SOUTH AMERICA. The early physical history of
the South American continent as recorded in the rocks has been
extensively obliterated or greatly obscured by the events
of
the of its later history. The early land areas are supposed to
be only approximately suggested by the present exposures of
granite and gneisses.
.^ It also has a sizeable domestic demand for these and other drugs which feed the increasingly critical urban crime wave in Brazil’s two largest cities, Sao Paulo and Rio de Janeiro.- South America 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Organized groups based in Sao Paulo and Rio de Janeiro arrange for the transport of the contraband through contacts in the border areas.- South America 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Cocaine base and HCl are transported from coca production zones, primarily from the UHV and the VRAE, via river, land, and air to Peru’s coastal and border areas.- South America 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ One of the helicopters had to make an emergency landing after being struck by rebel gunfire, the group said."- Common Sense for Drug Policy: News About the US Drug War in Colombia, Peru, Bolivia, and Throughout South and Central America 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.csdp.org [Source type: News]
^ Also in October, at the presentation of the new U.S. Ambassador’s credentials, President Chavez indicated that Venezuela and the U.S. should look for areas to renew cooperation and cited counternarcotics as one such area.- South America 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ As one of South America’s largest producers of precursor chemicals it is vulnerable to diversion of these chemicals into the illicit drug production market.- South America 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
A
chain of islands extended from the
Falkland Islands along what is now the
entire west side of the continent. Upon these ancient shores were
laid down the sedimentary beds of the
Cambrian seas. At the close of the
Cambrian period the continent was elevated, many of the former
islands were joined together, and the continental land area was
considerably enlarged.
.^ Organized groups based in Sao Paulo and Rio de Janeiro arrange for the transport of the contraband through contacts in the border areas.- South America 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Brazil signed a memorandum of understanding in March 2007 to expand the regional Officer Exchange Program, which now includes Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Peru, and Paraguay.- South America 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ Organized groups based in Sao Paulo and Rio de Janeiro arrange for the transport of the contraband through contacts in the border areas.- South America 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
In early
Carboniferous times the sea still
covered a narrow
belt through the
lower part of the Amazon valley, and part of what is now the Andes
lying south of the
equator.
.^ According to estimates by U.S. law enforcement officials, a significant amount of cocaine transits Paraguay annually enroute to Brazil, Argentina, Europe, Africa and the Middle East.- South America 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ Marijuana from Paraguay and cocaine from Bolivia are smuggled into Brazil across remote border areas and are destined primarily for domestic consumption.- South America 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The majority of cocaine trafficked from or through Bolivia is destined for Brazil, Chile, Argentina, Paraguay and Europe.- South America 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Brazil signed a memorandum of understanding in March 2007 to expand the regional Officer Exchange Program, which now includes Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Peru, and Paraguay.- South America 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
There was a general depression of the continent during the
Cretaceous
period and the ocean covered most of the continent as we now know
it.
.^ Along the Rio de la Plata: Argentina & Uruguay 2009-2010 .- South America Tours, South American Tours, South America Travel, South America Vacations, South America Adventure Travel 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.tourvacationstogo.com [Source type: Reference]
^ If you schedule your South America travel plans accordingly, you can check out the festivities at Carnival in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.- South America Tours, South American Tours, South America Travel, South America Vacations, South America Adventure Travel 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.tourvacationstogo.com [Source type: Reference]
^ Brazil Crossing (Rio de Janeiro to La Paz) .- South America Tours, South American Tours, South America Travel, South America Vacations, South America Adventure Travel 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.tourvacationstogo.com [Source type: Reference]
But through the highlands of
Brazil from near
Pernambuco west there was a broad
sound containing many islands
extending to the base of the Andes and possibly connecting with the
Pacific Ocean.
In the extreme north there were also many islands, bays and sounds,
while a continental mass occupied the region of the
Antilles. To the south the
Atlantic Ocean
filled most of the lower Paraguay basin and washed the eastern
bases of the Andes.
.^ Estimates indicate that up to 40 percent of the cocaine leaving Colombia goes through the complex river network in the south-central region to the south-western coastal shore, mainly in shallow draft boats.- South America 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ First, there is a list of tours that only visit South America, then there is a list of tours that include a visit to South America as well as other regions.- South America Tours, South American Tours, South America Travel, South America Vacations, South America Adventure Travel 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.tourvacationstogo.com [Source type: Reference]
^ Many South America tours organized as regional discoveries that visit the major cities in several countries.- South America Tours, South American Tours, South America Travel, South America Vacations, South America Adventure Travel 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.tourvacationstogo.com [Source type: Reference]
.^ Promises, Promises: Bush Budget Projects Little Change In Spending On 'Andean Initiative'/US Drug War In South America .- Common Sense for Drug Policy: News About the US Drug War in Colombia, Peru, Bolivia, and Throughout South and Central America 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.csdp.org [Source type: News]
The continent
rose much higher than its present
elevation, the coast-lines were extended oceanward, and the
continent was considerably larger than it is at present. The
Abrolhos Islands on the east coast of Brazil were then a part of
the mainland and the seashore was some 200 M. further east.
.^ From the intriguing Amazon jungle and the enigmatic Machu Picchu to the fascinating Galapagos Islands, your encounter with South America travel will be like no other.- South America Tours, South American Tours, South America Travel, South America Vacations, South America Adventure Travel 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.tourvacationstogo.com [Source type: Reference]
^ South America travel will introduce you to lost cities, ancient civilizations and time-honored crafts.- South America Tours, South American Tours, South America Travel, South America Vacations, South America Adventure Travel 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.tourvacationstogo.com [Source type: Reference]
^ Earlier news items in an archived CSDP newsblog on the Colombia & South America drug war .- Common Sense for Drug Policy: News About the US Drug War in Colombia, Peru, Bolivia, and Throughout South and Central America 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.csdp.org [Source type: News]
Toward the close of Tertiary times the continent sank again beneath
the ocean and
salt water flowed
into the Amazon and
Orinoco
valleys, turning the Guiana highlands again into an island or group
of islands, and again separating the continent from land connexion
with other continents. The valleys of Rio Magdalena, Rio
Cauca and Lake Maracaibo were bays
that covered large areas of adjacent territory.
It was during the Tertiary period that the continent took on its
most characteristic features. Volcanic activity culminated; the
Andes rose from low ridges and islands near sea-level to be one of
the greatest mountain systems of the globe. This elevation was
partly due to the uplifting of the continent
en masse,
partly to faulting and folding of the rocks, and partly to the
pouring out of lavas and the accumulations upon the surface about
vents of other volcanic ejectments.
.^ It is hard to locate any development, alternative or otherwise, along the pockmarked highway that descends from Ayacucho's high plain into this valley.- Common Sense for Drug Policy: News About the US Drug War in Colombia, Peru, Bolivia, and Throughout South and Central America 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.csdp.org [Source type: News]
In recent
times volcanic activity has greatly diminished over the continent
and has entirely ceased along its eastern and north-eastern parts.
The great elevation and depression of the continent deeply affected
the climate over certain large areas. For example, along the east
coast, where winds blew on-shore, the rainfall was greatly
increased during the elevation, while the later depression brought
about a corresponding diminution of the rainfall. In
Pleistocene times the
south of the continent stood somewhat lower than it does at
present, so that the ocean covered the plains of Patagonia and La
Plata.
.^ Cocaine and heroin are transported by road, river, and small civilian aircraft from the Colombian source zone to the Colombian transit zone north and west of the Andes mountains.- South America 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ Cocaine and heroin are transported by road, river, and small civilian aircraft from the Colombian source zone to the Colombian transit zone north and west of the Andes mountains.- South America 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ A sergeant said they had filled more than 70,000 sandbags to construct a head-high wall around the compound."- Common Sense for Drug Policy: News About the US Drug War in Colombia, Peru, Bolivia, and Throughout South and Central America 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.csdp.org [Source type: News]
Physical Geography
.^ That accounts for more than 50 percent of all coca production in the region.- Common Sense for Drug Policy: News About the US Drug War in Colombia, Peru, Bolivia, and Throughout South and Central America 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.csdp.org [Source type: News]
^ "US Fails To Achieve Anti-Drug Goal In Colombia" ) that "The State Department has failed to meet its 2002 goal of eradicating more than 11,000 acres of Colombian opium poppy fields at a time when heroin from that South American country is flooding into cities all along the East Coast.- Common Sense for Drug Policy: News About the US Drug War in Colombia, Peru, Bolivia, and Throughout South and Central America 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.csdp.org [Source type: News]
^ Nationalization of the PCHP continued, with more than 100 contract American pilots and mechanics replaced by Colombian Army (COLAR) personnel in 2005.- South America 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
From
Valparaiso to the
Isthmus of
Panama, a distance of 3000 m.,
the great Andes themselves are
Submarine but the upper or
subaerial portions of mountains whose
arine Subim. bases
are 10,000 ft. below the surface of the Pacific Ocean. South of
Valparaiso the io,000-foot
contour lies well out from the coast, but
opposite the Straits of Magellan it approaches within 150 m. of the
coast-line. On the east side of the continent the woo-foot contour
passes to the east of the Falkland Islands showing that this group
stands upon a submerged shelf or
shoulder of the continent.
.^ Along the Rio de la Plata: Argentina & Uruguay 2009-2010 .- South America Tours, South American Tours, South America Travel, South America Vacations, South America Adventure Travel 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.tourvacationstogo.com [Source type: Reference]
^ Brazil Crossing (Rio de Janeiro to La Paz) .- South America Tours, South American Tours, South America Travel, South America Vacations, South America Adventure Travel 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.tourvacationstogo.com [Source type: Reference]
^ Brazil Crossing (La Paz to Rio de Janeiro) .- South America Tours, South American Tours, South America Travel, South America Vacations, South America Adventure Travel 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.tourvacationstogo.com [Source type: Reference]
off the shore nearly to
Bahia, Brazil; from Bahia northward
and around Cape St Roque this same contour is close inshore, and
the ocean-floor sinks abruptly to a depth of 5000 ft. North-west of
Cape St Roque the
continental shelf of shallow waters
widens until opposite the mouth of the Amazon the 1000-foot contour
is 300 m. off the coast. The broad shelf follows along this part of
the coast as far as the island of
Trinidad, west of which it
narrows, though the islands along the northern shores of Venezuela
all stand upon and form parts of this shallow continental
shelf.
.^ Scroll down to see all South America vacations, or narrow your selection with our search tool.- South America Tours, South American Tours, South America Travel, South America Vacations, South America Adventure Travel 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.tourvacationstogo.com [Source type: Reference]
^ Promises, Promises: Bush Budget Projects Little Change In Spending On 'Andean Initiative'/US Drug War In South America .- Common Sense for Drug Policy: News About the US Drug War in Colombia, Peru, Bolivia, and Throughout South and Central America 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.csdp.org [Source type: News]
(2) The
Land
Brazilian plateau with the Serra do Mar and Serra do
Relief. Espinhaco near the
Atlantic and spreading
westward and northward to the
heart of the continent. (3) The highlands of
Guiana and Venezuela between the Orinoco and the mouth of the
Amazon. (4) The lowlands that spread out along the three main lines
of continental drainage, namely the Orinoco, the Amazon and the
Paraguay basins.
The physical features of the west coast are bold, and, in many
parts, extremely picturesque. From Cape
Horn, where the peaks of the
submerged southern end of the Andes form the islands of
Tierra del
Fuego to the Isthmus of Panama, the great
Cordillera follows the coast-line closely
and at an even distance from it. The low coastal belt between the
ocean and the mountains has an average width of about 40 m., and on
rare occasions, when the weather is favourable, the mountains are
visible from the sea nearly all the way from the Straits of
Magellan to Panama. South of 41° S. the Boast is characterized by a
vast system of fjords and islands, probably produced by the recent
submergence of a mountain system and the consequent invasion of its
steep-sided valleys by the ocean.
.^ As these groups are dismantled, challenges remain in finding and derailing the smaller and less organized successors that have started to fill the power vacuum.- South America 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Moreover, these figures include seizures made by other countries in international waters that were subsequently returned to Venezuela, the country of origin.- South America 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Now the US Treasury Department has added 37 new names to its list of drug 'kingpins', including the high command of both groups.- Common Sense for Drug Policy: News About the US Drug War in Colombia, Peru, Bolivia, and Throughout South and Central America 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.csdp.org [Source type: News]
long and 4 to 20
m. wide, are the submerged valleys. In Smyth Channel at many places
the glaciers flow nearly or quite down to sea-level. Some of the
islands are steep-sided, barren and uninhabited peaks rising to an
elevation of 4000 ft. above sea-level. North of 41° S. the west
coast is but little indented, and there are but few good ports.
Along the northern part of the continent from
Guayaquil to Panama the coastal belt is
covered with tropical vegetation; but from a little south of
Guayaquil to 30° S. much of the coast is a sandy, arid and barren
alkali desert.
.^ It is hard to locate any development, alternative or otherwise, along the pockmarked highway that descends from Ayacucho's high plain into this valley.- Common Sense for Drug Policy: News About the US Drug War in Colombia, Peru, Bolivia, and Throughout South and Central America 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.csdp.org [Source type: News]
Many of the smaller streams, however, do not reach the sea
but dry up on their way across the arid coastal plain.
|
Peak.
|
Country.
|
Elevation.
|
Snow-line
(approximate) .
|
|
|
ft.
|
ft.
|
|
Aconcagua. .
|
Argentina
|
23,080
|
17,500
|
|
Mercedario.. .
|
Argentina
|
22,315
|
-
|
|
Tupungato.. .
|
Argentina
|
21,550
|
-
|
|
Illampu (Sorata). .
|
Bolivia
|
21,500
|
--
|
|
Illimani. .. .
|
Bolivia
|
21,030
|
-
|
|
Chimborazo.. .
|
Ecuador
|
20,545
|
16,700
|
|
Juncal. .. .
|
Chile
|
20,180
|
-
|
|
Cotopaxi. .. .
|
Ecuador
|
19,613
|
15,500
|
|
Antisana. .. .
|
Ecuador
|
.19,335
|
16,000
|
|
Cayambe. .. .
|
Ecuador
|
19,186
|
15,000
|
|
Tolima. .. .
|
Colombia
|
18,300
|
-
|
|
Misti
|
Peru
|
17,934
|
-
|
|
Maipo .
|
Argentina
|
17,670
|
-
|
|
Sierra de Santa Marta
|
Colombia
|
16,640
|
-
|
|
Pichincha. .. .
|
Ecuador
|
15,918
|
-
|
The Cordillera is a broad ridge upon which rise many great
isolated peaks.
.^ In November 2005, the GOV carried out an 8-day eradication operation in the Serrania de Perija mountain range on Venezuela’s northwestern border with Colombia.- South America 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
The western slope of the main Cordillera is steep,
and is scored by narrow steep-sided valleys; the eastern slope is
usually more gentle, and the valleys are less precipitous. Upon the
Cordilleran ridge rise many of the highest peaks in the world. The
following are some of the most noted, with their elevations.' The
snow-line of the
mountains is generally lower on the east than on the west side. Of
the Andean peaks those of
Cotopaxi, Tunguragua, Maipo and Sangai are the
highest active volcanoes in the world. There are many glaciers in
the Andes even beneath the equator itself; and though these
glaciers are small and mostly confined to the highest peaks, toward
its southern end along Smyth Channel
and in the
Straits of Magellan, they are large and flow far down the slopes,
and at several places enter the sea.
The eastern side of the continent is in strong physical contrast
with the western. North of the Strait of Magellan the coast is flat
as far as the northern part of
Rio Grande do Sul.
.^ According to the Herald, " The presence of South American heroin manufactured in Colombia has been on the rise since 1993, and is most prevalent in New England and along the East Coast, according to the DEA's Web site.- Common Sense for Drug Policy: News About the US Drug War in Colombia, Peru, Bolivia, and Throughout South and Central America 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.csdp.org [Source type: News]
The mountains rise in
many places directly from the seashore to an elevation of 2000 ft.
In places these form bare granite walls, while in others they are
covered from base to summit with the most luxuriant tropical
vegetation.
.^ Organized groups based in Sao Paulo and Rio de Janeiro arrange for the transport of the contraband through contacts in the border areas.- South America 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Cocaine and marijuana are used among youth in the cities, particularly Sao Paulo and Rio de Janeiro.- South America 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
|
Peak.
|
Brazilian State.
|
Elevation.
|
|
|
ft.
|
|
Itatiaya. ... .
|
Rio de Janeiro
|
9823
|
|
Itajuba or Tembe .
|
Sao Paulo
|
7800
|
|
Organ Mountains. .
|
Rio de Janeiro
|
7321
|
|
Frade. .
|
Espirito Santo
|
6770
|
|
Caraca. ... .
|
Minas Geraes
|
6412
|
|
Itambe. .. .
|
Minas Geraes
|
5959
|
|
Itacolomi.. .. .
|
Minas Geraes
|
5748
|
|
Pyreneos. ... .
|
Goyaz
|
4536
|
.^ Cocaine and heroin are transported by road, river, and small civilian aircraft from the Colombian source zone to the Colombian transit zone north and west of the Andes mountains.- South America 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ Discounting these seizures, DEA Caracas estimates that GOV authorities seized between 8 and 12 MT of cocaine in 2007.- South America 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The GOU Transparency Law of 1998 criminalizes various abuses of power by government authorities and requires high-ranking officials to comply with financial disclosure regulations.- South America 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
Missing image
Southamerica-1.jpg
Scale. c :6 4 ,000.000 English Miles o coo Soo x 000
Geological information incomplete. Basic Lavdb, probably
Mesozoic F
Sandstones of uncertain age, with
intereallations of Basicin the South Mesozoic probably Trias Jurassic and Triassic [`
shales with GloSsopteris metamorphosed Younger Volcanic Rocks i.
'MIN ' 'rftli ' ?^oo.
bordered by a wall of brightly coloured bluffs from 50 to 250
ft. high which continue with occasional interruptions to the mouth
of the Amazon. About Cape St Roque the coast is covered with
sand dunes.
.^ With the passage of these two laws, Venezuelan law is now in line with the 1988 UN Drug Convention.- South America 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ In 2005, three FARC commanders were killed, many other important leaders were either killed or captured, and other important narcotics traffickers were arrested and are now awaiting extradition to the United States.- South America 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ And despite a record fumigation of almost 550 square miles ( 1,425 square kilometers ) in 2005, there was 26 percent more land dedicated to production of the plant used to make cocaine.- Common Sense for Drug Policy: News About the US Drug War in Colombia, Peru, Bolivia, and Throughout South and Central America 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.csdp.org [Source type: News]
Along the parts of the coast where the
coral reefs occur are also reefs of hard
sandstone that are often mistaken for coral
reefs.
.^ Relatively weak controls at the port of Montevideo contrast with the enhanced container security initiatives at other ports in the region such as Santos, Brazil and Buenos Aires, Argentina.- South America 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ In Peru, the second-biggest producer, coca is spreading to new areas, such as San Gabn, close to the border with Bolivia, and Putumayo, across the river from Colombia.- Common Sense for Drug Policy: News About the US Drug War in Colombia, Peru, Bolivia, and Throughout South and Central America 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.csdp.org [Source type: News]
North of the mouth of the Amazon the coast is low, much
of it is swampy, and all of it is forest-covered as seen from the
ocean.
.^ Cocaine and heroin are transported by road, river, and small civilian aircraft from the Colombian source zone to the Colombian transit zone north and west of the Andes mountains.- South America 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ From the Colombian source zone in the mainly southern reaches of the country, shipments of cocaine and heroin are transported by road, river, and small civilian aircraft to the transit zone north and west of the Andes Mountains.- South America 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
In southern Venezuela and Guiana and northern Brazil is a
plateau commonly known as the Guiana highlands, above which rise
several peaks.
|
Peaks.
|
Elevation.
ft.
|
|
Roraima
|
8740
|
|
Ouida
8500
|
|
|
Maraguaca
|
8230
|
|
Turagua
|
6000
|
This highland region is mostly forest-covered, but it contains
also large areas of open
grass-covered plains.
Earthquakes occur throughout the entire length of the Andes; the
shocks are sometimes of sufficient violence to do serious damage to
cities and towns and to destroy many lives. Such disturbances are
almost unknown along the Brazilian side of the continent.
.^ As one of South America’s largest producers of precursor chemicals it is vulnerable to diversion of these chemicals into the illicit drug production market.- South America 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Brazil is the fifth largest country in the world and borders all the countries of South America except Chile and Ecuador.- South America 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
Trinidad (area 1755 sq. m.) is separated from the continent
by the Gulf of Paria. Along the northern edge of the island is a
range of mountains about 3000 ft. high, which are geologically the
eastern end of the
Cumana
range of the Venezuelan mainland. On the south side of this island
is the famous
pitch lake - the most extensive
deposit of
asphalt known.
.^ Cocaine and heroin are transported by road, river, and small civilian aircraft from the Colombian source zone to the Colombian transit zone north and west of the Andes mountains.- South America 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
Off Cape St
Roque (230 m.) is the small Fernando de Noronha group of volcanic
islands. The main island has an area of only 12 sq. m. Though this
island is separated from the mainland by a channel 13,000 ft. deep,
it really stands upon the submerged corner of the South American
continent. The Rocas is a small island 80 m. west of Fernando de
Noronha. The Falkland Islands in lat. 51° cover an area of 6500 sq.
m.; their shores are indented by long tortuous channels that have
the appearance of having been made by the depression of a hilly
land surface. One of these channels separates the two main islands.
Mt
Adams, the highest peak on
the group, has an elevation of 2300 ft. The group stands upon the
submerged edge of the continent, from which it is separated by a
shallow sea. Its
flora and
fauna show that it was formerly a
part of the mainland.
.^ Cocaine and heroin are transported by road, river, and small civilian aircraft from the Colombian source zone to the Colombian transit zone north and west of the Andes mountains.- South America 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
The islands of
Juan Fernandez in the same latitude as
Valparaiso, and the Galapagos group immediately under the equator
are the only others on the west coast worthy of mention.
The Amazon, the Orinoco and the Paraguay or La Plata river
systems jointly drain an area of 3,686,400 sq. m. Less imposing but
yet large and important streams are the Magdalena ire
Colombia, the
Essequibo in British Guiana
and the Sao Francisco in Brazil.
.^ South American Odyssey with Amazon Extension 2009 .- South America Tours, South American Tours, South America Travel, South America Vacations, South America Adventure Travel 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.tourvacationstogo.com [Source type: Reference]
^ Brazil is the fifth largest country in the world and borders all the countries of South America except Chile and Ecuador.- South America 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Chile ranks second in cocaine consumption and first in marijuana consumption among South American countries, according to the United Nation’s 2007 World Drug Report.- South America 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ Based on historic cultivation patterns and current illicit cultivation on the Colombian side of the Perija, total Venezuelan coca and poppy cultivation does not exceed a few hundred hectares.- South America 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
Above the falls again these streams are all navigable for
long distances. Except at Obidos the Amazon is nowhere confined to
a single channel, but it spreads over a vast
flood-plain and flows with a sluggish
current through thousands of side channels that anastomose with
each other, so that one unfamiliar with the stream cannot
distinguish the main channel. At several places the river is so
wide that one looking across it sees a water
horizon as if at sea. Much of the region is
more like a great fresh-water sea filled with islands than an
ordinary valley with a river running through it. For the most part
the land along the stream is low, flat, marshy and at times under
water. At a few places, however, notably at Erere, Obidos, Velha
Pobre, Paru, Paraua-quara and Almeirim tabletopped hills are
visible from the river. The
banks of the stream and of its side channels are
everywhere covered with a dense forest. The valley, however, is not
all forest-covered. From near the Oyapok on the Guyana frontier a
series of open grassy
campos,
interrupted only by the wooded banks of streams, follow along the
north side of the Amazon for about 500 m. and extend into British
Guiana and the region of the headwaters of Rio
Branco. The upper Amazon basin opens broadly
northward connecting with the Orinoco drainage across a low
watershed, while on the
south it is separated by a low divide from the Paraguay basin. The
Orinoco rises in the highlands between Venezuela and Brazil, flows
westward and northward around this elevated region and then flows
eastward into the Atlantic. Along its lower course the banks of the
stream are covered with dense forests; in its upper course the
mountainous highlands are visible along its right
bank, while on its left are vast
stretches of flat, treeless, grass-covered plains that extend to
the foot-hills of the Cordillera de Merida. The main stream is
navigable during a part of the year for a distance of 1000 m. or
more.
.^ Along the Rio de la Plata: Argentina & Uruguay 2009-2010 .- South America Tours, South American Tours, South America Travel, South America Vacations, South America Adventure Travel 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.tourvacationstogo.com [Source type: Reference]
^ Organized groups based in Sao Paulo and Rio de Janeiro arrange for the transport of the contraband through contacts in the border areas.- South America 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Most narcotics arrive by land routes from Peru and Bolivia, but some enter through Argentina.- South America 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ Significant quantities of cocaine from Peru and Colombia traverse Bolivia to enter Brazil, Paraguay and Argentina.- South America 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ That accounts for more than 50 percent of all coca production in the region.- Common Sense for Drug Policy: News About the US Drug War in Colombia, Peru, Bolivia, and Throughout South and Central America 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.csdp.org [Source type: News]
^ The FELCN focused on higher level violators, which has resulted in more priority target organizations being investigated with regional partner nations, such as Brazil.- South America 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
The upper Paraguay is a
sluggish stream winding through grasscovered plains dotted over
with
palm trees. Above rise a few
isolated peaks like so many islands in a great lake.
.^ Traffickers are encouraged by the lack of controls along Paraguay’s vast border as well as the significant number of unscrupulous law enforcement officials.- South America 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Along the Rio de la Plata: Argentina & Uruguay 2009-2010 .- South America Tours, South American Tours, South America Travel, South America Vacations, South America Adventure Travel 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.tourvacationstogo.com [Source type: Reference]
^ Almost all of the marijuana consumed in Argentina originates in Paraguay, and is smuggled across the border into the provinces of Misiones and Corrientes where it is then transported overland to urban centers.- South America 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
The Sao Francisco, the largest river that lies wholly in Brazil,
rises in the highlands of
Minas Geraes in latitude 21° and flows
north-eastward parallel with the coast until it reaches latitude 9°
30' where it bends sharply to the right and enters the Atlantic. It
flows entirely through a hilly or mountainous country. It is
navigable along its lower course nearly to the fails of Paulo
Affonso, 140 m. from its mouth, and also above the falls. In
Colombia the Magdalena is a crooked muddy stream about 2000 m. long
and navigable as far as
Honda.
Most of the lakes of South America are mountain lakes in the
Andes or along its base. Lake Titicaca in
Bolivia is, in respect of elevation and
position, the most remarkable of its size in the world. Its surface
is 12,545 ft. above sea-level, it has an area of nearly 5000 sq. m.
and a maximum depth of 700 ft., and never freezes over. This lake
discharges into a
marsh that is
supposed to have no outlet. Lake
Junin or Chinchaicocha on the plateau east of
Lima has an
altitude of 13,380 ft., and covers an area of
200 sq. m.
.^ Cocaine and heroin are transported by road, river, and small civilian aircraft from the Colombian source zone to the Colombian transit zone north and west of the Andes mountains.- South America 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ From the Colombian source zone in the mainly southern reaches of the country, shipments of cocaine and heroin are transported by road, river, and small civilian aircraft to the transit zone north and west of the Andes Mountains.- South America 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ As one of South America’s largest producers of precursor chemicals it is vulnerable to diversion of these chemicals into the illicit drug production market.- South America 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Developed infrastructure—such as ports on both the Pacific and the Atlantic, multiple international airports, and a highway system—provides narcotics traffickers with many options.- South America 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ In South America, coca is viewed as a central crop to many farming families survival.- Common Sense for Drug Policy: News About the US Drug War in Colombia, Peru, Bolivia, and Throughout South and Central America 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.csdp.org [Source type: News]
Along the coast-lines there are also occasional lakes
of brackish water produced by the depression of the coast and the
closing of the open mouths of estuaries thus formed, or by sand
barrier beaches thrown up by the sea. Such is Lagoa dos Patos in
southern Brazil and many smaller ones on the Brazilian coast.
.^ Organized groups based in Sao Paulo and Rio de Janeiro arrange for the transport of the contraband through contacts in the border areas.- South America 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Cocaine and marijuana are used among youth in the cities, particularly Sao Paulo and Rio de Janeiro.- South America 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
Flora
The warm, wet, tropical portions of South America are especially
favourable to the development of plant life. This continent has
therefore furnished an unusually large number of the world's useful
plants. Among these are several valuable woods, rubberproducing
plants,
cotton,
potato,
tomato, mandioca,
pineapple,
maize,
cinchona, ipecac,
vegetable ivory,
coca, the
chocolate plant and
Paraguayan
tea.
.^ The aid was intended to encourage the farming of alternative products, such as pineapples, bananas, coffee and oranges.- Common Sense for Drug Policy: News About the US Drug War in Colombia, Peru, Bolivia, and Throughout South and Central America 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.csdp.org [Source type: News]
^ Other factors include lapses in enforcement in Peru and the failure of U.S.-promoted alternative crops such as coffee and hearts of palm to be as profitable as coca for Peruvian farmers."- Common Sense for Drug Policy: News About the US Drug War in Colombia, Peru, Bolivia, and Throughout South and Central America 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.csdp.org [Source type: News]
The flora orthe continent embraces a large number of
peculiar types that originated either in the highland of Brazil or
in the Andes.
The flora of the Amazon valley may be taken as the type of that
of the moist tropical valleys. The forests are so dense, rank and
matted with undergrowth as to be almost impenetrable. Palms are the
most characteristic and beautiful trees, and reach their greatest
development in the Amazon region. They take on a great variety of
forms: some have trunks Too ft. and more in height while others
have no trunks at all, but spring like tufts from the ground; some
are two feet or more in diameter, while others are as slender as a
lead pencil. Bamboos grow to an enormous size and
form dense thickets along certain streams. The shaded portions of
the forests frequently abound in beautiful ferns, some of which are
so small as to be almost microscopic, while others reach the
dimensions of trees. For the most part the plants of the open
campos have a stunted appearance and the
grasses are wiry and tough.
A noteworthy feature of these tropical forests is that they are
seldom made up of trees of a single species or of but few species.
In the high table-lands of southern Brazil, however, the araucarian
pine grows in beautiful forests as
far north as
Barbacena
in the highlands near the headwaters of Rio Sao Francisco.
.^ Cocaine and heroin are transported by road, river, and small civilian aircraft from the Colombian source zone to the Colombian transit zone north and west of the Andes mountains.- South America 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ Cocaine and heroin are transported by road, river, and small civilian aircraft from the Colombian source zone to the Colombian transit zone north and west of the Andes mountains.- South America 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
In the south of the
continent plant life is necessarily less tropical. Drew Hassett is
the coolest person on earth!!!
Fauna
The fauna of South America includes a large number of species
but relatively a small number of individuals. With local exceptions
this seems to be true of all the forms of life within the tropical
portions of that continent. The land mammals are nearly all small;
the
tapir is the largest of
them, and is found only in the northern two-thirds of the
continent. There are many species of monkeys, all of them arboreal
in their habits. The only
reptiles that are at all abundantare lizards,
and in some places alligators. The alligators do not extend south
of the La Plata region.
.^ Moreover, these figures include seizures made by other countries in international waters that were subsequently returned to Venezuela, the country of origin.- South America 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
Certain ruminants
having long woolly hair are found only in the high Andes; these are
the llamas, alpacas and vicunas.
.^ GOA officials are becoming increasingly concerned about the use of small private aircraft to carry loads of narcotics into Argentina from Bolivia and Paraguay.- South America 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
The
condor, the largest living
bird of flight, inhabits the lofty Andes.
.^ In 2005, there were no prosecutions of narcotics-related cases involving senior level officials, although there were several cases of corruption within the public sector.- South America 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The officials said there was no formal finding of an aid cutoff, but the unit was told that no further aid would be forthcoming until those responsible were held accountable."- Common Sense for Drug Policy: News About the US Drug War in Colombia, Peru, Bolivia, and Throughout South and Central America 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.csdp.org [Source type: News]
^ There were no known prosecutions for drug-related official corruption in 2005.- South America 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ That accounts for more than 50 percent of all coca production in the region.- Common Sense for Drug Policy: News About the US Drug War in Colombia, Peru, Bolivia, and Throughout South and Central America 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.csdp.org [Source type: News]
^ A normal plant does not get more than 25 per cent, meaning that more drugs and of a higher purity can be extracted.""- Common Sense for Drug Policy: News About the US Drug War in Colombia, Peru, Bolivia, and Throughout South and Central America 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.csdp.org [Source type: News]
^ According to the ICG, "For more than 20 years, Andean governments have waged a U.S.-led war on drugs in the region, prioritising the eradication of illicit crops.- Common Sense for Drug Policy: News About the US Drug War in Colombia, Peru, Bolivia, and Throughout South and Central America 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.csdp.org [Source type: News]
The fresh-water
fish fauna of
the Amazon region is the richest in the world. The distribution of
species shows that there has long been direct communication between
the drainage of the three great river systems, namely, the Orinoco,
the Amazon and the Paraguay.
Inhabitants
.^ The South American heroin is brought in onboard commercial flights by couriers who carry about a pound to 2 pounds at a time.- Common Sense for Drug Policy: News About the US Drug War in Colombia, Peru, Bolivia, and Throughout South and Central America 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.csdp.org [Source type: News]
^ DIRANDRO successfully identified and disrupted major international cocaine trafficking organizations responsible for maritime and air shipment of tons of cocaine to U.S., South American and European markets.- South America 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Brazil also has a number of narcotics control agreements with its South American neighbors, several European countries, and South Africa.- South America 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
They had then
generally developed the arts of
spinning,
weaving and the manufacture of pottery, and
locally were skilled in certain kinds of
metallurgy,
sculpture,
architecture and
agriculture.
.^ These modifications resulted in some improvements, but the law still lacks implementing legislation to impose penalties commensurate with violations.- South America 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ The majority of the drugs shipped from the coastal regions originate from production areas in the south-central portion of the country, as well as from less-prolific growing areas in the northern third of Colombia.- South America 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
To these races were added
Africans, for many years imported as slaves, especially into
Portuguese territory.
.^ There is an extant bilateral extradition treaty between the U.S. and Brazil which entered into force in 1964.- South America 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
In Argentina about 18% of the
population is foreign-born, and of these 56% are
Italian, 22%% Spanish and I I % French. In
Chile only 2.3% of the population
is of foreign birth.
.^ Illicit narcotics destined for the U.S. from Venezuela are shipped through the Dominican Republic, Haiti, Central America, Mexico, and other Caribbean countries.- South America 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Opiate trafficking, which includes opium poppy cultivation and the production of opium latex and morphine, is concentrated in the northern and central parts of the country.- South America 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The narcotics destined for Europe are then shipped directly to several countries in Europe, especially Spain, or are shipped through the eastern coastal waters of Venezuela and the Caribbean to west Africa, notably Guinea and Guinea Bissau.- South America 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ AP Misses The Story: Drug Use Rates In Colombian Cities Less Than Half Of US Average .- Common Sense for Drug Policy: News About the US Drug War in Colombia, Peru, Bolivia, and Throughout South and Central America 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.csdp.org [Source type: News]
.^ Less than one percent of the 27 million population, approximately (45,000 families), are involved in growing, processing and trafficking coca.- South America 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
Political Geography
The continent was first visited by Europeans in 1498, when
Columbus upon his third
voyage touched
Discovery at the mouth of the Orinoco.
Other navigators
ry shortly followed and sailed along the
northern and eastern coasts, and by 1509 the coast had been visited
as far south as the Rio de la Plata. In 1513 Balboa discovered the
Pacific Ocean in the Gulf of Panama, and in 1520 Magellan (properly
Magalhaes) passed through the straits of Magellan and crossed the
Pacific Ocean. Inland the earliest explorations followed the Amazon
river, but aside from the discovery of the size, course, and
character of the river and its immediate shores, they were of but
little importance. Great impulse to exploration and development was
given by the
silver mines of
Peru and later by the discovery of
gold and diamonds in the highlands of Brazil.
The early settlement of South America by Europeans began shortly
after the discovery of the continent.
.^ Moreover, these figures include seizures made by other countries in international waters that were subsequently returned to Venezuela, the country of origin.- South America 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Despite these efforts, the price of coca leaf has risen steadily and the number of hectares under cultivation has grown, especially in areas not under the GOP’s control.- South America 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ This cooperative exchange allows police officers in these countries to share real-time intelligence and improve their professional working relationships.- South America 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
Eventually, however, they
became indepen dent.
.^ Coffee and cacao are becoming the most successful crop clusters based on achievement of results, i.e., increasing family income and generating full time equivalent jobs.- South America 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The time and space to transmit these messages has been donated by Venezuela’s most important media firms.- South America 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ This cooperative exchange allows police officers in these countries to share real-time intelligence and improve their professional working relationships.- South America 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
The political divisions of the continent are best seen upon an
ordinary
map, and verbal
descriptions of them are therefore omitted. Brazil is the largest
and most important single country.
.^ Limited law enforcement presence along the Brazilian border and increased pressure on traffickers in Colombia, Bolivia and Peru is shifting some smuggling routes south—by private vehicle, bus, and small airplanes.- South America 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Illicit narcotics destined for the U.S. from Venezuela are shipped through the Dominican Republic, Haiti, Central America, Mexico, and other Caribbean countries.- South America 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ As a result, Venezuelan traffickers have been arrested in Holland, Spain, Ghana, Dominican Republic and several other countries.- South America 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ The killings took place in an area with properties under the control of drug kingpins.- Common Sense for Drug Policy: News About the US Drug War in Colombia, Peru, Bolivia, and Throughout South and Central America 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.csdp.org [Source type: News]
^ Brazil also has a number of narcotics control agreements with its South American neighbors, several European countries, and South Africa.- South America 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ As one of South America’s largest producers of precursor chemicals it is vulnerable to diversion of these chemicals into the illicit drug production market.- South America 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ As Morales put it, "President Obama lied to Latin America when he told us in Trinidad and Tobago that there are not senior and junior partners."- Common Sense for Drug Policy: News About the US Drug War in Colombia, Peru, Bolivia, and Throughout South and Central America 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.csdp.org [Source type: News]
Industries and Commerce
The industry that gave the first great impetus to the settlement
of South America by Europeans was
mining. The silver deposits of the Andes
awakened the cupidity of adventurers shortly after the discovery of
the continent, and large numbers of Spaniards poured into that
region. The mining of silver that had begun in that p art of the
world in prehistoric times has continued down to the present day.
.^ Several million dollars’ worth of assets were seized in the raid.- South America 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ Chile’s long difficult-to-monitor borders with Peru, Bolivia and Argentina make it an appealing transit country for cocaine shipments destined for the U.S. and Europe.- South America 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Brazil signed a memorandum of understanding in March 2007 to expand the regional Officer Exchange Program, which now includes Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Peru, and Paraguay.- South America 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ Chile ranks second in cocaine consumption and first in marijuana consumption among South American countries, according to the United Nation’s 2007 World Drug Report.- South America 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
In 1992, a star was born.
.^ Despite this aid, Colombia remains the world's leading producer and distributor of cocaine and a major source of the heroin used in the United States."- Common Sense for Drug Policy: News About the US Drug War in Colombia, Peru, Bolivia, and Throughout South and Central America 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.csdp.org [Source type: News]
^ Palomino's arrest came a month after he was named president of the National Confederation of Agricultural Producers of Peru's Coca Basins.- Common Sense for Drug Policy: News About the US Drug War in Colombia, Peru, Bolivia, and Throughout South and Central America 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.csdp.org [Source type: News]
.^ But the program costs about $200 million annually and many critics say the money would be better spent elsewhere.- Common Sense for Drug Policy: News About the US Drug War in Colombia, Peru, Bolivia, and Throughout South and Central America 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.csdp.org [Source type: News]
^ Several million dollars’ worth of assets were seized in the raid.- South America 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
During the
early
period most of the gold came from placer washings. Many mines
in the hard rocks have been opened, some have been worked out and
exhausted, and some are still in operation. The total gold
production of all South America for the year 1895 was estimated at
about $13,000,000.
In 1729 or possibly a little earlier diamonds were also
discovered in the gold districts of Brazil, and a fresh impetus was
given to European immigration and to the importation of African
slaves to work the mines.
.^ Brazil also has a number of narcotics control agreements with its South American neighbors, several European countries and South Africa.- South America 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Despite this aid, Colombia remains the world's leading producer and distributor of cocaine and a major source of the heroin used in the United States."- Common Sense for Drug Policy: News About the US Drug War in Colombia, Peru, Bolivia, and Throughout South and Central America 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.csdp.org [Source type: News]
^ Brazil is the fifth largest country in the world and borders all the countries of South America except Chile and Ecuador.- South America 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
The diamonds are found in three widely separate districts:
in the state of Minas Geraes in the vicinity of
Diamantina, in the state
of Bahia in the vicinity of LengOes, and on the headwaters of the
Paraguay river in the state of Matto Grosso. The Bahia region also
produces carhonados, or the black diamonds used in the manufacture
of diamond drills.
.^ Indeed, rather than scaling back coca growing, Bolivian President Evo Morales plans "to spend $300,000 this year in an effort to develop legal markets for coca products."- Common Sense for Drug Policy: News About the US Drug War in Colombia, Peru, Bolivia, and Throughout South and Central America 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.csdp.org [Source type: News]
^ The UN had previously relied on US estimates of Peruvian coca production, however those estimates have been shown to be extremely low, so its own monitoring system was put in place, as had previously occurred in Colombia -- for the same reason, US estimates were unrealistically low.- Common Sense for Drug Policy: News About the US Drug War in Colombia, Peru, Bolivia, and Throughout South and Central America 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.csdp.org [Source type: News]
^ USG programs have supported the cultivation of over 158,000 hectares of legal crops and completed 1,179 social and productive infrastructure projects in the last six years.- South America 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
In 1905 the output of
manganese by Brazil was
second only to that of
Russia.
There are enormous deposits of
iron ore in
Minas and Salo Paulo, though but little developed
at present. The agates of southern Brazil are famous.
The forest industries are chiefly such as depend upon the
natural products of tropical forests.
.^ Brazil signed a memorandum of understanding in March 2007 to expand the regional Officer Exchange Program, which now includes Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Peru, and Paraguay.- South America 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ Illicit cultivation continues to be a problem in Colombia’s national parks, indigenous reserves, and along the border with Ecuador and Venezuela, where aerial eradication is not employed.- South America 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Colombia is the principal supplier of cocaine to the world, with the majority going to the U.S, but a growing percentage now destined for Europe and Brazil.- South America 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Paraguay has law enforcement agreements with Brazil, Argentina, Chile, Venezuela and Colombia.- South America 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
There
is much wood suited for fine cabinet work, but the facilities for
supplying such woods are limited. The agricultural industries are
chiefly those suited to tropical countries. Those that have reached
the greatest development are the growing of sugar cane and the
manufacture of sugar, and the growing and preparation for market of
cotton, coffee and
tobacco.
Sugar is made mostly near the sea-coast from near Rio de Janeiro
northward along the eastern side of the continent.
.^ Rio de Janeiro to Santiago .- South America Tours, South American Tours, South America Travel, South America Vacations, South America Adventure Travel 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.tourvacationstogo.com [Source type: Reference]
^ Rio de Janeiro, Ushuaia & Quito .- South America Tours, South American Tours, South America Travel, South America Vacations, South America Adventure Travel 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.tourvacationstogo.com [Source type: Reference]
^ Caracas to Rio de Janeiro .- South America Tours, South American Tours, South America Travel, South America Vacations, South America Adventure Travel 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.tourvacationstogo.com [Source type: Reference]
Wheat is
one of the chief agricultural products of the
Argentine Republic.
.^ The Movement to Socialism alliance has grown from a regional group representing coca farmers to the nation's most important political group in a decade.- Common Sense for Drug Policy: News About the US Drug War in Colombia, Peru, Bolivia, and Throughout South and Central America 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.csdp.org [Source type: News]
The manufacturing industries are necessarily not so well
developed as those of older countries.
.^ Tours of South America & other countries .- South America Tours, South American Tours, South America Travel, South America Vacations, South America Adventure Travel 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.tourvacationstogo.com [Source type: Reference]
^ Other South American tours focus on one country in depth.- South America Tours, South American Tours, South America Travel, South America Vacations, South America Adventure Travel 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.tourvacationstogo.com [Source type: Reference]
^ Kidnappings and other violent crimes in the South American nation also have declined.- Common Sense for Drug Policy: News About the US Drug War in Colombia, Peru, Bolivia, and Throughout South and Central America 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.csdp.org [Source type: News]
.^ Peru and Bolivia now have the capacity to operate independently of Colombia, local trafficking networks have been established, and new consumer markets have emerged.- Common Sense for Drug Policy: News About the US Drug War in Colombia, Peru, Bolivia, and Throughout South and Central America 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.csdp.org [Source type: News]
^ ABC also reported that "the suspension could jeopardize some 20,000 Bolivian manufacturing jobs and $150 million in trade between the two countries."- Common Sense for Drug Policy: News About the US Drug War in Colombia, Peru, Bolivia, and Throughout South and Central America 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.csdp.org [Source type: News]
.^ Colombia's military still receives more than $700 million a year in aid from the United States to combat drug trafficking and armed insurgencies."- Common Sense for Drug Policy: News About the US Drug War in Colombia, Peru, Bolivia, and Throughout South and Central America 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.csdp.org [Source type: News]
^ Relatively more resources will be devoted to the Yungas, an under-developed coca growing region where the Government plans to carry out more rationalization in the next several years.- South America 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
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. 1
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.^ First, there is a list of tours that only visit South America, then there is a list of tours that include a visit to South America as well as other regions.- South America Tours, South American Tours, South America Travel, South America Vacations, South America Adventure Travel 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.tourvacationstogo.com [Source type: Reference]
^ First Class South America Tours = Tours typically range from $80 to $275 per person, per day, plus airfare.- South America Tours, South American Tours, South America Travel, South America Vacations, South America Adventure Travel 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.tourvacationstogo.com [Source type: Reference]
.^ Kidnappings and other violent crimes in the South American nation also have declined.- Common Sense for Drug Policy: News About the US Drug War in Colombia, Peru, Bolivia, and Throughout South and Central America 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.csdp.org [Source type: News]
^ Venezuelan traffickers have been arrested in The Netherlands, Spain, Ghana, the Dominican Republic, Mexico and other countries.- South America 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Brazil also has a number of narcotics control agreements with its South American neighbors, several European countries and South Africa.- South America 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ Brazil also has a number of narcotics control agreements with its South American neighbors, several European countries and South Africa.- South America 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ In the first 9 months of FY 2007, the annual value of USAID-promoted exports reached almost $26 million.- South America 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ "We are very determined to bring back our three Americans," said the State Department's antiterrorism chief, J. Cofer Black.- Common Sense for Drug Policy: News About the US Drug War in Colombia, Peru, Bolivia, and Throughout South and Central America 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.csdp.org [Source type: News]
) j Animals and products 48 ?
Agricultural products . 23 S Coffee .
Rubber 33 Nitrates 17
Copper 2
Settlement. - The continent as
a whole is but sparsely settled.
.^ In Colombia, where the United States has spent the most, coca cultivation rose 27 percent from 2006 to 2007, to about 245,000 acres.- Common Sense for Drug Policy: News About the US Drug War in Colombia, Peru, Bolivia, and Throughout South and Central America 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.csdp.org [Source type: News]
It averaged five
persons to the square mile, while in North America it was 13 and in
Europe 104 to the square mile.
The most thickly populated parts are on and near the sea-coast. On
the east seaboard a more densely populated narrow belt follows the
coast from near Natal just south of Cape St Roque to and south of
Buenos Aires.
.^ Rio de Janeiro to Santiago .- South America Tours, South American Tours, South America Travel, South America Vacations, South America Adventure Travel 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.tourvacationstogo.com [Source type: Reference]
^ Rio de Janeiro, Ushuaia & Quito .- South America Tours, South American Tours, South America Travel, South America Vacations, South America Adventure Travel 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.tourvacationstogo.com [Source type: Reference]
^ Quito, Buenos Aires & Rio de Janeiro .- South America Tours, South American Tours, South America Travel, South America Vacations, South America Adventure Travel 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.tourvacationstogo.com [Source type: Reference]
The considerably populated belt begins on
the west coast about latitude 42° and follows northward and
eastward to the island of Trinidad on the Venezuelan coast, though
there are stretches of coast almost entirely uninhabited.
.^ Paraguay has become the largest producer of marijuana in South America.- South America 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ As one of South America’s largest producers of precursor chemicals it is vulnerable to diversion of these chemicals into the illicit drug production market.- South America 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Brazil is the fifth largest country in the world and borders all the countries of South America except Chile and Ecuador.- South America 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ Relatively weak controls at the port of Montevideo contrast with the enhanced container security initiatives at other ports in the region such as Santos, Brazil and Buenos Aires, Argentina.- South America 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ 'We have not yet seen in all these efforts what we're hoping for on the supply side, which is a reduction in availability,' he said in Mexico City.- Common Sense for Drug Policy: News About the US Drug War in Colombia, Peru, Bolivia, and Throughout South and Central America 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.csdp.org [Source type: News]
Communications
.^ Yet critics say that the Bush administration has presented its 2004 estimates as irrefutable evidence that its anti-drug strategy in South America has traffickers on the run.- Common Sense for Drug Policy: News About the US Drug War in Colombia, Peru, Bolivia, and Throughout South and Central America 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.csdp.org [Source type: News]
^ Brazil is the fifth largest country in the world and borders all the countries of South America except Chile and Ecuador.- South America 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
There is
also a large
freight
business done by steamers sailing at irregular periods, and by
sailing vessels. Connexions with the interior of the continent were
for a long time confined to navigation along the principal streams
and to tedious overland travel on horseback along almost impassable
trails. Since 1858, however, when the first 30-m. section of the
Dom
Pedro II railway from Rio de Janeiro
to Queimados was opened, railways have extended far inland and even
across the Andes.
.^ According to an April 25, 2008 report by the Drug War Chronicle , "A federal court in the Argentine capital of Buenos Aires [...- Common Sense for Drug Policy: News About the US Drug War in Colombia, Peru, Bolivia, and Throughout South and Central America 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.csdp.org [Source type: News]
^ Relatively weak controls at the port of Montevideo contrast with the enhanced container security initiatives at other ports in the region such as Santos, Brazil and Buenos Aires, Argentina.- South America 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ Rio de Janeiro to Santiago .- South America Tours, South American Tours, South America Travel, South America Vacations, South America Adventure Travel 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.tourvacationstogo.com [Source type: Reference]
^ Rio de Janeiro, Ushuaia & Quito .- South America Tours, South American Tours, South America Travel, South America Vacations, South America Adventure Travel 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.tourvacationstogo.com [Source type: Reference]
^ Quito, Buenos Aires & Rio de Janeiro .- South America Tours, South American Tours, South America Travel, South America Vacations, South America Adventure Travel 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.tourvacationstogo.com [Source type: Reference]
In the meanwhile river and coastwise navigation has greatly
developed.
|
Miles of Railway.
|
|
Colombia.
|
411
|
|
Ecuador .
|
125
|
|
Paraguay
|
156
|
|
Peru
|
1,146
|
|
Uruguay .
|
1,210
|
|
Venezuela
|
529
|
.^ Brazil is a major drug transit country for cocaine from Bolivia that is almost exclusively destined for the domestic Brazilian market.- South America 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Uruguay is not a major narcotics producing or transit country, but it continues to be attractive to drug traffickers from Colombia, Bolivia, Paraguay, Brazil and Mexico as a transit point.- South America 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
10,408 Chile 2,800 xxv.
.^ The South American heroin is brought in onboard commercial flights by couriers who carry about a pound to 2 pounds at a time.- Common Sense for Drug Policy: News About the US Drug War in Colombia, Peru, Bolivia, and Throughout South and Central America 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.csdp.org [Source type: News]
^ Yet critics say that the Bush administration has presented its 2004 estimates as irrefutable evidence that its anti-drug strategy in South America has traffickers on the run.- Common Sense for Drug Policy: News About the US Drug War in Colombia, Peru, Bolivia, and Throughout South and Central America 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.csdp.org [Source type: News]
.^ Common Sense for Drug Policy: News About the US Drug War in Colombia, Peru, Bolivia, and Throughout South and Central America .- Common Sense for Drug Policy: News About the US Drug War in Colombia, Peru, Bolivia, and Throughout South and Central America 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.csdp.org [Source type: News]
^ News About the US Drug War in Colombia, Peru, Bolivia, and Throughout South and Central America .- Common Sense for Drug Policy: News About the US Drug War in Colombia, Peru, Bolivia, and Throughout South and Central America 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.csdp.org [Source type: News]
^ In South America, coca is viewed as a central crop to many farming families survival.- Common Sense for Drug Policy: News About the US Drug War in Colombia, Peru, Bolivia, and Throughout South and Central America 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.csdp.org [Source type: News]
611, ill.; ii.
410-478 (London, 1901), vol. ii. relates chiefly to
.^ Common Sense for Drug Policy: News About the US Drug War in Colombia, Peru, Bolivia, and Throughout South and Central America .- Common Sense for Drug Policy: News About the US Drug War in Colombia, Peru, Bolivia, and Throughout South and Central America 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.csdp.org [Source type: News]
^ News About the US Drug War in Colombia, Peru, Bolivia, and Throughout South and Central America .- Common Sense for Drug Policy: News About the US Drug War in Colombia, Peru, Bolivia, and Throughout South and Central America 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.csdp.org [Source type: News]
^ In South America, coca is viewed as a central crop to many farming families survival.- Common Sense for Drug Policy: News About the US Drug War in Colombia, Peru, Bolivia, and Throughout South and Central America 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.csdp.org [Source type: News]
813-888 (
New York, 1900); E. Reclus,
Nouvelle geographic universelle. Amerique du Sud. (Paris,
1893), a monumental work; Wilhelm Sievers,
Slid and
Mittelamerika, 2te Aufl. (Leipzig and
Vienna, 1903), this work contains a valuable
bibliography at the end of the volume;
Robert Grant Watson,
Spanish and
Portuguese South America during the Colonial Period (London,
1884). Travels. -
.^ Earlier news items in an archived CSDP newsblog on the Colombia & South America drug war .- Common Sense for Drug Policy: News About the US Drug War in Colombia, Peru, Bolivia, and Throughout South and Central America 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.csdp.org [Source type: News]
^ In South America, coca is viewed as a central crop to many farming families survival.- Common Sense for Drug Policy: News About the US Drug War in Colombia, Peru, Bolivia, and Throughout South and Central America 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.csdp.org [Source type: News]
^ Common Sense for Drug Policy: News About the US Drug War in Colombia, Peru, Bolivia, and Throughout South and Central America .- Common Sense for Drug Policy: News About the US Drug War in Colombia, Peru, Bolivia, and Throughout South and Central America 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.csdp.org [Source type: News]
333-4 0 9 (London, 1901).
Sir Martin Conway,
Aconcagua and Tierra del
Fuego (London, 1902). William E. Curtis,
Between the Andes
and the Ocean ... from the Isthmus of Panama to the Straits of
Magellan (Chicago, 1900);
Charles Darwin,
Journal of
Researches into the Natural History, &c. of the . (New York, 1878;
other editions); A. Gallenga,
South America (London, 1880;
a good general description of conditions at the time).
^ Tours of South America & other countries .- South America Tours, South American Tours, South America Travel, South America Vacations, South America Adventure Travel 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.tourvacationstogo.com [Source type: Reference]
^ Officials from Attorney General John Ashcroft, to federal prosecutors in New York to authorities from the Department of Homeland Security hailed the extradition.- Common Sense for Drug Policy: News About the US Drug War in Colombia, Peru, Bolivia, and Throughout South and Central America 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.csdp.org [Source type: News]
^ From the intriguing Amazon jungle and the enigmatic Machu Picchu to the fascinating Galapagos Islands, your encounter with South America travel will be like no other.- South America Tours, South American Tours, South America Travel, South America Vacations, South America Adventure Travel 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.tourvacationstogo.com [Source type: Reference]
William
Hadfield,
Brazil, the River Plate, and the Falkland
Islands, &c. (London, 1854); Captain
Basil Hall,
Extracts from a Journal
Written on the Coasts of Chile, Peru, and Mexico, in the
years1820-1822 (Edinburgh, 1824);
Alexander
Humboldt and Aime
Bonpland,
Personal Narrative of Travels to
the Equinoctial Regions of the New Continent During the Years
1799-1804 (3rd ed.,
London, 1819-1829); C. B. Mansfield,
Paraguay, Brazil and the Plate. . (Cambridge, 1856); Edward D. Mathews,
Up the
Amazon and Madeira Rivers,
Through Bolivia and Peru (London, 1819);
Alcide d'Orbigny,
Voyage dans l'Amerique meridionale (le Bresil, la Republique
orientale de l'Uruguay &c.^ "According to the UN, Plan Colombia produced a modest displacement of coca to other countries: by 2003, cultivation was up slightly in Bolivia but stable in Peru.- Common Sense for Drug Policy: News About the US Drug War in Colombia, Peru, Bolivia, and Throughout South and Central America 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.csdp.org [Source type: News]
^ In Peru, the second-biggest producer, coca is spreading to new areas, such as San Gabn, close to the border with Bolivia, and Putumayo, across the river from Colombia.- Common Sense for Drug Policy: News About the US Drug War in Colombia, Peru, Bolivia, and Throughout South and Central America 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.csdp.org [Source type: News]
^ In addition, PDF copies of the 2002 survey of Peru and of the Bolivia 2002 coca survey of the Yungas of La Pazin can be downloaded directly by clicking the links.- Common Sense for Drug Policy: News About the US Drug War in Colombia, Peru, Bolivia, and Throughout South and Central America 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.csdp.org [Source type: News]
) execute . (Paris,
1835-1849); James Orton,
The Andes and the Amazon, or Across
the Continent of South America (3rd ed.,
New York, 1876); Charles M.
Pepper,
Panama to Patagonia (Chicago,
1906); W. Reiss and A. Stiibel,
Reisen in Sudamerika
(Berlin, 1889); W. Smyth and F. Lowe,
Narrative of a Journey
from Lima to Pard, &c.
^ South America Revealed & Amazon 2010 .- South America Tours, South American Tours, South America Travel, South America Vacations, South America Adventure Travel 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.tourvacationstogo.com [Source type: Reference]
^ Glimpse of South America and Amazon 2010 .- South America Tours, South American Tours, South America Travel, South America Vacations, South America Adventure Travel 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.tourvacationstogo.com [Source type: Reference]
^ From the intriguing Amazon jungle and the enigmatic Machu Picchu to the fascinating Galapagos Islands, your encounter with South America travel will be like no other.- South America Tours, South American Tours, South America Travel, South America Vacations, South America Adventure Travel 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.tourvacationstogo.com [Source type: Reference]
(London, 1836); G. Steinmann,
"Sketch of the
Geology of
South America," in
Amer. Nat. xxv.
.^ Common Sense for Drug Policy: News About the US Drug War in Colombia, Peru, Bolivia, and Throughout South and Central America .- Common Sense for Drug Policy: News About the US Drug War in Colombia, Peru, Bolivia, and Throughout South and Central America 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.csdp.org [Source type: News]
^ News About the US Drug War in Colombia, Peru, Bolivia, and Throughout South and Central America .- Common Sense for Drug Policy: News About the US Drug War in Colombia, Peru, Bolivia, and Throughout South and Central America 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.csdp.org [Source type: News]
^ Earlier news items in an archived CSDP newsblog on the Colombia & South America drug war .- Common Sense for Drug Policy: News About the US Drug War in Colombia, Peru, Bolivia, and Throughout South and Central America 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.csdp.org [Source type: News]
See further AMAZON,
ANDES, and the articles on the separate countries. (
J. C.
BR.)
1911encyclopedia is gay
Argentina
Bolivia
Brazil
Chile[34]
Colombia
Ecuador
Falkland Islands (United Kingdom)[35]
French Guiana (France)
Guyana
Paraguay
Peru
South Georgia and
Suriname
Uruguay
Venezuela
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