From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
- For the album by The Jam, see Sound Affects.
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^ An oscilloscope is used to display the waveforms of various musical instruments in order to show the effect of frequency and wave shape on the sound.
^ An oscilloscope with microphone can be used to prove that there is a sound present.
The term often refers to a process applied to a recording, without necessarily referring to the recording itself.
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^ An oscilloscope is used to display the waveforms of various musical instruments in order to show the effect of frequency and wave shape on the sound.
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Dialogue and music recordings are never referred to as sound effects, even though the processes applied to them, such as
reverberation or
flanging effects, often are called "sound effects".
Film
In the context of motion pictures and television, sound effects refers to an entire hierarchy of sound elements, whose production encompass many different disciplines, including:
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^ In addition to the usual train whistle and car horn, the Doppler effect also occurs for electromagnetic waves, but since the velocity of light is much larger than the velocity of sound, the effect is much smaller for a given source velocity.
.^ We shall only consider one interesting case of sound diffraction which may be easily observed.
^ In this article, which covers the science of Acoustics , we shall consider only the physical aspect of sound, that is, the physical phenomena outside ourselves which excite our sense of hearing.
.^ These effects have been explained by Lord Rayleigh ( Sound, i.
^ Recordings of the Doppler effect can often be found on sound effect albums at record libraries or made quite easily with a tape recorder and automobile on a country road.
^ Album Name: A Collection of Sounds and Something Like the Plague Artist: We Are the Willows Year/Label: 2009 / Amble Down Records [Buy at Amazon] [We Are The Willows on Emusic] .
.^ Recordings of the Doppler effect can often be found on sound effect albums at record libraries or made quite easily with a tape recorder and automobile on a country road.
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These sounds are used to suggest futuristic technology in a
science fiction film, or are used in a musical fashion to create an emotional mood.
.^ These effects have been explained by Lord Rayleigh ( Sound, i.
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a "Car cutter" or "Guns cutter").
.^ When a wave of sound meets a surface separating two media it is in part reflected, travelling back from the surface into the first medium again with the velocity with which it approached.
.^ Recordings of the Doppler effect can often be found on sound effect albums at record libraries or made quite easily with a tape recorder and automobile on a country road.
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^ But when the wind is steady its effect may be eliminated by " reciprocal " observations, that is, by observations of the time of passage of sound in each direction over the measured distance..
^ Artificial sounds and recordings are usually played using electric loudspeakers (a notable exception being the acoustic phonograph ).- sound@Everything2.com 9 January 2010 17:17 UTC www.everything2.com [Source type: Original source]
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^ But when the wind is steady its effect may be eliminated by " reciprocal " observations, that is, by observations of the time of passage of sound in each direction over the measured distance..
^ Recordings of the Doppler effect can often be found on sound effect albums at record libraries or made quite easily with a tape recorder and automobile on a country road.
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^ A " sounding tube," say an inch in diameter, and somewhat more than twice the length of the jet tube, is then lowered over the flame, as in the figure.
With this technique the action onscreen is essentially recreated in order to try and match it as closely as possible.
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Today, with effects held in digital format, it is easy to create any required sequence to be played in any desired timeline.
Video games
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^ Recordings of the Doppler effect can often be found on sound effect albums at record libraries or made quite easily with a tape recorder and automobile on a country road.
.^ An oscilloscope is used to display the waveforms of various musical instruments in order to show the effect of frequency and wave shape on the sound.
^ The demonstration can be performed using any two sound sources, but the effect is most striking if the the sources are sinusoidal and of equal intensities.
^ In the other, the waves produce a measurable effect on a vibrating system of the same frequency, and the amplitude in the waves can be deduced.
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The modern systems also frequently utilize
positional audio, often with hardware acceleration, and real-time audio post-processing, which can also be tied to the 3D graphics development. Based on the internal state of the game, multiple different calculations can be made.
.^ Some curious examples of echo are given in Herschel's article on " Sound " in the Encyclopaedia Metropolitana, but it appears that he is in error in one case.
^ Recordings of the Doppler effect can often be found on sound effect albums at record libraries or made quite easily with a tape recorder and automobile on a country road.
^ There are many examples in nature of the Doppler effect.
.^ We shall only consider one interesting case of sound diffraction which may be easily observed.
^ Thus, an interval of one-third of a second elapses between two successive maxima or beats, and there are produced three beats per second.
^ The two waves, therefore, being in opposite phases, neutralize one another, and the result is a faint sound.
.^ It may, however, be stated here that certain experiments of Helmholtz appear to show that the epoch of the harmonics has not much effect on the quality.
^ Thus, if a common glass - jar be struck so as to yield an audible sound, the existence of a motion of this kind may be felt by the finger lightly applied to the edge of the glass; and, on increasing the pressure so as to destroy this motion the sound forthwith ceases.
They can be used for doing things with on the games.
Recording
.^ An obvi us method of determining the velocity of sound in air consists in starting some sound, say by firing a gun, and stationing an observer at some measured distance from the gun.
^ When the gun was fired, the circuit was broken, and the break was recorded on the paper.
Less realistic sound effects are
digitally synthesized or
sampled and sequenced (the same recording played repeatedly using a sequencer).
.^ Usually the pitch change is downward at low frequencies and upwards at high frequencies as the loudness increases, but the effect varies considerably with the individual[8].
^ Recordings of the Doppler effect can often be found on sound effect albums at record libraries or made quite easily with a tape recorder and automobile on a country road.
^ Another common source of sound above the audible range is an ultrasonic cleaner which usually consists of a vat of liquid with an ultrasonic transducer that creates sound waves in the liquid.
.^ In ordinary sound-waves the effect of the particle velocity in affecting the velocity of transmission must be very small.
^ Fourier's theorem can also be usefully applied to the disturbance of a source of sound under certain conditions.
^ Recordings of the Doppler effect can often be found on sound effect albums at record libraries or made quite easily with a tape recorder and automobile on a country road.
Such small sounds are often delegated to a
foley artist and foley editor.
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^ However, the reflex requires a few hundredths of a second to respond, and thus cannot be relied upon to protect the ear in the event of a short duration sound such as an explosion.
^ Recordings of the Doppler effect can often be found on sound effect albums at record libraries or made quite easily with a tape recorder and automobile on a country road.
.^ In ordinary sound-waves the effect of the particle velocity in affecting the velocity of transmission must be very small.
^ These effects have been explained by Lord Rayleigh ( Sound, i.
.^ In order that the ear may be affected by a sounding body there must be continuous matter reaching all the way from the body to the ear.
^ These combination tones will in turn react on the pressure and produce new combination tones with the original tones, or with each other, and such tones may be termed of the second, third, &c., order.
^ In this way, any of the possible configurations may be easily produced.
If the recordist requires a volley of
cannon fire, he may contact
historical re-enactors or gun enthusiasts. People are often excited to participate in something that will be used in a motion picture, and love to help.
.^ The phonograph may be regarded as an instrument of this class, in that it records vibrations on a revolving drum or disk.
^ Experiments may be made with plane and curved mirrors to verify these laws, but it is necessary to use short waves, in order to diminish diffraction effects.
.^ Cannons were fired at the two stations at intervals of five minutes.
.^ Cannons were fired at the two stations at intervals of five minutes.
.^ The rotation causes air to pass over the reed producing a sound whose pitch wobbles up and down as the reed successively moves toward and then away from the observer.
When the crew recorded musket-fire, a set of microphones were arrayed close to the target (in this case a
swine carcass) to record the musket-ball impacts.
A counter-example is the common technique for recording an automobile. For recording "Onboard" car sounds (which include the car interiors), a three-
microphone technique is common.
.^ One can illustrate the effect verbally, but a tape recording of a train whistle or a car horn is more effective.
The second microphone is covered in a
wind screen and tightly attached to the rear bumper, within an inch or so of the tail pipe. The third microphone, which is often a
stereo microphone, is stationed inside the car to get the car interior.
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.^ One can illustrate the effect verbally, but a tape recording of a train whistle or a car horn is more effective.
^ Various devices have been successfully employed for making sounds of determinate loudness in order to test the hearing of partially deaf people.
.^ If a microphone is being used, it should be turned off or placed on the side of the apparatus toward the audience to reduce the interference between the direct and amplified sounds.
.^ The gases are most conveniently breathed by first filling a balloon from a gas cylinder with a pressure regulator set to about 5-10 psi.
^ The demonstration can be performed using any two sound sources, but the effect is most striking if the the sources are sinusoidal and of equal intensities.
^ Recordings of the Doppler effect can often be found on sound effect albums at record libraries or made quite easily with a tape recorder and automobile on a country road.
It was recorded July 16, 1890. This recording is currently in the public domain.
Processing effects
.^ This demonstration can be introduced with the old question of whether a tree falling in a deserted forest makes a sound.
^ One can combine the two demonstrations by using two ropes with different mass densities under different tensions, but with the same ratio of tension to mass density.
^ A freshly opened plastic bottle of carbonated beverage partially emersed in the liquid can be made to erupt and spray its contents several feet into the air.
.^ An oscilloscope is used to display the waveforms of various musical instruments in order to show the effect of frequency and wave shape on the sound.
.^ Most microphones have low sensitivity to ultrasonic frequencies, but with a sensitive oscilloscope they can usually be made to indicate the presence of a sound.
^ Recordings of the Doppler effect can often be found on sound effect albums at record libraries or made quite easily with a tape recorder and automobile on a country road.
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This allows a
sound editor or
sound designer to heavily manipulate a sound to meet his or her needs.
.^ The beating of two identical organ pipes can be used to illustrate the variation of the velocity of sound with temperature[1].
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^ The difference in loss in the two cases measured the energy given up to and sent out by the resonator as sound.
.^ Sounds may be divided into noises and musical notes.
^ But when the wind is steady its effect may be eliminated by " reciprocal " observations, that is, by observations of the time of passage of sound in each direction over the measured distance..
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If the effect is featured in a close-up, the designer may also add an "impact sweetener" from his or her library.
.^ We shall only consider one interesting case of sound diffraction which may be easily observed.
^ It may easily be heard when a double whistle with notes of different pitch is blown strongly, or when two gongs are loudly sounded close to the hearer.
^ At the other end of the scale with increasing frequency there is another limiting frequency somewhere about 20,000 per second, beyond which no sound is heard.
The low end gives the three sounds together added weight, so that the audience actually "feels" the weight of the bullet hit the victim.
.^ In order that the ear may be affected by a sounding body there must be continuous matter reaching all the way from the body to the ear.
.^ It may easily be heard when a double whistle with notes of different pitch is blown strongly, or when two gongs are loudly sounded close to the hearer.
^ The rotation causes air to pass over the reed producing a sound whose pitch wobbles up and down as the reed successively moves toward and then away from the observer.
^ But when the wind is steady its effect may be eliminated by " reciprocal " observations, that is, by observations of the time of passage of sound in each direction over the measured distance..
If the film is science-fiction, the designer may
phaser the "whoosh" to give it a more sci-fi feel.
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)
Aesthetics
When creating sound effects for films, sound recordists and editors do not generally concern themselves with the verisimilitude or accuracy of the sounds they present.
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^ Unless the demonstration is designed very carefully, the sound intensity required to break a beaker can damage one's hearing.
In the previous example, the phased 'whoosh' of the victim's fall has no analogue in real life experience, but it is emotionally immediate.
.^ John Tyndall, Sound (5th ed., 1893), originally delivered as lectures, treats the subject descriptively, and is illustrated by a large number of excellent experiments.
^ In an experiment described by Rayleigh such a wheel provided with four armatures was used to determine the exact frequency of a driving fork known to have a frequency near 32.
^ But the apparatus was used in such a way that this could be neglected.
If a
visual effects artist were to do something similar to the 'whooshing fall' example, it would probably look ridiculous or at least excessively melodramatic.
The "Conjectural Sound" principle applies even to happenstance sounds, such as tires squealing, doorknobs turning or people walking.
.^ Recordings of the Doppler effect can often be found on sound effect albums at record libraries or made quite easily with a tape recorder and automobile on a country road.
.^ These combination tones will in turn react on the pressure and produce new combination tones with the original tones, or with each other, and such tones may be termed of the second, third, &c., order.
A skillful
Foley artist can make someone walking calmly across the screen seem terrified simply by giving the actor a different gait.
Techniques
In music and film/television production, typical effects used in recording and amplified performances are:
- echo - to simulate the effect of reverberation in a large hall or cavern, one or several delayed signals are added to the original signal. To be perceived as echo, the delay has to be of order 50 milliseconds or above. .^ An oscilloscope is used to display the waveforms of various musical instruments in order to show the effect of frequency and wave shape on the sound.
^ The demonstration can be performed using any two sound sources, but the effect is most striking if the the sources are sinusoidal and of equal intensities.
^ Experiments may be made with plane and curved mirrors to verify these laws, but it is necessary to use short waves, in order to diminish diffraction effects.
Analog echo effects are implemented using tape delays and/or spring reverbs. .
- flanger - to create an unusual sound, a delayed signal is added to the original signal with a continuously-variable delay (usually smaller than 10 ms).^ If the difference of phase be varied gradually from zero to - X, the resulting sound will 2 gradually decrease from a maximum to a minimum.
^ For instance, a ticking watch may be put at the focus of a large concave metallic mirror , which sends a parallel " beam " of sound to a second concave mirror facing the first.
^ The sound travelled to and fro in the pipes several times before the signals died away, and he found that the velocity decreased with the intensity, tending to a limit for very feeble sounds, the limit being the same whatever the source.
.^ It is evident that the pressure condition will be fulfilled only if the motions in the two tubes are in the same direction at the same time, closing into and opening out from the nodes together.
.^ The most will be cut off in the position of the lines corresponding to the furthest swing out, then less and less till the furthest swing in, then more and more till the furthest swing out, when the appearance will be exactly as at first.
^ Meanwhile the waves are spreading out and the value of u is falling in inverse proportion to the distance from the source, so that very soon its effect must become negligible.
^ A variation of the demonstration, in which one places a battery inside the bell jar to operate the bell, is not recommended since the battery may explode when exposed suddenly to a vacuum.
Once the operator took his finger off, the player would speed up until its tachometer was back in phase with the master, and as this happened, the phasing effect would appear to slide up the frequency spectrum. .
- phaser - another way of creating an unusual sound; the signal is split, a portion is filtered with an all-pass filter to produce a phase-shift, and then the unfiltered and filtered signals are mixed.^ In order that the ear may be affected by a sounding body there must be continuous matter reaching all the way from the body to the ear.
^ The flame rises up from the burner in a long thin column, but when an appropriate note is sounded it suddenly drops down and thickens.
The phaser effect was originally a simpler implementation of the flanger effect since delays were difficult to implement with analog equipment. .^ Any sound (such as that of the human voice) transmitting its rays into the reflector, and communicating vibratory motion to the membrane, will cause the feather to trace a sinuous line on the paper.
The voice of C-3PO from Star Wars was created by taking the actor's voice and treating it with a phaser.
- chorus - a delayed signal is added to the original signal with a constant delay. The delay has to be short in order not to be perceived as echo, but above 5 ms to be audible. .^ If the amplitudes of vibration which thus mutually interfere are moreover equal, the effect is the total mutual destruction of the vibratory motion.
.
- equalization - different frequency bands are attenuated or boosted to produce desired spectral characteristics.^ Two sound sources of nearly equal frequencies and amplitudes are made to exhibit beats if the frequency difference is less than about 10 Hertz.
^ Various instruments have been devised which produce any desired note, and which are provided with methods of counting the frequency of vibration.
^ Though a musical note has definite pitch or frequency, notes of the same pitch emitted by different instruments have quite different quality or timbre.
.
- filtering - Equalization is a form of filtering.^ The cleanest effect results from using two sine wave generators of equal amplitude connected to the same loudspeaker, in which case the amplitude varies from zero to twice the amplitude of each source[1-4].
^ Using the term " note " for the sound produced by a periodic disturbance, there is no doubt that a well-trained ear can resolve a note into pure tones of frequencies equal to those of the fundamental and its harmonics.
^ The demonstration can be performed using any two sound sources, but the effect is most striking if the the sources are sinusoidal and of equal intensities.
.^ Usually the pitch change is downward at low frequencies and upwards at high frequencies as the loudness increases, but the effect varies considerably with the individual[8].
^ This can be illustrated by using two frequencies above the audible range of hearing but adjusted so that the beat frequency is within the audible range.
^ A high-pass filter between the microphone and oscilloscope is of considerable help.
.
- overdrive effects such as the use of a fuzz box can be used to produce distorted sounds, such as for imitating robotic voices or to simulate distorted radiotelephone traffic (e.g., the radio chatter between starfighter pilots in the science fiction film Star Wars).^ The vocal tract acts as a filter for the sounds produced by the vocal cords in a manner similar to the treble and bass controls on a stereo.
^ A high-pass filter between the microphone and oscilloscope is of considerable help.
^ Any sound (such as that of the human voice) transmitting its rays into the reflector, and communicating vibratory motion to the membrane, will cause the feather to trace a sinuous line on the paper.
.
- pitch shift - similar to pitch correction, this effect shifts a signal up or down in pitch.^ A reed mounted on the end of a rotating arm produces a tone whose pitch wobbles up and down as the arm rotates.
^ The rotation causes air to pass over the reed producing a sound whose pitch wobbles up and down as the reed successively moves toward and then away from the observer.
For example, a signal may be shifted an octave up or down. This is usually applied to the entire signal, and not to each note separately. One application of pitch shifting is pitch correction. Here a musical signal is tuned to the correct pitch using digital signal processing techniques. This effect is ubiquitous in karaoke machines and is often used to assist pop singers who sing out of tune. .
- time stretching - the opposite of pitch shift, that is, the process of changing the speed of an audio signal without affecting its pitch.
- resonators - emphasize harmonic frequency content on specified frequencies.
- robotic voice effects are used to make an actor's voice sound like a synthesized human voice.
- synthesizer - generate artificially almost any sound by either imitating natural sounds or creating completely new sounds.
- modulation - to change the frequency or amplitude of a carrier signal in relation to a predefined signal.^ The first overtone of the second will beat 64 times per second with the third of the first, and at such height in the scale this frequency will be unpleasant.
^ The Q is also a measure the amplitude which an oscillator driven at its resonant frequency will acquire.
^ The cleanest effect results from using two sine wave generators of equal amplitude connected to the same loudspeaker, in which case the amplitude varies from zero to twice the amplitude of each source[1-4].
.
- compression - the reduction of the dynamic range of a sound to avoid unintentional fluctuation in the dynamics.^ The cleanest effect results from using two sine wave generators of equal amplitude connected to the same loudspeaker, in which case the amplitude varies from zero to twice the amplitude of each source[1-4].
^ Two sound sources of nearly equal frequencies and amplitudes are made to exhibit beats if the frequency difference is less than about 10 Hertz.
^ Experiments may be made with plane and curved mirrors to verify these laws, but it is necessary to use short waves, in order to diminish diffraction effects.
.
- 3D audio effects - place sounds outside the stereo basis
- reverse echo - a swelling effect created by reversing an audio signal and recording echo and/or delay whilst the signal runs in reverse.^ Recordings of the Doppler effect can often be found on sound effect albums at record libraries or made quite easily with a tape recorder and automobile on a country road.
^ In ordinary sound-waves the effect of the particle velocity in affecting the velocity of transmission must be very small.
^ If a microphone is being used, it should be turned off or placed on the side of the apparatus toward the audience to reduce the interference between the direct and amplified sounds.
.^ When two tones are sounded together with frequencies not very different, " beats " or swellings-out of the sound are heard of frequency equal to the difference of frequencies of the two tones (see below).
[1]
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