From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This article is about the general framework of distance and direction. For the space beyond Earth's atmosphere, see
Outer space. For all other uses, see
Space (disambiguation).
Space is the boundless, three-dimensional extent in which
objects and events occur and have relative position and direction.
[1] Physical space is often conceived in three
linear dimensions, although modern
physicists usually consider it, with
time, to be part of the boundless four-dimensional continuum known as
spacetime. In
mathematics one examines 'spaces' with different numbers of dimensions and with different underlying structures. The concept of space is considered to be of fundamental importance to an understanding of the physical
universe although disagreement continues between
philosophers over whether it is itself an entity, a relationship between entities, or part of a
conceptual framework.
Many of the philosophical questions arose in the 17th century, during the early development of
classical mechanics. In
Isaac Newton's view, space was absolute - in the sense that it existed permanently and independently of whether there were any matter in the space.
[2] .^ It will perform two ground smashes in a row, so run to one side and wait for the first smash to miss then quickly change direction and run to the other side.- GameFAQs: Dead Space (PS3) FAQ/Walkthrough by Berserker 11 January 2010 3:03 UTC www.gamefaqs.com [Source type: General]
In the 18th century,
Immanuel Kant described space and time as elements of a systematic framework which humans use to structure their experience.
In the 19th and 20th centuries mathematicians began to examine
non-Euclidean geometries, in which space can be said to be
curved, rather than
flat.
.^ As it turns out, the field generated by the Marker creates a "dead space" around itself that forces the recombination effect into dormancy.- GameFAQs: Dead Space (PS3) FAQ/Walkthrough by Berserker 11 January 2010 3:03 UTC www.gamefaqs.com [Source type: General]
[3] Experimental
tests of general relativity have confirmed that non-Euclidean space provides a better model for explaining the existing laws of
mechanics and
optics.
Philosophy of space
Leibniz and Newton
In the seventeenth century, the
philosophy of space and time emerged as a central issue in
epistemology and
metaphysics. At its heart,
Gottfried Leibniz, the German philosopher-mathematician, and
Isaac Newton, the English physicist-mathematician, set out two opposing theories of what space is.
.^ Focusing all fire on an appendage and then cutting off the targeted appendage always does more damage rather than simply shooting a necromorph in its body.- GameFAQs: Dead Space (PS3) FAQ/Walkthrough by Berserker 11 January 2010 3:03 UTC www.gamefaqs.com [Source type: General]
^ Thankfully, no more enemies will bother Isaac as he moves toward the other side.- GameFAQs: Dead Space (PS3) FAQ/Walkthrough by Berserker 11 January 2010 3:03 UTC www.gamefaqs.com [Source type: General]
^ ONE MORE THING: Be sure to check out the other Dead Space guides on GameFAQs for some extra strategies.- GameFAQs: Dead Space (PS3) FAQ/Walkthrough by Berserker 11 January 2010 3:03 UTC www.gamefaqs.com [Source type: General]
For Leibniz, then, space was an idealised
abstraction from the relations between individual entities or their possible locations and therefore could not be
continuous but must be
discrete.
[5] Space could be thought of in a similar way to the relations between family members. Although people in the family are related to one another, the relations do not exist independently of the people.
[6] .^ Chapter 5 Power Nodes ===================== [ ] Power Node #1 Location: Chemical Research Lab Details: Lying in a blue container in between the two large test tubes on the left wall.- GameFAQs: Dead Space (PS3) FAQ/Walkthrough by Berserker 11 January 2010 3:03 UTC www.gamefaqs.com [Source type: General]
.^ There's no way out of here.- GameFAQs: Dead Space (PS3) FAQ/Walkthrough by Berserker 11 January 2010 3:03 UTC www.gamefaqs.com [Source type: General]
^ No one would tell me what was housed inside, but I uncovered evidence of massive shipments of preservative chemicals being sent to the compounds on a regular basis.- GameFAQs: Dead Space (PS3) FAQ/Walkthrough by Berserker 11 January 2010 3:03 UTC www.gamefaqs.com [Source type: General]
^ Notice how there is practically no noise when shooting or confronting an enemy in a vacuum - it really builds tension for these areas!- GameFAQs: Dead Space (PS3) FAQ/Walkthrough by Berserker 11 January 2010 3:03 UTC www.gamefaqs.com [Source type: General]
According to the
principle of sufficient reason, any theory of space which implied that there could be these two possible universes, must therefore be wrong.
[7]
Newton took space to be more than relations between material objects and based his position on
observation and
experimentation.
.^ Notice how there is practically no noise when shooting or confronting an enemy in a vacuum - it really builds tension for these areas!- GameFAQs: Dead Space (PS3) FAQ/Walkthrough by Berserker 11 January 2010 3:03 UTC www.gamefaqs.com [Source type: General]
^ The appendages are covered by a rib cage at all other times.- GameFAQs: Dead Space (PS3) FAQ/Walkthrough by Berserker 11 January 2010 3:03 UTC www.gamefaqs.com [Source type: General]
^ These cars are used to travel in between different portions of the Ishimura and they are almost always returned to at the end of each chapter.- GameFAQs: Dead Space (PS3) FAQ/Walkthrough by Berserker 11 January 2010 3:03 UTC www.gamefaqs.com [Source type: General]
But Newton argued that since non-inertial motion generates
forces, it must be absolute.
[8] He used the example of
water in a spinning bucket to demonstrate his argument.
Water in a
bucket is hung from a rope and set to spin, starts with a flat surface. After a while, as the bucket continues to spin, the surface of the water becomes concave. If the bucket's spinning is stopped then the surface of the water remains concave as it continues to spin. The concave surface is therefore apparently not the result of relative motion between the bucket and the water
[9]. Instead, Newton argued, it must be a result of non-inertial motion relative to space itself. For several centuries the bucket argument was decisive in showing that space must exist independently of matter.
Kant
In the eighteenth century the German philosopher
Immanuel Kant developed a theory of
knowledge in which knowledge about space can be both
a priori and
synthetic.
[10] According to Kant, knowledge about space is
synthetic, in that statements about space are not simply true by virtue of the meaning of the words in the statement. In his work, Kant rejected the view that space must be either a substance or relation. Instead he came to the conclusion that space and time are not discovered by humans to be objective features of the world, but are part of an unavoidable systematic framework for organizing our experiences.
[11]
Non-Euclidean geometry
Euclid's
Elements contained five postulates which form the basis for Euclidean geometry. One of these, the
parallel postulate has been the subject of debate among mathematicians for many centuries.
.^ There is only one Slasher outside, so run to the other end and open the door.- GameFAQs: Dead Space (PS3) FAQ/Walkthrough by Berserker 11 January 2010 3:03 UTC www.gamefaqs.com [Source type: General]
^ Its head, both arms and both legs can all be shot off, but there is one problem - it cannot die through weapon blasts.- GameFAQs: Dead Space (PS3) FAQ/Walkthrough by Berserker 11 January 2010 3:03 UTC www.gamefaqs.com [Source type: General]
^ There is a sudden snap halfway through the process as one leg bends backwards.- GameFAQs: Dead Space (PS3) FAQ/Walkthrough by Berserker 11 January 2010 3:03 UTC www.gamefaqs.com [Source type: General]
Until the 19th century, few doubted the truth of the postulate; instead debate centered over whether it was necessary as an axiom, or whether it was a theory which could be derived from the other axioms.
[12] Around 1830 though, the
Hungarian János Bolyai and the
Russian Nikolai Ivanovich Lobachevsky separately published treatises on a type of geometry which does not include the parallel postulate, called
hyperbolic geometry. In this geometry, there are an
infinite number of parallel lines which pass through the point
P. Consequently the sum of angles in a triangle is less than 180
o and the ratio of a
circle's
circumference to its
diameter is greater than
pi. In the 1850s,
Bernhard Riemann developed an equivalent theory of
elliptical geometry, in which there are no parallel lines which pass through
P. In this geometry, triangles have more than 180
o and circles have a ratio of circumference to diameter which is less than pi.
Type of geometry |
Number of parallels |
Sum of angles in a triangle |
Ratio of circumference to diameter of circle |
Measure of curvature |
Hyperbolic |
Infinite |
< 180o |
> π |
< 0 |
Euclidean |
1 |
180o |
π |
0 |
Elliptical |
0 |
> 180o |
< π |
> 0 |
Gauss and Poincaré
Although there was a prevailing Kantian consensus at the time, once non-Euclidean geometries had been formalised, some began to wonder whether or not physical space is curved.
Carl Friedrich Gauss, the German mathematician, was the first to consider an empirical investigation of the geometrical structure of space.
.^ Before walking out of the shuttle, make a left and enter the room off to the side and pick up the --SMALL MED PACK-- from off the floor to the right.- GameFAQs: Dead Space (PS3) FAQ/Walkthrough by Berserker 11 January 2010 3:03 UTC www.gamefaqs.com [Source type: General]
[13]
Henri Poincaré, a French mathematician and physicist of the late 19th century introduced an important insight which attempted to demonstrate the futility of any attempt to discover by experiment which geometry applies to space.
[14] He considered the predicament which would face scientists if they were confined to the surface of an imaginary large sphere with particular properties, known as a
sphere-world.
.^ NOTE 1: All database files are usually received at key points throughout the main story but a few of them are placed in text or audio logs, which are placed in various rooms.- GameFAQs: Dead Space (PS3) FAQ/Walkthrough by Berserker 11 January 2010 3:03 UTC www.gamefaqs.com [Source type: General]
.^ Use the Line Gun to cut off the Dark Slasher's legs after it breaks through the glass and try to angle the shot so that it shoot the Infector behind the Slasher.- GameFAQs: Dead Space (PS3) FAQ/Walkthrough by Berserker 11 January 2010 3:03 UTC www.gamefaqs.com [Source type: General]
^ Walk into the room as they are blown back but try to keep them gathered.- GameFAQs: Dead Space (PS3) FAQ/Walkthrough by Berserker 11 January 2010 3:03 UTC www.gamefaqs.com [Source type: General]
^ Use force blasts to knock back any enemy that tries to attack while Isaac is on the elevator if they try to attack.- GameFAQs: Dead Space (PS3) FAQ/Walkthrough by Berserker 11 January 2010 3:03 UTC www.gamefaqs.com [Source type: General]
[15] .^ I have spoken with some readers that claim they cannot speak English when, in fact, they speak better English then some Americans.- GameFAQs: Dead Space (PS3) FAQ/Walkthrough by Berserker 11 January 2010 3:03 UTC www.gamefaqs.com [Source type: General]
For him, it was a matter of
convention which geometry was used to describe space.
[16] Since
Euclidean geometry is simpler than non-Euclidean geometry, he assumed the former would always be used to describe the 'true' geometry of the world.
[17]
Einstein
In 1905,
Albert Einstein published a paper on a
special theory of relativity, in which he proposed that space and time be combined into a single construct known as
spacetime.
.^ One should ALWAYS keep in mind that Isaac can actually dash while moving backward since this is not all that common in a third person action game.- GameFAQs: Dead Space (PS3) FAQ/Walkthrough by Berserker 11 January 2010 3:03 UTC www.gamefaqs.com [Source type: General]
^ Don't move onto another catwalk besides the middle catwalk since a Tentacle will attack from the gap below the two side catwalks.- GameFAQs: Dead Space (PS3) FAQ/Walkthrough by Berserker 11 January 2010 3:03 UTC www.gamefaqs.com [Source type: General]
^ Just by moving the Marker to the first right corner, a pair of Dark Slashers will appear on your side and another Pregnant and more Slashers will appear on the other side of the middle catwalk.- GameFAQs: Dead Space (PS3) FAQ/Walkthrough by Berserker 11 January 2010 3:03 UTC www.gamefaqs.com [Source type: General]
.^ These small enemies are actually infant necromorphs but they are really more annoying than Slashers.- GameFAQs: Dead Space (PS3) FAQ/Walkthrough by Berserker 11 January 2010 3:03 UTC www.gamefaqs.com [Source type: General]
^ When fighting more than one, use the Line Gun or Plasma Cutter.- GameFAQs: Dead Space (PS3) FAQ/Walkthrough by Berserker 11 January 2010 3:03 UTC www.gamefaqs.com [Source type: General]
^ All the crates in this room are on tracks, so they can only be moved in two directions.- GameFAQs: Dead Space (PS3) FAQ/Walkthrough by Berserker 11 January 2010 3:03 UTC www.gamefaqs.com [Source type: General]
Over the following ten years Einstein worked on a
general theory of relativity, which is a theory of how
gravity interacts with spacetime.
.^ As it turns out, the field generated by the Marker creates a "dead space" around itself that forces the recombination effect into dormancy.- GameFAQs: Dead Space (PS3) FAQ/Walkthrough by Berserker 11 January 2010 3:03 UTC www.gamefaqs.com [Source type: General]
[18] According to the general theory, time
goes more slowly at places with lower gravitational potentials and rays of light bend in the presence of a gravitational field. Scientists have studied the behaviour of
binary pulsars, confirming the predictions of Einstein's theories and Non-Euclidean geometry is usually used to describe spacetime.
Mathematics
In modern mathematics
spaces are defined as
sets with some added structure. They are frequently described as different types of
manifolds which are spaces that locally approximate to Euclidean space and where the properties are defined largely on local connectedness of points that lie on the manifold. There are however, many diverse mathematical objects that are called spaces. For example, function spaces in general have no close relation to Euclidean space.
Physics
Classical mechanics
.^ ONE MORE THING: Be sure to check out the other Dead Space guides on GameFAQs for some extra strategies.- GameFAQs: Dead Space (PS3) FAQ/Walkthrough by Berserker 11 January 2010 3:03 UTC www.gamefaqs.com [Source type: General]
On the other hand, it can be related to other fundamental quantities.
.^ Much like when one of the other tentacles in the Ishimura pulled Isaac, your aiming will reset every time that it pulls Isaac closer.- GameFAQs: Dead Space (PS3) FAQ/Walkthrough by Berserker 11 January 2010 3:03 UTC www.gamefaqs.com [Source type: General]
Astronomy
Astronomy is the science involved with the observation, explanation and measuring of objects in
outer space.
Relativity
Before
Einstein's work on relativistic physics, time and space were viewed as independent dimensions.
.^ Basically, focus on one tentacle at a time right at the beginning and struggle to take out at least three tentacles while defending the ship only minimally from thrown objects.- GameFAQs: Dead Space (PS3) FAQ/Walkthrough by Berserker 11 January 2010 3:03 UTC www.gamefaqs.com [Source type: General]
^ Force Gun - Whenever a Divider splits into Crawlers, quickly switch to the Force Gun and blast all of the Crawlers at one time to finish them all off with little effort.- GameFAQs: Dead Space (PS3) FAQ/Walkthrough by Berserker 11 January 2010 3:03 UTC www.gamefaqs.com [Source type: General]
^ Focus on one tentacle at a time and wait for the targeted tentacle to raise up with a grappled object then blast it continuously in its yellow weak spot with both cannons.- GameFAQs: Dead Space (PS3) FAQ/Walkthrough by Berserker 11 January 2010 3:03 UTC www.gamefaqs.com [Source type: General]
.^ As it turns out, the field generated by the Marker creates a "dead space" around itself that forces the recombination effect into dormancy.- GameFAQs: Dead Space (PS3) FAQ/Walkthrough by Berserker 11 January 2010 3:03 UTC www.gamefaqs.com [Source type: General]
In addition, time and space dimensions should not be viewed as exactly equivalent in Minkowski space-time. One can freely move in space but not in time. Thus, time and space coordinates are treated differently both in
special relativity (where time is sometimes considered an
imaginary coordinate) and in
general relativity (where different signs are assigned to time and space components of
spacetime metric).
Experiments are ongoing to attempt to directly measure
gravitational waves. This is essentially solutions to the equations of general relativity which describe moving ripples of spacetime. Indirect evidence for this has been found in the motions of the
Hulse-Taylor binary system.
Cosmology
Relativity theory leads to the
cosmological question of what shape the universe is, and where space came from. It appears that space was created in the
Big Bang and has been expanding ever since. The overall shape of space is not known, but space is known to be expanding very rapidly which is evident due to the
Cosmic Inflation.
Alan Guth whom is known for his Inflationary theory, presented the first ideas in a seminar at
Stanford Linear Accelerator Center on January 23, 1980.
Spatial measurement
Main article:
Measurement
The measurement of
physical space has long been important. Although earlier societies had developed measuring systems, the
International System of Units, (SI), is now the most common system of units used in the measuring of space, and is almost universally used within
science.
Currently, the standard space interval, called a standard meter or simply
meter, is defined as the
distance traveled by light in a vacuum during a time interval of exactly 1/299,792,458 of a second.
.^ W A L K T H R O U G H =============================================================================== The walkthrough portion was written based on my second time through the game while playing the Xbox 360 version on normal mode (I played through the PS3 version on my first time through).- GameFAQs: Dead Space (PS3) FAQ/Walkthrough by Berserker 11 January 2010 3:03 UTC www.gamefaqs.com [Source type: General]
Geography
Geography is the branch of science concerned with identifying and describing the
Earth, utilizing spatial awareness to try and understand why things exist in specific locations.
Cartography is the mapping of spaces to allow better navigation, for visualization purposes and to act as a locational device.
Geostatistics apply statistical concepts to collected spatial data to create an estimate for unobserved phenomena.
Geographical space is often considered as land, and can have a relation to
ownership usage (in which space is seen as
property or territory).
.^ I have spoken with some readers that claim they cannot speak English when, in fact, they speak better English then some Americans.- GameFAQs: Dead Space (PS3) FAQ/Walkthrough by Berserker 11 January 2010 3:03 UTC www.gamefaqs.com [Source type: General]
^ Force Gun blasts still work just as well against these enemies as they do in other modes.- GameFAQs: Dead Space (PS3) FAQ/Walkthrough by Berserker 11 January 2010 3:03 UTC www.gamefaqs.com [Source type: General]
^ The save station is far enough away from the other enemies to where they won't be able to hit Isaac, so go ahead and save your game at the save station even with enemies still in the room.- GameFAQs: Dead Space (PS3) FAQ/Walkthrough by Berserker 11 January 2010 3:03 UTC www.gamefaqs.com [Source type: General]
Spatial planning is a method of regulating the use of space at land-level, with decisions made at regional, national and international levels. Space can also impact on human and cultural behavior, being an important factor in
architecture, where it will impact on the design of buildings and structures, and on
farming.
Ownership of space is not restricted to land. Ownership of
airspace and of
waters is decided internationally. Other forms of ownership have been recently asserted to other spaces — for example to the
radio bands of the electromagnetic
spectrum or to
cyberspace.
.^ Smash, collect, and open to your heart's content then move into the next area off to the right.- GameFAQs: Dead Space (PS3) FAQ/Walkthrough by Berserker 11 January 2010 3:03 UTC www.gamefaqs.com [Source type: General]
^ Open the entrance door that leads outside and carry the power unit out the door to the Landing Pad area.- GameFAQs: Dead Space (PS3) FAQ/Walkthrough by Berserker 11 January 2010 3:03 UTC www.gamefaqs.com [Source type: General]
^ Enter the stall area on the other side and open the --ITEM CHESTS-- then collect the --MEDIUM MED PACK-- from near the stalls.- GameFAQs: Dead Space (PS3) FAQ/Walkthrough by Berserker 11 January 2010 3:03 UTC www.gamefaqs.com [Source type: General]
While
private property is the land culturally owned by an individual or company, for their own use and pleasure.
Abstract space is a term used in
geography to refer to a hypothetical space characterized by complete homogeneity. When modeling activity or behavior, it is a conceptual tool used to limit
extraneous variables such as terrain.
In psychology
The way in which space is perceived is an area which psychologists first began to study in the middle of the 19th century, and it is now thought by those concerned with such studies to be a distinct branch within
psychology. Psychologists analyzing the perception of space are concerned with how recognition of an object's physical appearance or its interactions are perceived.
See also
References
- ^ Britannica Online Encyclopedia: Space
- ^ French and Ebison, Classical Mechanics, p. 1
- ^ Carnap, R. An introduction to the Philosophy of Science
- ^ Leibniz, Fifth letter to Samuel Clarke
- ^ Vailati, E, Leibniz & Clarke: A Study of Their Correspondence p. 115
- ^ Sklar, L, Philosophy of Physics, p. 20
- ^ Sklar, L, Philosophy of Physics, p. 21
- ^ Sklar, L, Philosophy of Physics, p. 22
- ^ Newton's bucket
- ^ Carnap, R, An introduction to the philosophy of science, p. 177-178
- ^ Lucas, John Randolph. Space, Time and Causality. p. 149.
- ^ Carnap, R, An introduction to the philosophy of science, p. 126
- ^ Carnap, R, An introduction to the philosophy of science, p. 134-136
- ^ Jammer, M, Concepts of Space, p. 165
- ^ A medium with a variable index of refraction could also be used to bend the path of light and again deceive the scientists if they attempt to use light to map out their geometry
- ^ Carnap, R, An introduction to the philosophy of science, p. 148
- ^ Sklar, L, Philosophy of Physics, p. 57
- ^ Sklar, L, Philsosophy of Physics, p. 43
- ^ chapters 8 and 9- John A. Wheeler "A Journey Into Gravity and Spacetime" Scientific American ISBN 0-7167-6034-7