn, is commonly referred to as the
Horn of Africa. Somalia has the longest coastline on the continent. Its terrain consists mainly of
plateaus,
plains, and
highlands.
Cal Madow is a mountain range in the northeastern part of the country, extending from several kilometers west of the city of
Bosaso to the northwest of
Erigavo. The rugged east-west ranges of the
Karkaar Mountains lie at varying distances from the
Gulf of Aden coast.
Major climatic factors are a year-round hot climate, seasonal
monsoon winds, and irregular rainfall. Mean daily maximum temperatures range from 30 °C (86 °F) to 40 °C (104 °F), except at higher elevations and along the east coast. Mean daily minimums usually vary from about 15 °C (59 °F) to 30 °C (86 °F).
The southwest monsoon, a sea breeze, makes the period from about May to October the mildest season in
Mogadishu. The December to February period of the northeast monsoon is also relatively mild, although prevailing climatic conditions in Mogadishu are rarely pleasant. The
tangambili periods that intervene between the two monsoons (October–November and March–May) are hot and humid.
Climate data for Somalia
| Month |
Jan |
Feb |
Mar |
Apr |
May |
Jun |
Jul |
Aug |
Sep |
Oct |
Nov |
Dec |
Year |
| Average high °C (°F) |
30
(86) |
30
(86) |
40
(104) |
40
(104) |
40
(104) |
40
(104) |
40
(104) |
30
(86) |
30
(86) |
30
(86) |
30
(86) |
30
(86) |
30
(86) |
| Average low °C (°F) |
15
(59) |
15
(59) |
15
(59) |
15
(59) |
15
(59) |
15
(59) |
15
(59) |
15
(59) |
15
(59) |
15
(59) |
15
(59) |
0
(32) |
15
(59) |
| Precipitation mm (inches) |
40
(1.57) |
40
(1.57) |
40
(1.57) |
40
(1.57) |
40
(1.57) |
40
(1.57) |
50
(1.97) |
50
(1.97) |
40
(1.57) |
40
(1.57) |
40
(1.57) |
40
(1.57) |
500
(19.69) |
| Source: Country Studies - Somalia[115] 2009-05-14 |
Health
Somalia has one of the lowest
HIV infection rates in all of Africa. This is attributed to the
Muslim nature of Somali society and adherence of Somalis to Islamic morals.
[116] While the estimated HIV prevalence rate in Somalia in 1987 (the first case report year) was 1% of adults,
[116] a more recent estimate from 2007 now places it at only 0.5% of the nation's adult population despite the ongoing civil strife.
[2]Education
The Ministry of Education is officially responsible for education in Somalia, with about 15% of the government's budget being spent on academic instruction. In 2006, the autonomous
Puntland region in the northeast was the second territory in Somalia after the
Somaliland region to introduce free primary schools, with teachers now receiving their salaries from the Puntland administration.
[117]From 2005/2006 to 2006/2007, there was a significant increase in the number of schools in Puntland, up 137 institutions from just one year prior. During the same period, the number of classes in the region increased by 504, with 762 more teachers also offering their services.
[118]Total student enrollment increased by 27% over the previous year, with girls lagging only slightly behind boys in attendance in most regions. The highest class enrollment was observed in the northernmost
Bari region, and the lowest was observed in the under-populated
Ayn region. The distribution of classrooms was almost evenly split between urban and rural areas, with marginally more pupils attending and instructors teaching classes in urban areas.
[118]Qu'ranic schools (also known as
duqsi) remain the basic system of traditional religious instruction in Somalia. They provide Islamic education for children, thereby filling a clear religious and social role in the country. Known as the most stable local, non-formal system of education providing basic religious and moral instruction, their strength rests on community support and their use of locally made and widely available teaching materials. The Qu'ranic system, which teaches the greatest number of students relative to other educational sub-sectors, is oftentimes the only system accessible to Somalis in nomadic as compared to urban areas. A study from 1993 found, among other things, that about 40% of pupils in Qur'anic schools were girls. To address shortcomings in religious instruction, the Somali government on its own part also subsequently established the Ministry of Endowment and Islamic Affairs, under which Qur'anic education is now regulated.
[120]
Economy
A shopping mall in downtown
Hargeisa, Somalia.
Despite civil unrest, Somalia has maintained a healthy informal economy, based mainly on livestock, remittance/money transfer companies, and telecommunications.
[121] According to a 2003
World Bank study, the private sector grew impressively, particularly in the areas of trade, commerce, transport, remittance and infrastructure services, in addition to the primary sectors, notably livestock, agriculture and fisheries.
[122] In 2007, the United Nations reported that the country's
service industry is also thriving.
[123] Anthropologist Spencer Heath MacCallum attributes this increased economic activity to the
Somali customary law, which provides a stable environment to conduct business in.
[124]Agriculture is the most important sector, with livestock accounting for about 40% of GDP and about 65% of export earnings.
[121] Other principal exports include
fish,
charcoal, and
bananas;
sugar,
sorghum, and
maize are products for the domestic market.
[121] At nearly 3 million heads of goat and sheep in 1999, the northern ports of
Bosaso and
Berbera accounted for 95% of all goat and 52% of all sheep exports of
East Africa. The
Somaliland region alone exported more than 180 million metric tons of livestock and more than 480 million metric tons of agricultural products.
[125] Somalia is also a major world supplier of
frankincense and
myrrh.
The small
industrial sector, based on the processing of agricultural products, accounts for 10% of
GDP. According to a 2005 World Bank report, the "private airline business in Somalia is now thriving with more than five
carriers and
price wars between the companies."
[126]With the help of the
Somali diaspora, mobile phone companies, internet cafés and radio stations have been established. In 2004, a new
Coca-Cola bottling plant also opened in Mogadishu, representing a sign of growing business confidence.
[127]American and
Chinese oil companies are also excited about the prospect of oil and other natural resources in Somalia. An oil group listed in
Sydney,
Range Resources, anticipates that the
Puntland province in the north has the potential to produce 5 billion to 10 billion barrels of oil.
[129]
Media and telecommunications
Internet usage in Somalia increased 44,900% from 2000 to 2007, registering the highest growth rate in Africa.
[130] Somali
information technology companies currently compete for a market with more than 500,000 Internet users. The country has 22 established
ISPs and 234
cyber cafes with a growth of 15.6% per year. Internet over the
satellite services are also offered, especially in remote areas and cities that have no dialup or wireless Internet services. Major clients include
UN,
NGOs, financial institutions (particularly the
remittance companies), and internet cafes. Currently, over 300 satellite terminals connected to various teleports in
Europe and
Asia are available throughout the country. This type of service has shown a stable growth of 10–15% per year.
Somalia has one of the best telecommunications systems on the continent: several companies such as
Golis Telecom Group, Hormuud Telecom,
Somafone,
Nationlink,
Netco,
Telecom and
Somali Telecom Group provide crystal-clear service, including international long distance, for about $10 USD a month. Dial up internet services in Somalia are the fastest growing internet services in Africa, as the nation enjoys landline growth of more than 12.5% per year compared to other countries in the Horn and eastern Africa at large, where landline is experiencing a serious decline due to vandalism and an increase in the cost of copper cables in the international market. Installation time for a
landline is just three days in Somalia, while in neighboring Kenya waiting lists are many years long.
Military
Prior to the outbreak of the civil war in 1991 and the subsequent disintegration of the Armed Forces, Somalia's friendship with the
Soviet Union and later partnership with the
United States enabled it to build the largest army in Africa.
[71] The creation of the
Transitional Federal Government in 2004 saw the re-establishment of the
Military of Somalia, which now maintains a force of 10,000 troops.
The
Ministry of Defense is responsible for the Armed Forces. The
Somali Navy is also being re-established, with 500 Marines currently training in Mogadishu out of an expected 5,000-strong force.
[131] In addition, there are plans for the re-establishment of the
Somali Air Force, with two combat planes already purchased. A new police force was also formed to maintain law and order, with the first police academy to be built in Somalia for several years opening on December 20, 2005 at Armo, 100 kilometres south of
Bosaso.
[132]Environment
Overview of a residential area in the semi-desert of
Hadaaftimo, an ancient town in the north-eastern
Sanaag region of Somalia.
Somalia is a
semi-arid country with about 2%
arable land. The civil war had a huge impact on the country’s
tropical forests by facilitating the production of
charcoal with ever-present, recurring, but damaging droughts. From 1971 onwards, a massive tree-planting on a nationwide scale was introduced by the Siad Barre government to halt the progress of advancing sand dunes.
First environmental organizations were ECOTERRA Somalia and then the Somali Ecological Society, which created awareness about environmental concerns and mobilized environmental programmes in all governmental sectors as well as civil society. In 1986, the Wildlife Rescue, Research and Monitoring Centre was established by ECOTERRA Intl. The sensitization led in 1989 to the so-called "Somalia proposal" and a decision by the state parties to
CITES, which established for the first time a worldwide ban on the trade of elephant
ivory. Later, activist and
Goldman Environmental Prize winner
Fatima Jibrell created local initiatives in her home area Buran that organised local communities to protect the rural and coastal habitat.
Jibrell trained a team of young people to organise awareness campaigns about the irreversible damage of unrestricted charcoal production. She also joined the Buran rural institute that formed and organised the Camel Caravan program in which young people loaded tents and equipment on camels to walk for three weeks through a nomadic locale, and educate the people about the careful use of fragile resources,
health care, livestock management and peace.
Fatima Jibrell has consistently fought against the burning of charcoal,
logging and other man-induced environmental degradation. Her efforts have born fruits to the local communities across Somalia and international recognition when she won the prestigious Environmental Goldman award from
San Francisco. Jibrell is also the executive director of Horn Relief and Development Organisation.
[133]
Following the massive
tsunami of December 2004, there have also emerged allegations that after the outbreak of the
Somali Civil War in the late 1980s, Somalia's long, remote shoreline was used as a dump site for the disposal of toxic waste. The huge waves which battered northern Somalia after the tsunami are believed to have stirred up tonnes of nuclear and toxic waste that was illegally dumped in the country by several European firms.
The
European Green Party followed up these revelations by presenting before the press and the
European Parliament in
Strasbourg copies of contracts signed by two European companies—the Italian Swiss firm, Achair Partners, and an Italian waste broker,
Progresso – and representatives of the then "President" of Somalia, the faction leader
Ali Mahdi Mohamed, to accept 10 million tonnes of toxic waste in exchange for $80 million (then about £60 million).
According to reports by the
United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), the waste has resulted in far higher than normal cases of respiratory infections, mouth ulcers and bleeding, abdominal haemorrhages and unusual skin infections among many inhabitants of the areas around the northeastern towns of
Hobyo and
Benadir on the
Indian Ocean coast—diseases consistent with
radiation sickness. UNEP continues that the current situation along the Somali coastline poses a very serious environmental hazard not only in Somalia but also in the eastern Africa sub-region.
[134]Demographics
Somali girls in nomadic attire.
There is little reliable statistical information on
urbanization in Somalia. However, rough estimates have been made indicating an urbanization of 5% and 8% per
annum, with many towns quickly growing into cities. Currently, 34% of the country's population live in towns and cities, with the percentage rapidly increasing.
[135]Languages
The
Somali language is the official language of Somalia. It is a member of the
Cushitic branch of the
Afro-Asiatic language family, and its nearest relatives are the
Afar and
Oromo languages. Somali is the best documented of the Cushitic languages,
[136] with academic studies of it dating from before 1900.
Somali dialects are divided into three main groups: Northern, Benaadir and
Maay. Northern Somali (or Northern-Central Somali) forms the basis for Standard Somali. Benaadir (also known as Coastal Somali) is spoken on the
Benadir coast from Cadale to south of
Merca, including
Mogadishu, as well as in the immediate hinterland. The coastal dialects have additional
phonemes which do not exist in Standard Somali. Maay is principally spoken by the Digil and Mirifle (
Rahanweyn) clans in the southern areas of Somalia.
Since Somali had long lost its ancient script,
[137] a number of
writing systems have been used over the years for transcribing the language. Of these, the
Somali alphabet is the most widely used, and has been the official writing script in Somalia since the government of former President of Somalia Siad Barre formally introduced it in October 1972.
[138]In addition to Somali,
Arabic is an official national language in Somalia.
[1] Many Somalis speak it due to centuries-old ties with the
Arab World, the far-reaching influence of the Arabic media, and religious education.
English is also widely used and taught.
Italian used to be a major language, but its influence significantly diminished following independence. It is now most frequently heard among older generations. Other minority languages include
Bravanese, a variant of
Swahili that is spoken along the coast by the
Bravanese people.
Religion
Islam entered the region very early on, as a group of persecuted Muslims had, at Prophet
Muhummad's urging, sought refuge across the
Red Sea in the
Horn of Africa. Islam may thus have been introduced into Somalia well before the faith even took root in its place of origin.
[143]In addition, the Somali community has produced numerous important Islamic figures over the centuries, many of whom have significantly shaped the course of Islamic learning and practice in the Horn of Africa, the
Arabian Peninsula, and well beyond. Among these Islamic scholars is the 14th century Somali
theologian and
jurist Uthman bin Ali Zayla'i of
Zeila, who wrote the single most authoritative text on the
Hanafi school of Islam, consisting of four volumes known as the
Tabayin al-Haqa’iq li Sharh Kanz al-Daqa’iq.
Christianity is a minority religion in Somalia, with no more than 1,000 practitioners in a population of eight million inhabitants.
[144] There is one
diocese for the whole country, the
Diocese of Mogadishu, which estimates that there were only about about 100
Catholic practitioners in Somalia in 2004.
[145]
Some non-Somali ethnic minority groups also practice
animism, the latter of which, in the case of the
Bantu, represents religious traditions inherited from their ancestors in southeastern Africa.
[148]Culture
Cuisine
Main article:
Somali cuisineThe cuisine of Somalia varies from region to region and consists of an exotic
mixture of diverse culinary influences. It is the product of Somalia's rich
tradition of trade and commerce. Despite the variety, there remains one thing that unites the various regional cuisines: all food is served
halal. There are therefore no
pork dishes,
alcohol is not served, nothing that died on its own is eaten, and no blood is incorporated.
Qaddo or lunch is often elaborate.
Varieties of
bariis (
rice), the most popular probably being
basmati, usually serve as the main dish. Spices like
cumin,
cardamom,
cloves,
cinnamon and
sage are used to aromatize these different rice dishes. Somalis serve dinner as late as 9 pm. During
Ramadan, dinner is often served after
Tarawih prayers – sometimes as late as 11 pm.
Xalwo or
halva is a popular confection served during special occasions such as
Eid celebrations or wedding receptions. It is made from sugar,
cornstarch,
cardamom powder,
nutmeg powder, and
ghee. Peanuts are also sometimes added to enhance texture and flavor.
[149] After meals, homes are traditionally perfumed using
frankincense (
lubaan) or
incense (
cuunsi), which is prepared inside an incense burner referred to as a
dabqaad.
Literature
Somali scholars have for centuries produced many notable examples of
Islamic literature ranging from
poetry to
Hadith. With the adoption of the
Latin alphabet in 1972 as the nation's standard orthography, numerous contemporary Somali authors have also released novels, some of which have gone on to receive worldwide acclaim. Of these modern writers,
Nuruddin Farah is probably the most celebrated. Books such as
From a Crooked Rib and
Links are considered important literary achievements, works which have earned Farah, among other accolades, the 1998
Neustadt International Prize for Literature.
Farah Mohamed Jama Awl is another prominent Somali writer who is perhaps best known for his
Dervish era novel,
Ignorance is the enemy of love.
Music
Somalia has a rich musical heritage centered on traditional Somali
folklore. Most Somali songs are
pentatonic; that is, they only use five
pitches per
octave in contrast to a
heptatonic (seven note) scale such as the
major scale. At first listen, Somali music might be mistaken for the sounds of nearby regions such as
Ethiopia,
Sudan or
Arabia, but it is ultimately recognizable by its own unique tunes and styles. Somali songs are usually the product of collaboration between
lyricists (
midho),
songwriters (
lahan), and
singers ('
odka or "voice").
[150]See also
References
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- ^ "The Transitional Federal Charter of the Somali Republic". Somalia.cc. February 2004. http://www.somalia.cc/article_read.asp?item=6. Retrieved 2007-01-02.
- ^ "The Transitional Federal Charter of the Somali Republic" (PDF). iss.co.za. February 2004. http://www.iss.co.za/AF/profiles/Somalia/charterfeb04.pdf. Retrieved 2007-01-02.
- ^ ICRC (2006-12-11). "No end in sight for flood-stricken Somalia". Press release. http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/rwb.nsf/db900SID/YSAR-6WDSRM?OpenDocument. Retrieved 2007-01-02.
- ^ "Regional court orders closure of khat kiosks". Garowe Online. 2006-11-22.
- ^ Farah, Mohamed Abdi (2006-11-22). "Islamists put curfew on Bulo-Burde town after unrest". SomaliNet. http://somalinet.com/news/world/Somalia/5246. Retrieved 2007-01-02.
- ^ Sheikh Sherif welcomes dialogue with Washington, ANN, 9 June 2006
- ^ Barnett, Antony; Patrick Smith (10 September 2006). "US accused of covert operations in Somalia". Observer. http://observer.guardian.co.uk/world/story/0,,1868920,00.html. Retrieved 2007-01-02.
- ^ Somali Islamists to ask AU to end peace force plan, Reuters, 9 September 2006.
- ^ "Islamists seize Somalia port". CNN. 2006-09-25.
- ^ Pflanz, Mike (2006-10-10). "Somalia Extremists Declare Jihad On Ethiopia". New York Sun, The Daily Telegraph. http://www.nysun.com/article/41275. Retrieved 2007-01-02.
- ^ Gollust, David (2 November 2006). "US Concerned Somalia Conflict Could Spread". Voice of America. http://www.voanews.com/english/2006-11-02-voa65.cfm. Retrieved 2007-01-02.
- ^ "Carnage as Somalia 'in state of war'". CNN. 22 December 2006.
- ^ "Ethiopia attacks Somalia airports". BBC. 2006-12-25. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/6208549.stm. Retrieved 2007-01-02.
- ^ Gentleman, Jeffrey (2006-12-26). "Ethiopian Jets Strafe Mogadishu Airports". New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2006/12/26/world/africa/26somalia.html?_r=1&th&emc=th&oref=slogin. Retrieved 2007-01-02.
- ^ Yare, Hassan (2006-12-24). "Ethiopia says forced into war with Somali Islamists". Yahoo!, Reuters.
- ^ "Ethiopia declares war on Somalia". Al Jazeera. December 25, 2006.
- ^ Mohamed Olad, Hassan (2006-12-28). "Somali troops enter Mogadishu to cheers". Associated Press. Archived from the original on 2007-01-09. http://web.archive.org/web/20070109102653/http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20061228/ap_on_re_af/somalia. Retrieved 2007-01-02.
- ^ "Somalia's president quits office", BBC News, December 29, 2008.
- ^ "Somali President Yusuf resigns", Reuters (FT.com), December 29, 2008.
- ^ "Somalia swears in new president", Sapa-AFP (IOL), January 31, 2009.
- ^ a b c d Dr Andre Le Sage (2005-06-01). "Stateless Justice in Somalia". Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue. http://www.hdcentre.org/files/Somalia%20report.pdf. Retrieved 2009-06-26.
- ^ Shariah in Somalia – Arab News
- ^ http://www.mises.org/story/2701
- ^ http://www.hiiraan.com/op2/2008/oct/back_to_somali_roots.aspx
- ^ a b c d e f g World Gazetteer
- ^ "Somalia - Climate". Countrystudies.us. 14 may 2009. http://countrystudies.us/somalia/34.htm.
- ^ a b Religious and cultural traits in HIV/AIDS epidemics in sub-Saharan Africa
- ^ Staff writer, Staff writer (2006 04 06). "Puntland (Somalia) to introduce free primary schools". Afrol News. http://www.afrol.com/articles/16083. Retrieved 2007-02-09.
- ^ a b Basic education survey
- ^ The Role of Islamic NGOs and Charities in a Stateless Country: The Case of Somalia by Valeria Saggiomo.
- ^ Koranic School Project
- ^ a b c d CIA - The World Factbook - Somalia (2008)
- ^ "Country Re-Engagement Note". World Bank Advisory Committee for Somalia. 2003. http://www-wds.worldbank.org/servlet/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2004/03/25/000112742_20040325090551/Rendered/PDF/282760Somalia0Country0reengagement0note.pdf. Retrieved 2005-11-04.
- ^ "The Somali Democratic Republic". UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs. http://www.irinnews.org/country.aspx?CountryCode=SO&RegionCode=HOA. Retrieved 2007-10-03.
- ^ http://mises.org/story/2701
- ^ Benjamin Powell, Ryan Ford, Alex Nowrasteh (November 30, 2006). "Somalia After State Collapse: Chaos or Improvement?". http://www.independent.org/pdf/working_papers/64_somalia.pdf.
- ^ "Africa Open for Business". The World Bank. 2005-03-18. http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/AFRICAEXT/SOMALIAEXTN/0,,contentMDK:20398872~menuPK:367671~pagePK:141137~piPK:141127~theSitePK:367665,00.html. Retrieved 2007-10-03.
- ^ Ferrett, Grant (6 July 2004). "Coca-Cola Makes Somalia Return". BBC News. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/3865595.stm. Retrieved 2007-01-02.
- ^ Freeing Finance: If money makes the world go round, Dahabshiil CEO Abdirashid Duale makes sure it goes to the right people
- ^ "Exploration rights in Somalia for Chinese oil giant CNOOC". Oilmarketer.co.uk. http://www.oilmarketer.co.uk/2007/07/18/exploration-rights-in-somalia-for-chinese-oil-giant-cnooc/. Retrieved 2009-02-25.
- ^ "Internet Usage Statistics for Africa". Internetworldstats.com. 2008-12-31. http://www.internetworldstats.com/stats1.htm#africa. Retrieved 2009-02-25.
- ^ Somalia gets new navy force after years of absence
- ^ New Police Academy Opens in Somalia
- ^ "Fatima Jibrell: Nursing Nature". Worldpress. July 2002. http://www.worldpress.org/Africa/597.cfm. Retrieved 2007-03-16.
- ^ "Somalia's secret dumps of toxic waste washed ashore by tsunami". Timesonline.co.uk. http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/article418665.ece. Retrieved 2009-02-25.
- ^ An Urban Development Programme for the European Commission in Somalia
- ^ A software tool for research in linguistics and lexicography: Application to Somali
- ^ Ministry of Information and National Guidance, Somalia, The writing of the Somali language, (Ministry of Information and National Guidance: 1974), p.5
- ^ Economist Intelligence Unit (Great Britain), Middle East annual review, (1975), p.229
- ^ David D. Laitin, Politics, Language, and Thought: The Somali Experience, (University Of Chicago Press: 1977), pp.86-87
- ^ Middle East Policy Council - Muslim Populations Worldwide
- ^ Mohamed Diriye Abdullahi, Culture and Customs of Somalia, (Greenwood Press: 2001), p.1
- ^ The Transitional Federal Charter of the Somali Republic, Article 8, p.6.
- ^ A Country Study: Somalia from The Library of Congress
- ^ "Almost expunged: Somalia's Embattled Christians". 2009-10-22. http://www.economist.com/world/middleeast-africa/displaystory.cfm?story_id=14707279. Retrieved 2009-10-22.
- ^ Catholic Church in Somalia
- ^ Charles George Herbermann, The Catholic encyclopedia: an international work of reference on the constitution, doctrine, discipline, and history of the Catholic church, Volume 14, (Robert Appleton company: 1913), p.139.
- ^ Charles Henry Robinson, History of Christian Missions, (READ BOOKS: 2007), p. 356.
- ^ Refugees Vol. 3, No. 128, 2002 UNHCR Publication Refugees about the Somali Bantu
- ^ Barlin Ali, Somali Cuisine, (AuthorHouse: 2007), p.79
- ^ Diriye, pp.170-171
Bibliography
- Hadden, Robert Lee. 2007. "The Geology of Somalia: A Selected Bibliography of Somalian Geology, Geography and Earth Science." Engineer Research and Development Laboratories, Topographic Engineering Center (now known as the Army Geospatial Center, US Army Corps of Engineers), in Alexandria, VA. Includes data and citations on the geology, water and transportation in Somalia.
- Hess, Robert L. Italian Colonialism in Somalia. Chicago: University of Chicago, 1966. *Fitzgerald, Nina J. Somalia. New York: Nova Science, Inc., 2002.
- Lewis. I.M. Pastoral Democracy: A study on Pastoralism and Politics among the Northern Somali clans. Ohio: Ohio University Press, 1958. ISBN 978-3825830847.
- Mwakikagile, Godfrey. The Modern African State: Quest for Transformation, Chapter Four: Somalia: A Stateless State - What Next?, pp. 109–132, Nova Science Publishers, Inc., Huntington, New York, 2001.
- Tripodi, Paolo. The Colonial Legacy in Somalia. New York: St. Martin's P Inc., 1999.
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