From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
| Kingdom of Spain
Reino de España
|
|
|
Motto: "Plus Ultra" (Latin)
"Further Beyond" |
Anthem: "Marcha Real" (Spanish)[note 1]
"Royal March"
|
|
|
Capital
(and largest city) |
Madrid
40°26′N 3°42′W / 40.433°N 3.7°W / 40.433; -3.7 |
| Official language(s) |
Spanish[note 2] |
| Recognised regional languages |
Aranese, Basque, Catalan/Valencian and Galician |
| Ethnic groups |
88.0% Spanish, 12.0% (Romanian, Moroccan, Ecuadorian) other (2009)[1] |
| Demonym |
Spanish, Spaniard |
| Government |
Parliamentary democracy and Constitutional monarchy |
| - |
King |
Juan Carlos I |
| - |
Prime Minister |
José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero (PSOE) |
| Formation |
15th century |
| - |
Dynastic |
1479 |
| - |
de facto |
1516 |
| - |
de jure |
1716 |
| - |
Constitutional democracy |
1978 |
| EU accession |
1 January 1986 |
| Area |
| - |
Total |
504,030 km2 (51st)
195,364 sq mi |
| - |
Water (%) |
1.04 |
| Population |
| - |
2009 estimate |
46,661,950[2] (27th) |
| - |
Density |
90 people/km2 (106th)
231/sq mi |
| GDP (PPP) |
2008 estimate |
| - |
Total |
$1.395 trillion[3] (12th) |
| - |
Per capita |
$30,588[3] (28th) |
| GDP (nominal) |
2008 estimate |
| - |
Total |
$1.602 trillion[3] (9th) |
| - |
Per capita |
$35,116[3] (25th) |
| Gini (2005) |
32[4] |
| HDI (2007) |
▲ 0.955 (very high) (15th) |
| Currency |
Euro (€)[note 3] (EUR) |
| Time zone |
CET[note 4] (UTC+1) |
| - |
Summer (DST) |
CEST (UTC+2) |
| Date formats |
dd.mm.yyyy (Spanish; CE) |
| Drives on the |
right |
| Internet TLD |
.es[note 5] |
| Calling code |
34 |
.^ Wednesday, 6 January 2010, 3:00 pm Press Release: US Department of State - Background Notes OFFICIAL NAME: Kingdom of Spain Geography Area: 504,750 sq.- Alltop - Top Spain News 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC spain.alltop.com [Source type: General]
^ Schengen Area The Member States of the European Union (EU) (not including the United Kingdom and Ireland), along with Norway, Iceland, and Switzerland, make up the Schengen Area, which aims for common rules regarding visas, asylum rights, and controls at external borders.- Spain Travel Advice and Advisories | Government of Canada 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.voyage.gc.ca [Source type: News]
^ In spite of the expulsion of 1492, a large population of Christian converts remained in Spain and, as members of the educated elite, continued to make significant contributions to Spanish culture.- Spain News - Breaking World Spain News - The New York Times 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC topics.nytimes.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[note . Its mainland is bordered to the south and east by the
Mediterranean Sea except for a small land boundary with
Gibraltar; to the north by
France,
Andorra, and the
Bay of Biscay; and to the northwest and west by the
Atlantic Ocean and
Portugal.
^ In the west, Spain borders on the Atlantic Ocean both north and south of its frontier with Portugal.- Spain News - Breaking World Spain News - The New York Times 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC topics.nytimes.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The geographical boundaries of Spain are: on the north, the Pyrenees, the Republic of Andorra, and the Bay of Biscay (known in Spain as Mar Cantabrico , or "Cantabrian Sea"); on the east, the Mediterranean; on the south, the Mediterranean, the Straits of Gibraltar and the Atlantic; on the west, Portugal and the Atlantic.- CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Spain 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.newadvent.org [Source type: Original source]
^ The contrast extends even to the seas surrounding Spain — the tranquil Mediterranean, the stormy Bay of Biscay, and the Atlantic with a character midway between.- CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Spain 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.newadvent.org [Source type: Original source]
.^ It has both Atlantic and Mediterranean coastlines and incorporates two archipelagos - the Balearics and the Canary Islands .- Cheap Spain holidays and holiday deals at Thomas Cook 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.thomascook.com [Source type: General]
^ Two of the enclaves, Ceuta and Melilla , are Spanish municipalities.- Spain News - Breaking World Spain News - The New York Times 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC topics.nytimes.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The Balearic Islands, with Palma as their capital, are off the coast of Valencia.- Spain News - Breaking World Spain News - The New York Times 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC topics.nytimes.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ In the second half of the 20th century, Spain has played a catch-up role in the western international community; it joined the EU in 1986.- CIA - The World Factbook -- Spain 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.umsl.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ ECONOMY Spain's accession to the European Community--now European Union (EU)--in January 1986 required the country to open its economy to trade and investment, modernize its industrial base, improve infrastructure, and revise economic legislation to conform to EU guidelines.- Spain (12/09) 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Even on many international issues beyond Western Europe, Spain prefers to coordinate its efforts with its EU partners through the European political cooperation mechanism.- Spain (12/09) 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ Since 1986, Spain has been a member of the European Union.- GlobaLex - GUIDE TO LEGAL RESEARCH IN SPAIN 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.nyulawglobal.org [Source type: Academic]
^ Spain assumes the EU presidency in January 2010.- Spain (12/09) 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Secretary General of NATO (1995–1999) and High Representative (since 1999) of the CFSP of the Council of the European Union.
.^ The kingdom of Spain is the main country on the Iberian Peninsula , which it shares with Portugal and the British-dependent territory Gibraltar .- GlobaLex - GUIDE TO LEGAL RESEARCH IN SPAIN 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.nyulawglobal.org [Source type: Academic]
^ Even on many international issues beyond Western Europe, Spain prefers to coordinate its efforts with its EU partners through the European political cooperation mechanism.- Spain (12/09) 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ In the Great Schism of the West Spain played a great part, chiefly through the influence of the Aragónese , Pedro de Luna ( antipope Benedict XIII ).- CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Spain 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.newadvent.org [Source type: Original source]
.^ Native Spanish speakers instantly understand them.
^ Get this – I am conversing with them in their native language!- Rocket Spanish Reviews and Success Stories 24 January 2010 12:56 UTC www.rocketlanguages.com [Source type: General]
^ Native Spanish speaker teacher .- Spanish Teachers / Spanish Tutors - SpaniCity 24 January 2010 12:56 UTC www.spanicity.com [Source type: General]
.^ Spanish constitution dates from 1978, which established Spain as a parliamentary monarchy.- Spain - Economic analysis of government's policies, investment climate and political risk. 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.mkeever.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Spain is a constitutional monarchy governed under the constitution of 1978.- Spain News - Breaking World Spain News - The New York Times 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC topics.nytimes.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Politically, Spain is a parliamentary monarchy – democracy and the monarchy having been restored in 1977, after the death of General Franco, the dictator who seized power in the Civil War of 1936–39.
.^ My name is Frank Kalich I had already purchased a different Spanish learning program, of very high quality.- Rocket Spanish Reviews and Success Stories 24 January 2010 12:56 UTC www.rocketlanguages.com [Source type: General]
^ Country profile (World Health Organization) Children's health (Unicef) Development indicators (World Bank) Natural disasters and relief efforts (ReliefWeb) .- Spain News - Breaking World Spain News - The New York Times 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC topics.nytimes.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ High levels of education, like in any country, is the only way by which people from these lower classes could improve their level of living.- Spain - Economic analysis of government's policies, investment climate and political risk. 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.mkeever.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ Links to: Official Journal of the European Union, Official Gazette, Autonomous Communities Gazettes, Provincial Gazettes and Official Gazettes of other members of the European Union .- GlobaLex - GUIDE TO LEGAL RESEARCH IN SPAIN 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.nyulawglobal.org [Source type: Academic]
^ In 1986 Spain became a member of the European Union and transferred the exercise of certain domains and State powers.- GlobaLex - GUIDE TO LEGAL RESEARCH IN SPAIN 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.nyulawglobal.org [Source type: Academic]
^ The United Nations, refusing to recognize the constitutionality of the Franco regime, urged its members in 1946 to break diplomatic relations with Spain; this resolution was not rescinded until 1950.- Spain News - Breaking World Spain News - The New York Times 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC topics.nytimes.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
Etymology
.^ The etymology of the name Spain ( España ) is uncertain.- CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Spain 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.newadvent.org [Source type: Original source]
^ The history of the Spanish language and the origin of the dialects of Spain begin with the linguistic evolution of Vulgar Latin.- Spanish - Language Information & Resources 24 January 2010 12:56 UTC www.alsintl.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ As the Spaniards named one part of America — Mexico — Nueva España (New Spain), we speak of "the Spains", in the plural, to signify the Spanish possessions.- CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Spain 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.newadvent.org [Source type: Original source]
.^ Some derive it from the Punic word tsepan , "rabbit", basing the opinion on the evidence of a coin of Galba, on which Spain is represented with a rabbit at her feet, and on Strabo, who calls Spain "the land of rabbits".- CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Spain 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.newadvent.org [Source type: Original source]
^ Spain has made great economic progress in recent decades, but it still lags behind most of Western Europe.- Spain News - Breaking World Spain News - The New York Times 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC topics.nytimes.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The immense majority of the people are professed adherents of the Roman Catholic faith, so that, so far as numbers go, Spain is still the most Catholic country in the world, as it has long been styled.
[6]
.^ His quest takes one from the quay side of Vera Cruz, 'where the Mediterranean comes to an end in the Caribbean', back to Spain to the dark caves of Altimira, to the harsh sunlight of the bull ring, and the stamping feet of the Flamenco dancer.- Spanish Resources 24 January 2010 12:56 UTC www.nd.edu [Source type: General]
^ Some derive it from the Punic word tsepan , "rabbit", basing the opinion on the evidence of a coin of Galba, on which Spain is represented with a rabbit at her feet, and on Strabo, who calls Spain "the land of rabbits".- CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Spain 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.newadvent.org [Source type: Original source]
^ In the early days, organic farming research was developed by the farmers themselves, as researchers in the European Mediterranean countries, including Spain, were not interested in organic farming until the end of the 1980s.
[7] .^ The word commonwealth had no meaning either east or west of the Iberian range.
[6]
The humanist
Antonio de Nebrija proposed that the word
Hispania evolved from the
Iberian word
Hispalis, meaning "city of the western world". According to a new research by Jesús Luis Cunchillos published in 2000 with the name of
Gramática fenicia elemental (
Basic phoenician grammar), the root of the term
span is
spy, meaning "to forge metals". Therefore
i-spn-ya would mean "the land where metals are forged".
[8]Geography
.^ The immense majority of the people are professed adherents of the Roman Catholic faith, so that, so far as numbers go, Spain is still the most Catholic country in the world, as it has long been styled.
^ Area: 195,364 sq mi (505,990 sq km).- Spain -- Britannica Online Encyclopedia 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.britannica.com [Source type: Reference]
^ PROFILE OFFICIAL NAME: Kingdom of Spain Geography Area: 504,750 sq.- Spain (12/09) 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ It is thus rather more than twice the size of Great Britain ., nearly 50,000 sq.
^ Area: 195,364 sq mi (505,990 sq km).- Spain -- Britannica Online Encyclopedia 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.britannica.com [Source type: Reference]
^ As the Revolution has generally shown some respect for the Piarists , they have kept a larger number of their colleges than the Jesuits , who have been repeatedly expelled, and so obliged to establish their colleges over again.- CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Spain 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.newadvent.org [Source type: Original source]
.^ Its situated in the South-West of Europe and its territory also includes the Balearic Islands , Canary Islands and the cities of Ceuta and Melilla ( North Africa ).- GlobaLex - GUIDE TO LEGAL RESEARCH IN SPAIN 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.nyulawglobal.org [Source type: Academic]
^ The kingdom of Spain is the main country on the Iberian Peninsula , which it shares with Portugal and the British-dependent territory Gibraltar .- GlobaLex - GUIDE TO LEGAL RESEARCH IN SPAIN 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.nyulawglobal.org [Source type: Academic]
^ Gibraltar residents voted overwhelmingly by referendum to remain a British colony and against a "total shared sovereignty" arrangement while demanding participation in talks between the UK and Spain; Spain disapproves of UK plans to grant Gibraltar greater autonomy; Morocco protests Spain's control over the coastal enclaves of Ceuta, Melilla, and the islands of Penon de Velez de la Gomera, Penon de Alhucemas and Islas Chafarinas, and surrounding waters; Morocco serves as the primary launching site of illegal migration into Spain from North Africa .- CIA - The World Factbook -- Spain 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.umsl.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ On the e~ast of the Basques, along the line of the Pyrenees, were others of kindred blood, who also kept a rude freedom on the slopes and in the valleys of the mountains.
.^ It has both Atlantic and Mediterranean coastlines and incorporates two archipelagos - the Balearics and the Canary Islands .- Cheap Spain holidays and holiday deals at Thomas Cook 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.thomascook.com [Source type: General]
^ Balearic and Canary islands, SW Europe.- Spain News - Breaking World Spain News - The New York Times 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC topics.nytimes.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Elsewhere the country is bounded by water: by the Mediterranean Sea to the east and southeast, by the Atlantic Ocean to the northwest and southwest, and by the Bay of Biscay (an inlet of the Atlantic Ocean) to the north.- Spain -- Britannica Online Encyclopedia 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.britannica.com [Source type: Reference]
.^ The small Catalan town of Port Bou is the last stop in Spain before reaching the nearby border with France.- Alltop - Top Spain News 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC spain.alltop.com [Source type: General]
^ It was henceforth ~ of a small state lying across the Pyrenees, dependent on France, and doomed inevitably to be partitioned between its great neighbors to north and south.
^ On all sides except that of Portugal the boundaries of continental Spain are natural, the Peninsula being separated from France by the Pyrenees and on every other side being surrounded by the sea.
The little
Pheasant Island in the River
Bidasoa is a Spanish-French
condominium.
.^ Sierra Nevada and the coast ranges in the south.
^ The Sierra Nevada mountain range also climbs to around 3800m so can see very cold temperatures and heavy winter snowfalls.
^ North-east of the Sierra Nevada two small ranges, Alcaraz and La Sagra, rise with remarkable abruptness from the plateau of Murcia , where it merges in that of the interior.
.^ It is traversed from west to east by mountain chains-notably the Sierra de Guadarrama-and the valleys of the Douro (Duero), the Tagus, and Guadiana rivers.- Spain News - Breaking World Spain News - The New York Times 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC topics.nytimes.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
Alluvial plains are found along the coast, the largest of which is that of the Guadalquivir in
Andalusia.
Climate
Due to Spain's geographical situation and
orographic conditions, the
climate is extremely diverse; discounting the mountain climate, it can be roughly divided into five areas:
- Spain News - Breaking World Spain News - The New York Times 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC topics.nytimes.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Elsewhere the country is bounded by water: by the Mediterranean Sea to the east and southeast, by the Atlantic Ocean to the northwest and southwest, and by the Bay of Biscay (an inlet of the Atlantic Ocean) to the north.- Spain -- Britannica Online Encyclopedia 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.britannica.com [Source type: Reference]
^ Spanish summers are often very hot, but winters vary sharply, being mild in coastal areas and colder inland.- Spain News - Breaking World Spain News - The New York Times 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC topics.nytimes.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ Along the eastern coast, S of Catalonia, extend the regions of Valencia and Murcia , named after their chief cities.- Spain News - Breaking World Spain News - The New York Times 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC topics.nytimes.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The arid prairies of certain parts of the Castiles and Estremadura are in as striking contrast with the fertile, though monotonous, plains of the Campos district and Lower Aragón , and the extremely rich arable lands and meadows of Andalusia and the eastern provinces, as are the perpetual snows of the Pyrenees, the Cantabrian Range, and the Sierra Nevada with the parched lowlands of Estremadura, Andalusia , Murcia, and Alicante.- CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Spain 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.newadvent.org [Source type: Original source]
^ Spain is bordered to the west by Portugal; to the northeast it borders France, from which it is separated by the tiny principality of Andorra and by the great wall of the Pyrenees Mountains.- Spain -- Britannica Online Encyclopedia 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.britannica.com [Source type: Reference]
.^ Administratively, the country is divided into 17 regions (autonomous communities) and 2 autonomous cities (Ceuta and Melilla).- Spain News - Breaking World Spain News - The New York Times 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC topics.nytimes.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Its situated in the South-West of Europe and its territory also includes the Balearic Islands , Canary Islands and the cities of Ceuta and Melilla ( North Africa ).- GlobaLex - GUIDE TO LEGAL RESEARCH IN SPAIN 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.nyulawglobal.org [Source type: Academic]
^ Barcelona , the chief Catalan city, is the largest port and the second largest city of Spain.- Spain News - Breaking World Spain News - The New York Times 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC topics.nytimes.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
Localized
Subtropical climate areas exist in the coasts of Granada and Málaga (
Costa Tropical).
A Subtropical climate in the Canary Islands (largest city, Las Palmas).
.^ The reign of Spain stays mainly in the plain .- Alltop - Top Spain News 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC spain.alltop.com [Source type: General]
It falls mainly in the northern mountains.
[9]
History
.^ Except for the Basques, the Iberian population became thoroughly romanized, perhaps more so than any subject population.- Spain News - Breaking World Spain News - The New York Times 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC topics.nytimes.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Fauna.The Iberian Peninsula belongs to the Mediterranean sub-region of the Palaearctic region of the animal kingdom.
.^ Isidore of Seville (560–636), major scholar of the early Middle Ages, wrote Etymologiae, first encyclopedia known to be compiled in western civilization.
.^ In the early 8th century most of the peninsula fell to Muslims (Moors) from North Africa, and it remained under their control until it was gradually reconquered by the Christian kingdoms of Castile , Aragon , and Portugal.- Spain -- Britannica Online Encyclopedia 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.britannica.com [Source type: Reference]
^ Little more than the kingdom of Granada remained in Moorish hands; it held out until its conquest by Ferdinand and Isabella in 1492.- Spain News - Breaking World Spain News - The New York Times 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC topics.nytimes.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The return of their blond exiled god was forecast for the very year Cortez reached their shores.- Spanish Resources 24 January 2010 12:56 UTC www.nd.edu [Source type: General]
.^ Islamic arts: Western Islāmic art: Moorish ) literature ( in Islamic arts: Achievements in the western Muslim world ) jewelry ( in jewelry: 17th century ) Jewish literature ( in Hebrew literature: The golden age in Spain, 900–1200 ) literature ( in Spanish literature ) metalwork ( in metalwork: 16th century ; in metalwork: Spain ) mosaic ( in mosaic (art): Early Christian mosaics ) motion pictures ( in history of the motion picture: Spain and Mexico ) music .- Spain -- Britannica Online Encyclopedia 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.britannica.com [Source type: Reference]
^ Spain ) chairs ( in furniture: Spain: 17th century ) garden and landscape design ( in garden and landscape design: 17th- and 18th-century French ) interior design ( in interior design: Spain ) Islamic art .- Spain -- Britannica Online Encyclopedia 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.britannica.com [Source type: Reference]
^ Tomás Luis de Victoria (1548–1611), the most famous composer of the 16th century (late Renaissance) in Spain.
.^ This bellicose policy, however, brought him into collision with the queen, who feared that the outbreak of war would diminish the revenues which she squandered in selfindulgence.
^ However, the rigor and heroism displayed by the common people of Spain in their struggle against the conqueror (see Peninsular War ) was an important factor in the eventual downfall of Napoleon.- Spain News - Breaking World Spain News - The New York Times 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC topics.nytimes.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ However, since Spain has problems with unemployment and does not have a very rich economy, Spain is not the most attractive country for other Europeans to come to work and settle down.- Spain - Economic analysis of government's policies, investment climate and political risk. 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.mkeever.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ The 18th century - - The 19th and early 20th centuries .- Spain -- Britannica Online Encyclopedia 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.britannica.com [Source type: Reference]
^ Spain ) chairs ( in furniture: Spain: 17th century ) garden and landscape design ( in garden and landscape design: 17th- and 18th-century French ) interior design ( in interior design: Spain ) Islamic art .- Spain -- Britannica Online Encyclopedia 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.britannica.com [Source type: Reference]
^ Tomás Luis de Victoria (1548–1611), the most famous composer of the 16th century (late Renaissance) in Spain.
.^ He brought aid to the Catholics of Ireland , sending an expedition under Aguilar (1602), and intervened in behalf of the German Catholics in the first period of the Thirty Years' War .- CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Spain 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.newadvent.org [Source type: Original source]
^ It was thus under Castilian leadership that the reconquest was completed, and it was the Castilian nobility that formed the nucleus of the class of feudal magnates-the grandees-who were the ruling class of Spain for centuries after the reconquest.- Spain News - Breaking World Spain News - The New York Times 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC topics.nytimes.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The Dissidents of the Right consist of the old Carlist party, dormant during the last years of the reign of Isabel II, but which developed extraordinary vigour under the Republic and the period of extreme Liberalism , maintaining a civil war .- CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Spain 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.newadvent.org [Source type: Original source]
.^ Spanish constitution dates from 1978, which established Spain as a parliamentary monarchy.- Spain - Economic analysis of government's policies, investment climate and political risk. 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.mkeever.com [Source type: Original source]
^ The political form of the Spanish State is the Parliamentary Monarchy (article 1.3 SC).- GlobaLex - GUIDE TO LEGAL RESEARCH IN SPAIN 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.nyulawglobal.org [Source type: Academic]
^ His successor as head of state, Juan Carlos I , restored the monarchy with his accession to the throne; a new constitution in 1978 established a constitutional monarchy.- Spain -- Britannica Online Encyclopedia 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.britannica.com [Source type: Reference]
.^ Spain joined NATO in 1982 and the European Community in 1986.- Spain -- Britannica Online Encyclopedia 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.britannica.com [Source type: Reference]
^ Since 1986, Spain has been a member of the European Union.- GlobaLex - GUIDE TO LEGAL RESEARCH IN SPAIN 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.nyulawglobal.org [Source type: Academic]
^ In 1986 Spain became a member of the European Union and transferred the exercise of certain domains and State powers.- GlobaLex - GUIDE TO LEGAL RESEARCH IN SPAIN 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.nyulawglobal.org [Source type: Academic]
Prehistory and pre-Roman peoples
.^ Finally, 110 organic research project proposals were presented and only 24 were approved; EUR 2.1 million were spent in three years.
[11] Modern humans first arrived in Iberia, from the north on foot, about 32,000 years ago.
[12] .^ These attempts merely led (1718) to the formation of the Quadruple Alliance , which in 1720 imposed upon Spain a but slightly more favorable settlement in Italy.- Spain News - Breaking World Spain News - The New York Times 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC topics.nytimes.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The Basques may be descended from the prehistoric humans whose art has been preserved in the caves at Altamira.- Spain News - Breaking World Spain News - The New York Times 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC topics.nytimes.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[10]
.^ These three rebellious states, to which the divisions of the peninsula had been reduced, completed the Reconquest; they were not united, to form Iberian national unity, until three centuries later.- CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Spain 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.newadvent.org [Source type: Original source]
^ They were repaid by the confidence of the king, and the period which includes the reign of Fernando and lasts till the end of the I 4th century was the golden age of their history in Spain.
^ Christmas is officially coming to an end for another year, with the last of the major events on Wednesday - Three Kings Day.- Alltop - Top Spain News 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC spain.alltop.com [Source type: General]
.^ The kingdom of Spain is the main country on the Iberian Peninsula , which it shares with Portugal and the British-dependent territory Gibraltar .- GlobaLex - GUIDE TO LEGAL RESEARCH IN SPAIN 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.nyulawglobal.org [Source type: Academic]
^ These were the Iberians, who were divided into Iberians proper and Tartesians; the latter, in the South; the former, in the North.- CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Spain 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.newadvent.org [Source type: Original source]
^ The Spanish Peninsula has also been called the Iberian, from its original inhabitants, and (by synecdoche) the Pyrenean, from the mountains which bound it on the north.- CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Spain 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.newadvent.org [Source type: Original source]
In the inner part of the peninsula, where both groups were in contact, a mixed, distinctive culture—known as
Celtiberian—was present.
.^ The Basques on either side of the Western Pyrenees dissatisfied with Frankish rule, rebelled on several occasions.- CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Spain 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.newadvent.org [Source type: Original source]
^ On the e~ast of the Basques, along the line of the Pyrenees, were others of kindred blood, who also kept a rude freedom on the slopes and in the valleys of the mountains.
.^ Cicerone - Walking in the Algarve (1995) Walking guide to Southern Portugal with 34 coastal and inland day walks described.
.^ These three rebellious states, to which the divisions of the peninsula had been reduced, completed the Reconquest; they were not united, to form Iberian national unity, until three centuries later.- CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Spain 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.newadvent.org [Source type: Original source]
^ These colourful photos are from the indoor market just off La Rambla in Barcelona.There's far more choice for your '5 a day' here!- Alltop - Top Spain News 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC spain.alltop.com [Source type: General]
^ There are many great reasons to speak Spanish, the language is becoming so valuable these days.- Synergy Spanish, lessons that makes it easy to learnSpanish quickly 24 January 2010 12:56 UTC www.synergyspanish.com [Source type: General]
The flourishing trade in gold and silver between the people of Tartessos and
Phoenicians and
Greeks is documented in the history of
Strabo and in the biblical book of king Solomon.
.^ With Spain, Philip had also inherited Sicily, Naples, Sardinia, Milan, Franche-Comt, the Netherlands, and all the Spanish colonies.- Spain News - Breaking World Spain News - The New York Times 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC topics.nytimes.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ I ordered Rocket Spanish about six months ago I've gone through all of the lessons.- Rocket Spanish Reviews and Success Stories 24 January 2010 12:56 UTC www.rocketlanguages.com [Source type: General]
^ Your course really is the easiest way I have found to make sense of all the Spanish I knew but didn't know how to put together.
.^ Leovigild drove the imperial officers from Seville and Cordova, though they still retained control of the coast.
^ As a result, the Almoravids took over Moorish Spain, but they in turn were replaced (c.1174) by the Almohads , another Berber dynasty.- Spain News - Breaking World Spain News - The New York Times 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC topics.nytimes.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The Roman victory over Hannibal in the second of the Punic Wars (218-201 B.C.) resulted in the expulsion of the Carthaginians.- Spain News - Breaking World Spain News - The New York Times 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC topics.nytimes.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[13]
Roman Empire and the Gothic Kingdom
.^ The Carthaginians had extended their influence no great distance from the eastern coast and their Roman successors had all the work to do.
^ At seven biannual congresses organized by SEAE during the last 15 years, more than 1,000 papers have been presented and published.
^ But Rome had already her eyes on the Spanish men and mines, and, in the second Punic War, drove Carthage finally and completely out of the Peninsula (201 B.C.).
[14]
The base Celt and Iberian population remained in various stages of
Romanisation, and local leaders were admitted into the Roman aristocratic class.
[note .[13] Hispania served as a granary for the Roman market, and its harbors exported
gold,
wool,
olive oil, and
wine.
^ They usually produce for external markets (the European Union and - in the oil and wine sector - the United States and Japan).
^ The most relevant processing industries deal with vegetable production, wine and olive oil.
.^ Although the introduction of agri-environmental support measures for organic production through the Common Agricultural Policy came later than in other EU countries.
^ The money will be used for promotion, communication and the marketing of DTT. In addition some of the money will be used for market surveys and to help with technical areas concerning products and services.- DVB - Digital Video Broadcasting - Spain 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.dvb.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ The emperor Trajan , indeed, and his relative and successor Hadrian , were born in Spain, but they were both of Roman stock and Roman training.
[note 8].^ In the eleventh century the Cluniac Reform was introduced into Spain.- CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Spain 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.newadvent.org [Source type: Original source]
^ In 1809, Joseph Bonaparte, the intruded occupant of the Throne, divided Spain into 38 departments, and the present division, into 49 provinces, was legally enacted in 1834.- CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Spain 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.newadvent.org [Source type: Original source]
^ The present civil code was put into force on the 1st of May 1889 for the whole kingdom.
[14] .^ He destroyed the Alans, and drove the Vandals and Suebi into the north-west.
The Suevi established a kingdom in what is today modern
Galicia and northern
Portugal.
.^ Roman province of the same name extending from the Bay of Biscay to the line of the Duero, from the ocean to the foot of the mountains of Navarre.
.^ In Andalusia and Murcia the bull-fight still holds first place; in Valencia the enthusiasm for it is not so great, and still less in Catalonia , Aragón , and other regions.- CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Spain 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.newadvent.org [Source type: Original source]
^ The Vandals , after establishing themselves in Baetica, to which they gave the name of Vandalusia (Andalusia), passed on into Africa , while the Visigoths hemmed in the Suevi in Galicia until the latter were completely brought under control.- CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Spain 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.newadvent.org [Source type: Original source]
^ Source: Digitag Item added: 27th March 2007 First Regional licence awarded The Government of Andalusia, in southern Spain, has awarded the first DTT licences, with regional coverage.- DVB - Digital Video Broadcasting - Spain 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.dvb.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
The
Byzantines established an enclave,
Spania, in the south, with the intention of reviving the Roman empire throughout Iberia. Eventually, however, Hispania was reunited under
Visigothic rule.
Muslim Iberia
.^ The Spanish Peninsula has also been called the Iberian, from its original inhabitants, and (by synecdoche) the Pyrenean, from the mountains which bound it on the north.- CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Spain 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.newadvent.org [Source type: Original source]
^ These three rebellious states, to which the divisions of the peninsula had been reduced, completed the Reconquest; they were not united, to form Iberian national unity, until three centuries later.- CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Spain 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.newadvent.org [Source type: Original source]
^ In the last years of the 8th and begiiining of the 9th century, Charlemagne and Louis the Pius began conquering the north-east of Spain, which the Arabs had occupied as early as 713.
These conquests were part of the expansion of the
Umayyad Islamic Empire.
[note . Only a number of areas in the mountainous north of the Iberian Peninsula managed to resist the initial invasion and they were the starters of the
Reconquista.
^ The capture of Seville resulted in the dissolution of the central junta, and the Peninsula was only saved from final submission by the obstinate resistance of Wellington in Portugal and by dissensions among the French.
^ They are to be sought for along the line of the mountains of the north.
^ The Spanish Peninsula has also been called the Iberian, from its original inhabitants, and (by synecdoche) the Pyrenean, from the mountains which bound it on the north.- CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Spain 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.newadvent.org [Source type: Original source]
.^ In these last, however, the prevailing frtut-trees are those of central Europe, and above all the apple , which is very extensively cultivated in Asturias, the Basque Provinces and Navarre.
^ The northern provinces, especially Guip6zcoa and Biscay, Navarre and Oviedo, have followed in the wake of Catalonia for linen and cotton industries and for paper-mills.
^ The roads which wind through the Pyrenees in northern Aragon, Navarre and Catalonia had long been the channels of an important traffic, although great inconvenience was caused by the snow which blocks the passes in winter.
.^ The prevalence of predial slavery in Aragon and Valencia can be largely explained by the number of Mudjares, that is Mahommedans living under Christian rule, and of Moriscoes converted Mohammedans.
[15] Conversion to
Islam proceeded at a steadily increasing pace. The
muladies (Muslims of ethnic
Iberian origin) are believed to have comprised the majority of the population of Al-Andalus by the end of the 10th century.
[16][17]
The Muslim community in the Iberian peninsula was itself diverse and beset by social tensions.
.^ It was the rule of a strong man who made, and kept under his own control, a janissary army of slaves from all nations, Christian mercenaries from the north, Berbers and negroes from Africa.
^ In the last years of the 8th and begiiining of the 9th century, Charlemagne and Louis the Pius began conquering the north-east of Spain, which the Arabs had occupied as early as 713.
[note . Over time, large
Moorish populations became established, especially in the
Guadalquivir River valley, the coastal plain of
Valencia, the
Ebro River valley and (towards the end of this period) in the mountainous region of
Granada.
^ On the north-east and east, where the edge of the table-land sweeps round in a wide curve , the surface sinks in broad terraces to the valley of the Ebro and the Bay of Valencia, and is crowned by more or less isolated mountains, some of which have been already mentioned.
^ Many of the old irrigation workssuch as those of the plain of Tarragonadate from the time of the Romans, and many others from the Moorish period, while new ones are still being laid out at the present day.
^ The only two important lowland valleys of Spain are those of the Ebro and the Guadalquivir.
[17]Córdoba, the capital of the
caliphate, was the largest, richest and most sophisticated city in
western Europe.
[note 11] Mediterranean trade and cultural exchange flourished. Muslims imported a rich intellectual tradition from the Middle East and North Africa. Muslim and Jewish scholars played an important part in reviving and expanding classical
Greek learning in Western Europe. The
Romanized cultures of the Iberian peninsula interacted with Muslim and Jewish cultures in complex ways, thus giving the region a distinctive culture.
[17] .^ It was the first city outside of Italy which obtained such a municipal charter, without the usual implantation of Roman citizens (either poor men needing land or discharged veteran soldiers) from Italy.
^ In the majority of cases the conversion had occurred so long ago that the memory of the time when they were Mahommedans was lost, and multitudes of the children of Mudjares remained.
^ But the most extensive and interesting Tertiary accumulations are those of the great lakes which in Oligocene and Miocene time spread over so large an expanse of the table-land.
.^ By the beginning of the 11th century the leading place among the Christian kings had been taken by Sancho the Sancho El Mayor (the Great) of Navarre.
^ After its fleeting day of glory, the Caliphate fell into a rapid decay, until it was broken up into more than twenty states known as the Kingdom of Taifas.- CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Spain 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.newadvent.org [Source type: Original source]
^ The 10th century and the first years of the 11th saw a great set-back of the Christian revival.
[17] .^ "I have learned more from your programs than all the different programs I've bought including all three Pimsleur programs."
^ It is the only Spanish member of the Trans European Law Firms Alliance (TELFA), one of the most important networks of independent law, present in more than 27 countries.- List of Attorneys 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.embusa.es [Source type: Original source]
^ In Madrid, the regional government will finance up to 50% of costs in areas covering more than 20 flats and 20-30% of costs in areas with less than 20 flats.- DVB - Digital Video Broadcasting - Spain 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.dvb.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[13]
Fall of Muslim rule and unification
Main article:
Reconquista.^ The kingdom of Spain is the main country on the Iberian Peninsula , which it shares with Portugal and the British-dependent territory Gibraltar .- GlobaLex - GUIDE TO LEGAL RESEARCH IN SPAIN 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.nyulawglobal.org [Source type: Academic]
^ Earliest Historic Period.Phoenician traders probably reached Spain long before our historical knowledge of the Peninsula begins, possibly as early as the 11th century B.C. The Ph One of their earlier settlements, Gades (now ki Cadiz), has been called the oldest town in the world (or in Europe) which has kept a continuity of life and name from its first origin.
^ In the fifth century the see was made metropolitan , and after the Reconquest it became the principal see of the Spains.- CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Spain 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.newadvent.org [Source type: Original source]
.^ The greatest destiny was preserved for the Christian remnant which stood out to the west of the Basques, in the mountains of Asturias.
.^ It was henceforth ~ of a small state lying across the Pyrenees, dependent on France, and doomed inevitably to be partitioned between its great neighbors to north and south.
.^ Rother - Pyrenees 1 - Spain (2003) 50 selected valley and mountain walks in the Central Pyrenees on the Spanish side of the border.
^ The only two important lowland valleys of Spain are those of the Ebro and the Guadalquivir.
^ They treated the occupation of Spain as a financial speculation more than as a war for the faith.
.^ University of Santiago de Compostela, 1940.- List of Attorneys 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.embusa.es [Source type: Original source]
^ Santiago de Compostela , for example.
^ University of Santiago de Compostela, 1956.- List of Attorneys 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.embusa.es [Source type: Original source]
.^ But B i ion before the end was reached all had been persuaded or XpUS forced into Christianity, had ceased to be Mudjares, Moriscoes.
^ The present civil code was put into force on the 1st of May 1889 for the whole kingdom.
^ Under Fernando, they advanced to of the the banks of the Tagus in the south, and into Valencia Christian on the south-east.
These territories included Navarre, Aragon and Catalonia.
[18]
In 842, another group of Germanic tribe,
Vikings or
Norsemen, invaded the peninsula. They attacked Cadiz in 844.
.^ One of them, al- Mamun , even sought Fernandos help to regain his throne in Morocco, and ceded a suburb of the city to his Christian allies.
^ After its fleeting day of glory, the Caliphate fell into a rapid decay, until it was broken up into more than twenty states known as the Kingdom of Taifas.- CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Spain 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.newadvent.org [Source type: Original source]
.^ Thus was the progress of the Reconquest favoured by circumstances; it would have been completed in the thirteenth century, had not divisions and discords among the Christians impeded it.- CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Spain 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.newadvent.org [Source type: Original source]
[note . After a Muslim resurgence in the 12th century, the great Moorish strongholds in the south fell to Christian Spain in the 13th century—
Córdoba in 1236 and
Seville in 1248—leaving only the Muslim enclave of
Granada as a
tributary state in the south.
^ The influences which by the 13th century had abolished serfdom in western Spain were all at work before the reign of Ramiro II. In spite of revolts and of fratricidal struggles a state was formed.
^ By the beginning of the 11th century the leading place among the Christian kings had been taken by Sancho the Sancho El Mayor (the Great) of Navarre.
^ A part of the work of christianizing the Spain of the 13th century, and not the least part, was done by the monks of Cluny introduced by the French wife of Alphonso VI. To them was due the impulse given to the reform of the church, and to education.
[19]
.^ The king accordingly proposed to set aside the Salic Law and re-establish the ancient Spanish law of succession, which admitted females , failing male issues.- CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Spain 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.newadvent.org [Source type: Original source]
^ For them, as for the Jews, the 13th and 14th centuries were a golden age.
.^ Aragon, Catalonia and Valencia by arms.
^ Barcelona, Tarragona and Lrida (the old principality of Catalonia), and of Castellon de la Plana, Valencia and Alicante (the old kingdom of Valencia), and, in the Mediterranean, that of the Balearic Islands (the old kingdom of li.Iajorca).
^ Madrid, Valencia, Canaries Islands and Catalonia are the regions where DTT is most widely watched.- DVB - Digital Video Broadcasting - Spain 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.dvb.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[20] Around this time the universities of
Palencia (1212/1263) and
Salamanca (1218/1254) were established; among the earliest in Europe. The
Black Death of 1348 and 1349 devastated Spain.
[21]
.^ The marriage united the crowns in 1479, .
^ His marriage with Isabella united the crowns.
^ If now we look at the internal history of Spain from the conclusion of the period of the reconquest, which may be put in the middle of the 13th century down to the union of the crowns of Castile and of Aragon by the marriage of Ferdinand Cbi latlanand Isabel in 1469, it will be found to be occupied ~zatlonof with two great processes.
.^ Member of the Madrid and Canary Islands bar association for the last 6 years.- List of Attorneys 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.embusa.es [Source type: Original source]
^ The conquest was begun by Hamilcar Barca, and extended as far as the Ebro; then, too, began that struggle of the Spaniards for independence which was to last until the nineteenth century of the Christian Era .- CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Spain 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.newadvent.org [Source type: Original source]
^ During the regency the Cuban Insurrection, and that of the Philippines , gave rise to the war with the United States , which led to the loss of the last remnants of Spain's colonial empire.- CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Spain 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.newadvent.org [Source type: Original source]
The
Treaty of Granada guaranteed religious tolerance toward
Muslims.
[22]
.^ The voyage of Columbus had unforeseen consequences which led to diplomatic difficulties with Portugal, and the treaty of Tordesillas in 1494, which defined the respective spheres of influence of the two powers in the New World and in Asia.
^ Extensive DVB-H services at the 3GSM 2007 World Congress Four dedicated DVB-H multiplexes are planned to be in operation during this years World GSM Congress in Barcelona.- DVB - Digital Video Broadcasting - Spain 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.dvb.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The voyage of Columbus Spanish ~n 1492, and the intervention of Ferdinand in the History great conflict of France, the empire and the papacy alter 1479.
.^ The chief exporters to Spain (in the same order) are Great Britain, France, Cuba, Germany and Portugal.
^ During this period the Jews in Spain became very numerous and acquired great power; they were not only the physicians, but also the treasurers of the kings.- CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Spain 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.newadvent.org [Source type: Original source]
^ But the history of the persecution and expulsion of the Jews is the same everywhere except in date.
[23] Not long after, Muslims were also expelled under the same conditions.
[note 13][24]
.^ Martin IV having excommunicated Pedro III, the Aragónese nobles took advantage of the fact to extend their privileges at the expense of the royal power.- CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Spain 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.newadvent.org [Source type: Original source]
^ Ferdinand re-established the ancient churches and sees of Jaén , Cordova (where the great mosque became the cathedral ), and Seville, and began the erection of the magnificent cathedrals of Burgos and Toledo.- CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Spain 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.newadvent.org [Source type: Original source]
^ Each of the two island groups forms one of the forty-nine provinces of the kingdom, although only the first named belongs geographically to Spain.
[24] .^ World Wide News Events - War Ends in Spain Madrid - the stronghold of the Red forces surrenders without firing a shot.- Footage Farm: Spanish Civil War 24 January 2010 12:56 UTC www.footagefarm.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ World-Wide News Events: Naples, Italy 20,000 Italian troops given hero s welcome on return from fighting w/ Franco s forces in Spain.- Footage Farm: Spanish Civil War 24 January 2010 12:56 UTC www.footagefarm.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The Spaniard became the swordsman and executioner of the counter-Reformation, because the power of the House of Austria depended on the imposition of religious unity in Europe.
Imperial Spain
Main article:
Spanish Empire.^ One of the first measures adopted by them in Castile, before the union with Aragon, was to stop the nomination of foreigners to Spanish benefices by the pope.
^ Medieval Spain divides itself into three con quistasthat of Castile (much the most considerable), that of Portugal, and that of Aragon.
[25] .^ This tragedy, which rightly or wrongly aroused the most widespread indignation throughout Europe, produced a ministerial crisis in Spain.
^ He commented, “Spain is leading the DTT take-up in Europe following the sales of set-top-boxes increasing over recent months”.- DVB - Digital Video Broadcasting - Spain 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.dvb.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Andalusia, Murcia, Valencia, Catalonia and the Balearic Islands were subject to their raids throughout the whole of the 16th and 17th centuries.
.^ Each of the two island groups forms one of the forty-nine provinces of the kingdom, although only the first named belongs geographically to Spain.
^ He was aucceeded by his grandson Charles of Habsburg, and when Charles was elected to the empire in 15f9 Spain was dragged into the wars and politics of central Europe.
^ The process did not cease, but, during the reign of Isabella the Catholic (1474-1504) until the death of her husband Ferdinand in 1516, was carried, not to completion, but to the stopping place at which it was destined to rest for two centuries.
.^ [World Wide News - Spanish Civil War] Amposta - Fighting scenes on Catalonian front with Italian legionnaires attacking Loyalist positions.- Footage Farm: Spanish Civil War 24 January 2010 12:56 UTC www.footagefarm.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ World At War, R3 German & Italian troops in Spanish civil war fighting.- Footage Farm: Spanish Civil War 24 January 2010 12:56 UTC www.footagefarm.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ [Worldwide News Events - Spanish Civil War Refugees in Luchon] Spanish refugees cross the Pyrenees at Luchon, France.- Footage Farm: Spanish Civil War 24 January 2010 12:56 UTC www.footagefarm.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[26]
.^ Charles V , attracted to Italy by the ancient strife with France for the possession of the Italian states, and to Germany by his inheritance of the imperial Throne from his grandfather Maximilian, was more the Emperor of Germany than the King of Spain, and completely diverted Spanish policy from America and Africa.- CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Spain 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.newadvent.org [Source type: Original source]
^ The most important of these islands formed what is now Galicia and the North of Portugal , with parts of the Provinces of Cáceres, Salamanca, and Zamora.- CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Spain 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.newadvent.org [Source type: Original source]
^ This was denounced at Rome as a unilateral assertion on the part of the Spanish government of an authority which, under the concordat, belonged to the Holy See as well.
It was the first empire about which it was said that
the sun never set.
.^ AVE trains run at up to 186 mph over the new line between Madrid & Malaga, the final section of which opened on 24 December 2007.- How to travel by train from London to Spain: Madrid, Barcelona,Seville... 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.seat61.com [Source type: General]
^ The foreign trade of the country is of course carried on mainly by sea, and of the land commerce by far the largest proportion is with or through France.
^ An activity playground/tent will be open to children up to 12yrs of age in Lloret until 4th Jan.- Alltop - Top Spain News 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC spain.alltop.com [Source type: General]
.^ World Wide News Events - Catalonia, Spain Spanish Civil War, Battle for Barcelona and refugees, troops across fields.- Footage Farm: Spanish Civil War 24 January 2010 12:56 UTC www.footagefarm.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Since being back in Australia I found a Colombian lady teaching Spanish so have been using her services, but your course far surpasses any other course I have come across.- Rocket Spanish Reviews and Success Stories 24 January 2010 12:56 UTC www.rocketlanguages.com [Source type: General]
^ There are also some other publishing companies (Icaria, MundiPrensa, Eumedia and others) that have brought out organic farming books in Spanish.
[27] The cultural efflorescence witnessed is now referred to as the
Spanish Golden Age.
.^ Castelar, too, raised his eloquent protest against popular risings and barrack, conspiracies.
A sixteenth century Spanish
galleon.
.^ All this also did not bear its full frOit till later times, but by the 17th century it had made Spain one of the two most beggarly nations in Europe the other being Portugal.
^ Converting shared antenna distribution systems, which are common in Spain, is a challenge because not all neighbours are prepared to pay for it.- DVB - Digital Video Broadcasting - Spain 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.dvb.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Spain, after intervening on the side of Catholicism in all the conflicts of the European states, now saw herself an object of ambition to foreigners.- CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Spain 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.newadvent.org [Source type: Original source]
.^ Under the influence of Maria Christina Ferdinand VII. formally promulgated it Isabella IL, at the close of his life, after some hesitation, and Queen, amid many intrigues.
^ In 1125 he carried out a great raid through Mahommedan Spain, camping in its midst for months, and returning with many thousands of the Christian rayahs, who, under the name of Mozrabes, had hitherto continued to live under Moslem rule.
[note . This at a time when Spain was often at war with France in Italy and elsewhere.
^ In 1497 Ferdinand, with the support of his wife, Foreign entered on those wars of Italy in which the Spanish Po1k~ of regular soldiers first gained their reputation, and Ferdinand which made Spain for a time the dominant power andisabella.
^ Philip was consequently drawn Spain and into intervention in the religious wars of France the Nether- (q.v.
^ Spain had to pay a monthly subsidy of six million francs, and to enforce strict neutrality upon Portugal, this involving war with England.
.^ After its fleeting day of glory, the Caliphate fell into a rapid decay, until it was broken up into more than twenty states known as the Kingdom of Taifas.- CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Spain 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.newadvent.org [Source type: Original source]
^ Philip was consequently drawn Spain and into intervention in the religious wars of France the Nether- (q.v.
^ In Andalusia the downfall of the Almorvides had War with opened the way to the Almohdes, or followers of theAlmothe Mabdi, an even more bigoted religious sect than hades, the other.
.^ In Spain these measures came into force later than in other EU countries (only in 1995).
[28] .^ The Reconquest All the elements of the Spanish People already existed in the Kingdom of the Catholic Goths ; the Latinized Celtibarian race, or Hispano-Romans, the Gothic element, and the Catholic faith .- CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Spain 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.newadvent.org [Source type: Original source]
^ In a country noted for its fanatical loyalty to the Crown and the Church, the kingship was to be deprived of all power and influence, and the clergy to be excluded as such from Spanish all share in legislation.
^ Finane.Spanish finance passed - through many vicissitudes during tue 19th century.
[29]
.^ Railways have made great advance since the middle of the 19th century.
^ Ferdinand re-established the ancient churches and sees of Jaén , Cordova (where the great mosque became the cathedral ), and Seville, and began the erection of the magnificent cathedrals of Burgos and Toledo.- CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Spain 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.newadvent.org [Source type: Original source]
^ The church and the university were the great promoters of the effort to secure religious unity which began in the 14th and produced its full effects in the 17th century.
[note . The Spanish Habsburgs had enmeshed the country in the continent-wide religious-political conflicts.
^ Pro DTT Association launches campaign The Pro DTT Association formed by the major Spanish TV operators, has launched a country wide advertising campaign to boost the take-up of DTT in Spain.- DVB - Digital Video Broadcasting - Spain 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.dvb.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The political and religious development which we have outlined above resulted in Spanish national unity, and explains the character of Spain as a Catholic nation.- CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Spain 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.newadvent.org [Source type: Original source]
^ Leovigild restored the political unity of the Peninsula, subduing the Suevians, but the religious divisions of the country, reaching even the royal family, brought on a civil war .- CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Spain 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.newadvent.org [Source type: Original source]
These conflicts drained it of resources and undermined the European economy generally.
.^ "Our experience was due in large part to being able to communicate in Spanish" My wife and I belong to Friendship Force International, which is an organization that sponsors home hosting.
^ Great Britain, France, the United States, Germany and Portugal, named in the order of their importance, are the chief consumers of Spanish exports.
^ This good feeling was unfortunately not destined to be of long duration; and in the following year the struggle between the antagonistic forces in Spain once more produced a perilous crisis.
[30]
.^ Philip was consequently drawn Spain and into intervention in the religious wars of France the Nether- (q.v.
^ Communications.The communications in Spain were greatly improved during the 19th century.
^ One party went beyond federalism and proposed to split Spain into cantons.
.^ This neutrality was maintained until the close of the 19th century.
^ It is now expected that the introduction of mobile TV in Spain will be delayed until the end of 2008 or the beginning of 2009.- DVB - Digital Video Broadcasting - Spain 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.dvb.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Communications.The communications in Spain were greatly improved during the 19th century.
.^ The 10th century and the first years of the 11th saw a great set-back of the Christian revival.
^ The new sovereign was one of the most sincere, and the most successful, of the enlightened despots of the 18th century.
^ In his later years Philip added to all his other burdens a costly intervention in France to support the league and resist the succession of Henry IV. to the throne.
.^ Spanish Civil War - related .- Footage Farm: Spanish Civil War 24 January 2010 12:56 UTC www.footagefarm.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ At the head of each province is a civil governor, the office being both administrative and political in character, and one of the few the incumbents of which change with the changes of political parties in power.- CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Spain 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.newadvent.org [Source type: Original source]
^ [Spanish Civil War] Pan over desert battlefield.- Footage Farm: Spanish Civil War 24 January 2010 12:56 UTC www.footagefarm.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[31]
.^ New York, N.Y. [Communists Picket NYC French Embassy Over Deportation Of Spanish War Refugees] Ca.- Footage Farm: Spanish Civil War 24 January 2010 12:56 UTC www.footagefarm.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ Kings of the Visigoths established in Spain: .
^ As the Marca Hispanica on the cast became the county of Barcelona, so the chiefs of Bardulia became the counts of Castile, then the count of Castile, the rival of the king at Leon, and in time the king of Castile, and head of Christian Spain.
^ Fernando (Ferdinand III.) who was in all ways worthy of his mother, took up the crusading duty of a king of Castile, and Ferdinand continued the advance into Andalusia.
[32]
.^ I didn't memorize as much because it was just too much new content for me, but I was still able to go through all 30 lessons with increasing confidence and satisfaction.- Rocket Spanish Reviews and Success Stories 24 January 2010 12:56 UTC www.rocketlanguages.com [Source type: General]
^ But such commercial prosperity characterized many districts of the empire during the first two centuries of our era.
^ The 3rd and 4th centuries saw a decline in the prosperity of Roman Spain.
The new
Bourbon monarchy drew on the French system of modernising the administration and the economy.
Enlightenment ideas began to gain ground among some of the kingdom's elite and monarchy.
.^ As soon as Bonaparte saw himself involved in a new war with England, he turned to Spain for assistance and extorted a new treaty (Oct.
^ The old colonies of Spain in Mexico and South America took advantage of this conflict to make themselves independent.- CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Spain 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.newadvent.org [Source type: Original source]
^ News in Brief [Civil War Anniversary, Spain] (1949) Madrid, Spain Spanish victory parade on anniversary of Civil War, military march past large crowds.- Footage Farm: Spanish Civil War 24 January 2010 12:56 UTC www.footagefarm.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[33]
Napoleonic rule and its consequences
Second of May, 1808: the people revolt against the Napoleonic regime
.^ Louis Philippe , king of the French, saw in.
^ In his time the French Revolution broke out, and the Spanish Bourbons went so far as to ally themselves eventually with that Revolutionary France which had beheaded Louis XVI. The Aranda ministry, having overthrown that of Floridablanca, was in turn overthrown by Don Manuel Godoy, the queen's favourite no less than the king's, who made the Treaty of S. Ildefonso, allying Spain with France against England , and leading up to the disaster of Trafalgar (1805).- CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Spain 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.newadvent.org [Source type: Original source]
^ Her brother Bermudo, the last of his line, could not live in peace with the new king, and lost his life in the battle of Tamaron, in a war which he had himself provoked.
The war polarised the country in an apparent reaction against the
gallicised elites.
.^ Great Britain, France, the United States, Germany and Portugal, named in the order of their importance, are the chief consumers of Spanish exports.
^ Theudis, who made his headquarters at Seville, endeavoured to complete his mastery of the diocese of Spain by occupying Mauritania Tingitana, but he was defeated by the The imperial officers at Ceuta.
^ This good feeling was unfortunately not destined to be of long duration; and in the following year the struggle between the antagonistic forces in Spain once more produced a perilous crisis.
.^ The king being without issue, the rivalries of France and Austria for the succession began even in his lifetime and led up to the project for the dismemberment of the Spanish monarchy.- CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Spain 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.newadvent.org [Source type: Original source]
^ The king and queen having sought refuge at Bayonne , Napoleon made them surrender the Crown of Spain to him, intending it for his brother Joseph Bonaparte.- CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Spain 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.newadvent.org [Source type: Original source]
This foreign
puppet monarch was widely regarded with scorn.
.^ With unemployment across the country nearing 18 per cent and consumer spending dropping, many bullfight fans are cutting back on their hobby.- Alltop - Top Spain News 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC spain.alltop.com [Source type: General]
[34] .^ Spanish Civil War Aircraft over - Bomb damaged buildings and bullet marks in mosaics - debris on ground.- Footage Farm: Spanish Civil War 24 January 2010 12:56 UTC www.footagefarm.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Yet he was able to recover Minorca and Florida in the War of American Independence , and he finally extorted a treaty wiCi Algiers which put a stop to piratical raids on the Spanish coast.
[35] Napoleon was forced to intervene personally, defeating several badly coordinated Spanish armies and forcing a British army to retreat.
.^ Napoleonic invasion and other disastrous wars.
^ In 1135 he was Aiphonso crowned at Leon, in the presence of the new king vii., of Navarre, of the counts of Barcelona and Toulouse, Emperor and of other princes, Christian and Mahommedan, in Spain.
^ The combined French and Portuguese frontiers measure 3094 miles.- CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Spain 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.newadvent.org [Source type: Original source]
[36].^ He lost his hold on his slaves and merEnd of the cenaries, whose chiefs had begun to think it would Empire of be more to their interest to divide the country among AJUI ~ themselves.
^ This defeat was the more disastrous because it deprived Spain of the revenues derived from her colonies.
^ Charles IV (1788-1808), even more deficient in ability and character than Charles III, had to suffer the consequences of political errors committed in the preceding reign.- CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Spain 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.newadvent.org [Source type: Original source]
.^ The influences which by the 13th century had abolished serfdom in western Spain were all at work before the reign of Ramiro II. In spite of revolts and of fratricidal struggles a state was formed.
^ During the regency the Cuban Insurrection, and that of the Philippines , gave rise to the war with the United States , which led to the loss of the last remnants of Spain's colonial empire.- CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Spain 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.newadvent.org [Source type: Original source]
^ The merchant navy of Spain, far from decaying through the loss of her colonies in 1898, seems to have been given fresh impetus.
Spanish–American War
.^ Communications.The communications in Spain were greatly improved during the 19th century.
^ Finally, in the nineteenth century, there arose the division of laws into political, civil, penal, and laws of procedure.- CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Spain 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.newadvent.org [Source type: Original source]
^ Spain left with ham mountain after poor Christmas sales and economic crisis .- Alltop - Top Spain News 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC spain.alltop.com [Source type: General]
.^ During the regency the Cuban Insurrection, and that of the Philippines , gave rise to the war with the United States , which led to the loss of the last remnants of Spain's colonial empire.- CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Spain 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.newadvent.org [Source type: Original source]
^ Cortes had guaranteed, and by 6o,ooo,ooo of debts contracted at a high rate of interest, and with the national guarantee , to meet the expenses of the struggle with the colonies and of the war with the United States.
^ The worst result for Spain of his foreign policy was that the example set by the United States excited a desire for independence in the Spanish colonies, and was the direct incitement to the rebellions at the beginning of the I oth century.
.^ United States support of the Spanish dictatorship in our current struggle against totalitarianism has been explained as a matter of military necessity.- Footage Farm: Spanish Civil War 24 January 2010 12:56 UTC www.footagefarm.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ MegaVerbs has been specifically designed for students and people with an intermediate to advanced level of Spanish so that they can get to grips with the questions that are always asked in tests and exams.- Learn Spanish like a Rocket with Rocket Spanish Premium | Learn to speak Spanish 24 January 2010 12:56 UTC spanishneeds.com [Source type: General]
^ [American Refugees Arrive Home From Spanish Civil War] ca 05Aug36 Large ship into port past camera w/ people at rail.- Footage Farm: Spanish Civil War 24 January 2010 12:56 UTC www.footagefarm.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ It has helped us a great deal already in from ordering in restaurants, directions to local amenities and general chit chat to our Spanish neighbors.- Rocket Spanish Reviews and Success Stories 24 January 2010 12:56 UTC www.rocketlanguages.com [Source type: General]
^ Sagasta conducted the first general election in 1886 much after the usual precedents.
^ Spain against his political enemies in Rome, the Spaniards who supported him were already half Romanized.
It also weakened the stability that had been established during Alfonso XII's reign.
20th century
.^ In the Great Schism of the West Spain played a great part, chiefly through the influence of the Aragónese , Pedro de Luna ( antipope Benedict XIII ).- CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Spain 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.newadvent.org [Source type: Original source]
^ But the temporary cessation of foreign wars brought no real peace to Spain.
^ As the Spaniards named one part of America — Mexico — Nueva España (New Spain), we speak of "the Spains", in the plural, to signify the Spanish possessions.- CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Spain 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.newadvent.org [Source type: Original source]
.^ During the regency the Cuban Insurrection, and that of the Philippines , gave rise to the war with the United States , which led to the loss of the last remnants of Spain's colonial empire.- CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Spain 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.newadvent.org [Source type: Original source]
.^ That is the only official guarantee for consumers that this produce is of this quality and complies with the rules established under Regulation (CEE) 2092/91 .
^ Flags of Mexico & Spanish Republic flying from poles in front outside second floor windows.- Footage Farm: Spanish Civil War 24 January 2010 12:56 UTC www.footagefarm.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Nationalist troops under General Queipo de Llano cheered in Seville.- Footage Farm: Spanish Civil War 24 January 2010 12:56 UTC www.footagefarm.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ This affects all of the planned switchover projects in the regions of Galicia, Castilla y Leon, Andalucia, and the Basque country.- DVB - Digital Video Broadcasting - Spain 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.dvb.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Besides these political parties there are the Regionalists of Catalonia and the Basque Provinces, whose aim is administrative decentralization.- CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Spain 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.newadvent.org [Source type: Original source]
Evacuees give the republican salute.
The
Spanish Civil War (1936–39) ensued.
.^ His son Enrique (Henry) was, killed by the fall of a tile three years later; and Berengaria, to whom the crown came, sent to Leon for her son Fernando, and abdicated in his favor.
^ Franco greeted by crowd of supporters giving Fascist salutes - Falange banner - Nationalist troops marching.- Footage Farm: Spanish Civil War 24 January 2010 12:56 UTC www.footagefarm.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ General Franco inspects fleet at Castellon, Valencia - sailors march in review - Franco tours battleship - departure w/ motorcade through crowd giving Nationalist salute.- Footage Farm: Spanish Civil War 24 January 2010 12:56 UTC www.footagefarm.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
The Republican side was supported by the Soviet Union and Mexico and
International Brigades, including the American
Abraham Lincoln Brigade, but it was not supported officially by the Western powers due to the British-led policy of
Non-Intervention.
.^ Spanish Civil War - related .- Footage Farm: Spanish Civil War 24 January 2010 12:56 UTC www.footagefarm.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ [Spanish Civil War] Pan over desert battlefield.- Footage Farm: Spanish Civil War 24 January 2010 12:56 UTC www.footagefarm.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ On the War Front - Italy - Mussolini presents medals to heroes of the Spanish Civil War.- Footage Farm: Spanish Civil War 24 January 2010 12:56 UTC www.footagefarm.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[note . The conflict had claimed the lives of over 500,000 people
[37] and had caused the flight of up to a half-million citizens.
^ On the 30th June analogue switch-off is set to take place in 500 municipalities across the country, affecting 3 million people.- DVB - Digital Video Broadcasting - Spain 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.dvb.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ If the homes watching DTT services from the pay TV operators are added, DTT penetration goes up to 58%, which amounts to 9 million homes or 23 million people.- DVB - Digital Video Broadcasting - Spain 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.dvb.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Digital satellite TV is received in 2.16 million homes, up 36.4%, with cable in 760,000, up 12.7%.- DVB - Digital Video Broadcasting - Spain 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.dvb.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[38]
.^ I r e often appears under the form dir (aisles de diros = antes de iros), which it is not necessary to explain by de-ire (see H. Schuchardt, Ztschr.f.
^ The Academy of Fine Arts of St. Ferdinand was founded in 1752 under the name of "Real Academia de las tres nobles Artes de S. Fernando".- CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Spain 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.newadvent.org [Source type: Original source]
^ The political parties form three groups: Dissidents of the Right, legal parties, and Dissidents of the Left.- CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Spain 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.newadvent.org [Source type: Original source]
Nonetheless, since Franco's anti-democratic ideology was opposed to the idea of political parties, the new party was renamed officially a National Movement (
Movimiento Nacional) in 1949.
.^ The Iberian Peninsula is not a linguistic unit.
^ Spain s strategic location makes her valuable to the democratic world as a possible air, naval base & beach head should the east & west ideologies come to a military showdown.- Footage Farm: Spanish Civil War 24 January 2010 12:56 UTC www.footagefarm.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The kingdom of Spain is the main country on the Iberian Peninsula , which it shares with Portugal and the British-dependent territory Gibraltar .- GlobaLex - GUIDE TO LEGAL RESEARCH IN SPAIN 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.nyulawglobal.org [Source type: Academic]
In the 1960s, Spain registered an unprecedented economic growth in what was called the
Spanish miracle, which rapidly resumed the long interrupted transition towards a modern industrial economy with a thriving tourism sector and a high degree of human development.
.^ As the Marca Hispanica on the cast became the county of Barcelona, so the chiefs of Bardulia became the counts of Castile, then the count of Castile, the rival of the king at Leon, and in time the king of Castile, and head of Christian Spain.
^ King Juan Carlos of Spain speaks of the new threats from Al Qaeda .- Alltop - Top Spain News 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC spain.alltop.com [Source type: General]
^ Spain is defined at Constitution as a social and democratic State of law whose sovereignty belongs to the Spanish people (articles 1.1 ad 1.2 SC) .- GlobaLex - GUIDE TO LEGAL RESEARCH IN SPAIN 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.nyulawglobal.org [Source type: Academic]
.^ Under the Constitution of 1978, these provinces are organized into 9 autonomous communities.- List of Attorneys 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.embusa.es [Source type: Original source]
^ Spanish, Autonomous Communities and European legislation.- GlobaLex - GUIDE TO LEGAL RESEARCH IN SPAIN 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.nyulawglobal.org [Source type: Academic]
^ States ordinary representation in the Autonomous Community .- GlobaLex - GUIDE TO LEGAL RESEARCH IN SPAIN 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.nyulawglobal.org [Source type: Academic]
In the Basque Country, moderate
Basque nationalism coexisted with a radical nationalism supportive of the separatist group
ETA, which was formed during Franco's rule.
On 23 February 1981, rebel elements among the security forces seized the Cortes and
tried to impose a military-backed government.
.^ DVB-SH available in Barcelona Major players who have joined forces to form the ‘DVB-SH ecosystem’ are demonstrating live mobile TV using DVB-SH in S-Band at the Mobile World Conference in Barcelona this February.- DVB - Digital Video Broadcasting - Spain 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.dvb.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ King Juan Carlos of Spain speaks of the new threats from Al Qaeda .- Alltop - Top Spain News 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC spain.alltop.com [Source type: General]
^ Vzquez used the UK as an example of a country where interactive services have taken off and put this down to the fact that interactive functions are the norm for the STB’s being sold.- DVB - Digital Video Broadcasting - Spain 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.dvb.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ But the return of Bonaparte , followed as it was by the fall of the Directory and the establishment of the Consulate, commenced a new epoch for Spain.
.^ "My husband just retired from 43 years of teaching high school in May and we decided to learn Spanish and have been studying your course for the past 6 weeks.
^ This wn followed by Godoys return to power, though he left the depart ment of foreign affairs to a subordinate.
^ Face to face with the Spanish people, so strongly attached to their ancient traditions and forms of government, there arose the Constitutional Party, which at first proclaimed no further aim than the establishment of representative government, saving the principle of religious unity.- CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Spain 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.newadvent.org [Source type: Original source]
.^ Spain, after intervening on the side of Catholicism in all the conflicts of the European states, now saw herself an object of ambition to foreigners.- CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Spain 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.newadvent.org [Source type: Original source]
^ A hacker briefly hijacked Spain's official website for its presidency of the European Union, inserting a large smiling picture of Mr Bean, an official said on Monday.- Alltop - Top Spain News 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC spain.alltop.com [Source type: General]
^ Spain took over the presidency of the European Union on Friday, when the six-month rotating post passed from Sweden to Spain at the stroke of midnight.- Alltop - Top Spain News 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC spain.alltop.com [Source type: General]
The PSOE was replaced in government by the
Partido Popular (PP) after the latter won the 1996 General Elections; at that point the PSOE had served almost 14 consecutive years in office.
.^ Charles, who believed that the Jesuits had promoted the outbreak, and also that they had organized a murder plot against him, allowed his minister Aranda (q.v.
^ In the centre were the Basques, dwelling on both sides of the Pyrenees, who kept against the Mahommedan the independence they had vindicated against the Visigoth.
.^ Links to other organs of the State, to Official Journal of the European Union, Official Gazettes of other members of the European Union, Autonomous Communities Gazettes and Provincial Gazettes.- GlobaLex - GUIDE TO LEGAL RESEARCH IN SPAIN 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.nyulawglobal.org [Source type: Academic]
^ In 1986 Spain became a member of the European Union and transferred the exercise of certain domains and State powers.- GlobaLex - GUIDE TO LEGAL RESEARCH IN SPAIN 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.nyulawglobal.org [Source type: Academic]
^ These three rebellious states, to which the divisions of the peninsula had been reduced, completed the Reconquest; they were not united, to form Iberian national unity, until three centuries later.- CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Spain 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.newadvent.org [Source type: Original source]
The current Basque Autonomous government does not endorse ETA's nationalist violence, which has caused over 800 deaths in the past 40 years.
21st century
.^ Spain becomes the third country to trial the DVB-T2 system; the others are the UK and Italy.- DVB - Digital Video Broadcasting - Spain 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.dvb.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Its extraordinary lack of population differentiates Spain from every other country possessed of equal natural advantages and an historic civilization.
^ In the production of pod-fruits and kitchen vegetables Spain is ahead of many other countries.
Spain has also seen strong economic growth, well above the
EU average, but well publicised concerns issued by many economic commentators at the height of the boom that the extraordinary property prices and high foreign trade deficits of the boom were likely to lead to a painful economic collapse were confirmed by a severe property led recession that struck the country in 2008/9.
[39]
.^ GRJ offers five-star upmarket rail-based escorted tours to Spain, including a tour to Barcelona, Madrid and Seville with travel from London by train and a range of departure dates.- How to travel by train from London to Spain: Madrid, Barcelona,Seville... 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.seat61.com [Source type: General]
^ King Juan Carlos of Spain speaks of the new threats from Al Qaeda .- Alltop - Top Spain News 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC spain.alltop.com [Source type: General]
^ How to travel by train from London to Spain: Madrid, Barcelona, Seville...- How to travel by train from London to Spain: Madrid, Barcelona,Seville... 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.seat61.com [Source type: General]
[40] .^ "I have never seen anyone more interested in helping people to speak a foreign language than making the dollar.
^ It's possible to get from London to Barcelona in a day, although it may cost more and feel longer than the trainhotel option.- How to travel by train from London to Spain: Madrid, Barcelona,Seville... 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.seat61.com [Source type: General]
^ Here the culture of the Spanish Arabs reached its greatest splendour, influenced, in great measure, by the Mozarabs, who were more advanced in the sciences and arts.- CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Spain 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.newadvent.org [Source type: Original source]
[41]
Though initial suspicions focused on the Basque group
ETA, evidence soon emerged indicating possible
Islamist involvement. Because of the proximity of the election, the issue of responsibility quickly became a political controversy, with the main competing parties
PP and
PSOE exchanging accusations over the handling of the aftermath.
[42] .^ But that was enough for a computer hacker's caricature of the prime minister, José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero, as Mr Bean to spoil Spain's launch week as holder of the European Union's presidency.The beaming face of Rowan Atkinson's bumbling comic fool was transplanted on to the Spanish presidency's website yesterday.Where Zapatero's warm, smiling image should have been reassuring millions of Europeans that they were in his capable… .- Alltop - Top Spain News 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC spain.alltop.com [Source type: General]
^ For his prime ministers and favourites he had, first, the Conde-Duque de Olivares and then Don Luis de Haro.- CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Spain 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.newadvent.org [Source type: Original source]
^ El Mundo has a large front page photo of the Prime Minister with the previous Socialist PM, Felipe González.- Alltop - Top Spain News 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC spain.alltop.com [Source type: General]
[43]Government
Constitution
The
Spanish Constitution of 1978 is the culmination of the
Spanish transition to democracy.
.^ King Juan Carlos of Spain speaks of the new threats from Al Qaeda .- Alltop - Top Spain News 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC spain.alltop.com [Source type: General]
^ Though ruling in the spirit of an enlightened despotism rather than in that of a constitutional government, Seor Maura had succeeded in doing a notable work for Spain.
^ In 1135 he was Aiphonso crowned at Leon, in the presence of the new king vii., of Navarre, of the counts of Barcelona and Toulouse, Emperor and of other princes, Christian and Mahommedan, in Spain.
[44][45] .^ The result of the new elections to the Cortes, declared on the 26th of April, revealed tendencies unfavourable to the government and even to the dynasty; the large towns returned 34 Republicans.
^ The elections in April resulted in a sweeping Conservative victorythe government secured a majority in the lower house of 88 over all other groups combined.
^ What more could be done would depend on the result of the elections necessitated by ~he dissolution of the Cortes on the 15th of April.
.^ Spanish, Autonomous Communities and European legislation.- GlobaLex - GUIDE TO LEGAL RESEARCH IN SPAIN 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.nyulawglobal.org [Source type: Academic]
^ States ordinary representation in the Autonomous Community .- GlobaLex - GUIDE TO LEGAL RESEARCH IN SPAIN 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.nyulawglobal.org [Source type: Academic]
^ And all Autonomous Communities languages .- GlobaLex - GUIDE TO LEGAL RESEARCH IN SPAIN 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.nyulawglobal.org [Source type: Academic]
Branches of government
.^ Constitution and Government .S pain is an hereditary monarchy the constitution of which was voted by the Cortes and became the fundamental law of the 3oth of June 1876.
.^ They appoint an alcalde or mayor from among themselves to act as president, chief executive officer, and justice of the peace .
^ The Spanish Government confirmed the attack this morning and the Home Office Minister said the hostages had probably been snatched by al-Qaida in the .- Alltop - Top Spain News 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC spain.alltop.com [Source type: General]
^ The Restored Monarchy, 1874-1900.The first act of Aiphonso was a royal decree confirming the appointment of Canovas del Castillo as prime minister.
.^ Fernando (Ferdinand III.) who was in all ways worthy of his mother, took up the crusading duty of a king of Castile, and Ferdinand continued the advance into Andalusia.
^ In the circumstances, Sefior Maura dropped the Suppression Bill, and the king issued an ordinance re-establishing constitutional guarantees in Catalonia.
^ King Juan Carlos of Spain speaks of the new threats from Al Qaeda .- Alltop - Top Spain News 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC spain.alltop.com [Source type: General]
.^ The members of Congress ( diputados ) are all elected.- CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Spain 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.newadvent.org [Source type: Original source]
^ It is made up of a president [at present (1910) the Bishop of Madrid-Alcalá ] and 18 members, nine of whom represent the nine ecclesiastical provinces.- CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Spain 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.newadvent.org [Source type: Original source]
^ Extensive DVB-H services at the 3GSM 2007 World Congress Four dedicated DVB-H multiplexes are planned to be in operation during this years World GSM Congress in Barcelona.- DVB - Digital Video Broadcasting - Spain 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.dvb.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Head of State
- Head of Government
- Cabinet
.^ It is, however, noteworthy that Spanish capitalists are, as a class, though exclusive of the Catalans, unduly conservative Hence the capital for the establishment of electrical industries was almost exclusively subscribed in Germany, France, Belgium , Switzerland and the United States, just as, in the 19th century, the railways and mining industries had been mainly financed by British investors, and the Valencian silk industry by French.
^ The Regional Government, along with public TV group CCRTV and two Universities, has launched a state-of-the-art project - T-Ciudadano (T-Citizen) - based on DTT, designed to enable e-government, allowing citizens to contact the administration through their TV sets.- DVB - Digital Video Broadcasting - Spain 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.dvb.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The Spanish railway system at this time communicated with the French at Irun and Portbou, west and east respectively of the Pyrenees; and with the Portuguese at or near Tuy on the northern frontier of Portugal, and near La Fregeneda, Ciudad Rodrigo , Valencia de Alcntara and Badajoz on the E. All the Spanish railways belong to private companies, most of which have received state subventions, and they will fall in to the government mostly at the end of 99 yearS. In granting a concession for a new railway the practice is to give it to the company that offers to construct it with the lowest subvention.
In Catalonia and the Basque Country, a full fledged autonomous police corps replaces some of the State police functions (see
Mossos d'Esquadra and
Ertzaintza).
Gender equality in Government
As of November 2009, the Government of Spain keeps a balanced gender equality ratio.
.^ It is made up of a president [at present (1910) the Bishop of Madrid-Alcalá ] and 18 members, nine of whom represent the nine ecclesiastical provinces.- CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Spain 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.newadvent.org [Source type: Original source]
.^ On the 11th of June a further and still more significant step was taken.
^ Altogether no other country in Europe of equal extent has so great a wealth of species as Spain.
^ The Spanish Constitution (SC) [1] was approved by the Spanish legislative chamber ( Cortes Generales ) on October 31, 1978 , ratified by national referendum on December 6 and sanctioned by the King on December 27.- GlobaLex - GUIDE TO LEGAL RESEARCH IN SPAIN 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.nyulawglobal.org [Source type: Academic]
[49][50] However, in the legislative branch, only 127 out of the 350 members of the Congress are women (36,3%). Nowadays, it positions Spain as the 13th country with more women in its
lower house. In the Senate, the ratio is even lower, since there are only 79 women out of 263 (30.0%).
[51] .^ Rapid TV News reports that mobile TV hasn't developed as expected in Spain because the Telco’s haven't invested sufficiently in 3G networks.- DVB - Digital Video Broadcasting - Spain 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.dvb.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The political and religious development which we have outlined above resulted in Spanish national unity, and explains the character of Spain as a Catholic nation.- CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Spain 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.newadvent.org [Source type: Original source]
^ The foreign commerce of Spain rapidly developed in the decade 1882-1892, Great Britain, France and the United States figuring at the head of the imports, Great Britain and France at the head of the exports.
[52]Administrative divisions
The basic institutional law of the autonomous community is the
Statute of Autonomy.
.^ As a consequence of the recognition of autonomy at Spanish Constitution, Autonomous Communities can organize: .- GlobaLex - GUIDE TO LEGAL RESEARCH IN SPAIN 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.nyulawglobal.org [Source type: Academic]
^ They also may create or modify rights and duties of the citizens, or just organize administration activities affecting only the citizen who has a special relationship with the administration.- GlobaLex - GUIDE TO LEGAL RESEARCH IN SPAIN 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.nyulawglobal.org [Source type: Academic]
^ Though the Constitution doesnt impose a model to organize the institutions of the Autonomous Communities, all of them have followed the model set by article 152 SC and theyre governed by a Legislative Assembly, which shall apply the President, and an Executive Council with executive and administrative functions.- GlobaLex - GUIDE TO LEGAL RESEARCH IN SPAIN 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.nyulawglobal.org [Source type: Academic]
[53]The government of all autonomous communities must be based on a division of powers comprising:
- a Legislative Assembly whose members must be elected by universal suffrage according to the system of proportional representation and in which all areas that integrate the territory are fairly represented;
- a Government Council, with executive and administrative functions headed by a president, elected by the Legislative Assembly and nominated by the King of Spain;
- a Supreme Court of Justice, under the Supreme Court of the State, which head the judicial organization within the autonomous community.
.^ The Peninsula and its adjacent islands are divided into fourteen military districts, or captaincies-general ( capitanias generales ): New Castile, Catalonia , Andalusia , Valencia , Galicia, Aragón , Granada , Old Castile , Estremadura, Navarre , Burgos , The Basque District, the Balearic, and the Canary Islands .- CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Spain 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.newadvent.org [Source type: Original source]
^ Madrid, Valencia, Canaries Islands and Catalonia are the regions where DTT is most widely watched.- DVB - Digital Video Broadcasting - Spain 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.dvb.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Andalusia, Murcia, Valencia, Catalonia and the Balearic Islands were subject to their raids throughout the whole of the 16th and 17th centuries.
[57]
.^ Control of the constitutionality of the legislation of the Autonomous Communities .- GlobaLex - GUIDE TO LEGAL RESEARCH IN SPAIN 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.nyulawglobal.org [Source type: Academic]
^ The country is divided in 17 Autonomous Communities, each with its own Parliament and Government.- GlobaLex - GUIDE TO LEGAL RESEARCH IN SPAIN 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.nyulawglobal.org [Source type: Academic]
^ Autonomous Communities legislation .- GlobaLex - GUIDE TO LEGAL RESEARCH IN SPAIN 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.nyulawglobal.org [Source type: Academic]
.^ Neither the executive nor the Cortes may interfere with provincial and communal administration, except when the local authorities exceed their legal power to the detriment of public interests.
^ Every commune or municipality has its own elected ayuntamiento , which has complete control over municipal administration, with power to levy and collect taxes.
.^ This affects all of the planned switchover projects in the regions of Galicia, Castilla y Leon, Andalucia, and the Basque country.- DVB - Digital Video Broadcasting - Spain 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.dvb.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ But the distinctions between Class Disnoble and not noble, between town and country, were tinctions.
^ Besides these political parties there are the Regionalists of Catalonia and the Basque Provinces, whose aim is administrative decentralization.- CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Spain 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.newadvent.org [Source type: Original source]
.^ But for an interval of more than twenty-five years they stood apart.
^ YOU will be the one talking to the Spanish guys and girls - everyone loves people who can speak more than one language!- Learn Spanish like a Rocket with Rocket Spanish Premium | Learn to speak Spanish 24 January 2010 12:56 UTC spanishneeds.com [Source type: General]
^ This good feeling was unfortunately not destined to be of long duration; and in the following year the struggle between the antagonistic forces in Spain once more produced a perilous crisis.
.^ Another rallying-point of the Reconquest was Aragón ; the other two, Navarre and Catalonia, were placed by the circumstances of their origin in peculiar relations with France .- CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Spain 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.newadvent.org [Source type: Original source]
^ Then all the forces of King Aiphonso under Marshal Quesada gradually closed round the remaindel of the Carlist army in Navarre and in the Basque Provinces at the beginning of 1876.
^ At Roncesvalles they annihilated the forces of Charlemagne , and in 824 another victory secured the independence of the Basques of Pamplona .- CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Spain 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.newadvent.org [Source type: Original source]
.^ Lifetime membership to the Rocket Spanish Learning Lounge, which gives you 24/7 access to other Rocket Spanish learners, all your course materials, notes and more!- Learn Spanish like a Rocket with Rocket Spanish Premium | Learn to speak Spanish 24 January 2010 12:56 UTC spanishneeds.com [Source type: General]
^ Maize also is cultivated in all the provinces; nevertheless, its cultivation is limited, since, being a summer crop, it requires irrigation except in the Atlantic provinces, and other products generally yield a more profitable return where irrigation is pursued.
^ In Andalusia the downfall of the Almorvides had War with opened the way to the Almohdes, or followers of theAlmothe Mabdi, an even more bigoted religious sect than hades, the other.
However, the recent amendments made to their respective Statute of Autonomy by a series of "ordinary" Autonomous Communities such as the Valencian Community or Aragon have quite dilluted this original de facto distinction.
Subdivisions
.^ In order to make the Embassy list of attorneys easier to handle, it has been divided into sections, grouped by autonomous communities, provinces and cities.- List of Attorneys 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.embusa.es [Source type: Original source]
^ Under the Constitution of 1978, these provinces are organized into 9 autonomous communities.- List of Attorneys 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.embusa.es [Source type: Original source]
.^ Each alcalde is dependent on the governor of the province, and in his turn controls the officials of his own municipal government.- CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Spain 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.newadvent.org [Source type: Original source]
The existence of these two subdivisions is granted and protected by the constitution, not necessarily by the Statutes of Autonomy themselves.
.^ They undertook to carry out a general conversion of the consolidated external and internal debts by a considerable reduction of capital and interest, to which the bondholders assented.
[59]
.^ At the head of each province is a civil governor, the office being both administrative and political in character, and one of the few the incumbents of which change with the changes of political parties in power.- CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Spain 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.newadvent.org [Source type: Original source]
.^ Andalusia, Murcia, Valencia, Catalonia and the Balearic Islands were subject to their raids throughout the whole of the 16th and 17th centuries.
^ Navarre forms a single province, with Pamplona for its capital.- CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Spain 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.newadvent.org [Source type: Original source]
^ Barcelona, Tarragona and Lrida (the old principality of Catalonia), and of Castellon de la Plana, Valencia and Alicante (the old kingdom of Valencia), and, in the Mediterranean, that of the Balearic Islands (the old kingdom of li.Iajorca).
Foreign relations
Spain is a founding member of the
European Union in 1993 and signed the Maastricht Treaty.
.^ Spain, after intervening on the side of Catholicism in all the conflicts of the European states, now saw herself an object of ambition to foreigners.- CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Spain 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.newadvent.org [Source type: Original source]
^ This wn followed by Godoys return to power, though he left the depart ment of foreign affairs to a subordinate.
^ World-Wide News Events: Naples, Italy 20,000 Italian troops given hero s welcome on return from fighting w/ Franco s forces in Spain.- Footage Farm: Spanish Civil War 24 January 2010 12:56 UTC www.footagefarm.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ Barat , with 15 houses, established in Spain since 1846.- CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Spain 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.newadvent.org [Source type: Original source]
^ The Visitandines of St. Jeanne Francoise Frémoit de Chantal, established in Spain since 1758.- CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Spain 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.newadvent.org [Source type: Original source]
^ Members: Owner/Partner Carlos Rivera Mendoza, U.S. Citizen licensed to practice in Spain since 1978.- List of Attorneys 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.embusa.es [Source type: Original source]
.^ Apart from the Italian intrigues, the most important foreign affairs of the reign were connected with the relations of Spain with England.
.^ Again, some Bascophiles would assert a Basque origin for the name of Spain: Españia , "Land of the Shoulder", because it formed the western shoulder of ancient Europe .- CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Spain 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.newadvent.org [Source type: Original source]
.^ Kings of the Visigoths, having relations with Spain, but not established within it Ataulf - -, 410415 Entered the north-east of Spain, murdered at Barcelona.
.^ The special development of the vulgar Latin tongue in Spain, and the formation of the three linguistic types just enumerated, were promoted by political circumstances.
.^ It is very remarkable that the differences of language in the Iberian Peninsula still, partially, correspond to this first distribution of the inhabiting races.- CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Spain 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.newadvent.org [Source type: Original source]
.^ The complicated story of the Christian kingdoms of Spain during the next two generations can be best made intelligible by taking the king of Castile as the centre of the Am,nso Viii.
^ The king and queen having sought refuge at Bayonne , Napoleon made them surrender the Crown of Spain to him, intending it for his brother Joseph Bonaparte.- CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Spain 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.newadvent.org [Source type: Original source]
^ It was no wonder that the death of a king who had shown so much capacity for rule, so much unselfish energy and courage, Regency ~ and so many amiable personal qualities, should Queen have made Spaniards and foreigners extremely Christina.
Territorial disputes
Territory claimed by Spain
.^ The Iberian Peninsula is not a linguistic unit.
^ SPAIN (Espana), a kingdom in the extreme south-west of Europe , comprising about eleven-thirteenths of the Iberian Peninsula, in addition to the Balearic Islands , the Canary Islands , and the fortified station of Ceuta , on the Moroccan coast opposite to Gibraltar .
^ Fauna.The Iberian Peninsula belongs to the Mediterranean sub-region of the Palaearctic region of the animal kingdom.
.^ Ferdinand conquered the Spanish half of Navarre later, and recovered Roussillon from Charles VIII ., the successor of Louis XI. .
^ No attempt was made, during the decade which followed the Spanish-American War , to replace the squadrons destroyed at Manila and Santiago de Cuba .
.^ He was the first Visigothic king who wore the crown, and it would appear that he threw off all pretence of allegiance to the empire.
^ In the preliminary treaty with Great Britain he ceded the Spanish colony of Trinidad without even consulting the court of Madrid, while he sold Louisiana to the United States in spite of his promire not to alienate it except to Spain.
^ Spain, clearly stipulated that her rule in the New World must be considered at an end, and that the fate of the Philippines would be settled at the Paris negotiations.
Ever since the 1940s Spain has called for the return of
Gibraltar. The overwhelming majority of
Gibraltarians strongly oppose this, along with any proposal of shared sovereignty.
[61] .^ Fernando now united all the north-west of Spain into the kingdom of Castile and Leon with Gallicia.
[62][63]
.^ Rock of Gibraltar above Spanish border post.- Footage Farm: Spanish Civil War 24 January 2010 12:56 UTC www.footagefarm.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ If, on the other hand, you order the Hardcopy Version, I will mail Rocket Spanish Premium to you as a 25-CD set within 10-15 working days.- Learn Spanish like a Rocket with Rocket Spanish Premium | Learn to speak Spanish 24 January 2010 12:56 UTC spanishneeds.com [Source type: General]
^ Buying connecting train tickets within the UK : Advice on buying tickets from other UK towns & cities to connect with Eurostar .- How to travel by train from London to Spain: Madrid, Barcelona,Seville... 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.seat61.com [Source type: General]
Spain notes that this territory was not ceded by said Treaty and therefore asserts that the "occupation of the isthmus is ilegal and against the principles of the
International Law".
[64] The United Kingdom relies on
de facto arguments of possession by
prescription in relation to the isthmus,
[65] as there has been "continuous possession [of the isthmus] over a long period".
[66]
.^ The geographical boundaries of Spain are: on the north, the Pyrenees, the Republic of Andorra, and the Bay of Biscay (known in Spain as Mar Cantabrico , or "Cantabrian Sea"); on the east, the Mediterranean; on the south, the Mediterranean, the Straits of Gibraltar and the Atlantic; on the west, Portugal and the Atlantic.- CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Spain 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.newadvent.org [Source type: Original source]
^ From the Straits of Gibraltar a bold and rocky coast continues almost to Cape Palos, a little beyond the fine natural harbour of Cartagena.
^ SPAIN (Espana), a kingdom in the extreme south-west of Europe , comprising about eleven-thirteenths of the Iberian Peninsula, in addition to the Balearic Islands , the Canary Islands , and the fortified station of Ceuta , on the Moroccan coast opposite to Gibraltar .
.^ SPAIN (Espana), a kingdom in the extreme south-west of Europe , comprising about eleven-thirteenths of the Iberian Peninsula, in addition to the Balearic Islands , the Canary Islands , and the fortified station of Ceuta , on the Moroccan coast opposite to Gibraltar .
Its sovereignty is disputed between Spain and
Morocco.
.^ Godoy found himself between two parties, the Liberals and the Ultramontanes, who agreed only in hatred of himself.
^ The national colors are red and yellow- The flag is divided into three horizontal stripes, two red stripes with a yellow one between bearing the royal arms.
The islet is now deserted and without any sign of sovereignty.
Spanish territories claimed by other countries
.^ Apart from Ceuta, Spain possesses on the Moroccan seaboard Melilla , Alhucemas, Penon de Ia Gomera , Ifni, and the Chaffarinas islets.
^ Its situated in the South-West of Europe and its territory also includes the Balearic Islands , Canary Islands and the cities of Ceuta and Melilla ( North Africa ).- GlobaLex - GUIDE TO LEGAL RESEARCH IN SPAIN 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.nyulawglobal.org [Source type: Academic]
^ He had to sett) some knotty questions, foremost a conflict with Morocco, which was the consequence of the aggression of the unruly Riff tribes upon the Spanish outposts around Melilla.
.^ The kingdom of Spain is the main country on the Iberian Peninsula , which it shares with Portugal and the British-dependent territory Gibraltar .- GlobaLex - GUIDE TO LEGAL RESEARCH IN SPAIN 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.nyulawglobal.org [Source type: Academic]
Military
The
armed forces of Spain are known as the Spanish Armed Forces (
Spanish:
Fuerzas Armadas Españolas).
.^ As the Marca Hispanica on the cast became the county of Barcelona, so the chiefs of Bardulia became the counts of Castile, then the count of Castile, the rival of the king at Leon, and in time the king of Castile, and head of Christian Spain.
^ The kings chief Elements iii difficulties lay in the attitude of the extreme mon- Spain.
^ The check which the justiza, or chief justice , of Aragon imposed on the king was supported by the force of nobles and cities, but it was an exception in Spain.
[67]Economy
According to the
World Bank, Spain's economy is the ninth largest worldwide and the fifth largest in Europe. It is also the third largest world investor.
[69].^ If you're a UK citizen travelling in Europe, you should apply for a free European Health Insurance Card, which entitles you to free or reduced rate health care if you become ill or get injured in many European countries, under a reciprocal arrangement with the NHS. This replaced the old E111 forms as from January 2006.- How to travel by train from London to Spain: Madrid, Barcelona,Seville... 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.seat61.com [Source type: General]
^ Great Rail Journeys also offer rail-based escorted tours to other European countries.- How to travel by train from London to Spain: Madrid, Barcelona,Seville... 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.seat61.com [Source type: General]
^ Attacked by Maura and Moret alike, the prime minister (June 20) accused his former colleague of acting through personal pique; on a motion of confidence, however, he was defeated by 204 votes to 54, and resigned.
Perennial weak points of Spain's economy include high inflation,
[70] a large
underground economy,
[71] and an education system which OECD reports place among the poorest for developed countries, together with the United States and UK.
[72]
However, the property bubble that had begun building from 1997, fed by historically low interest rates and an immense surge in immigration, imploded in 2008, leading to a rapidly weakening economy and soaring unemployment. By the end of May 2009 unemployment had already reached 18.7% (37% for youths).
[73][74].^ Rocket Spanish has given me all that and more.- Rocket Spanish Reviews and Success Stories 24 January 2010 12:56 UTC www.rocketlanguages.com [Source type: General]
^ But for an interval of more than twenty-five years they stood apart.
^ Large as this number is, it represents less than one-half the number of those that have existed and those that still exist without being known.- CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Spain 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.newadvent.org [Source type: Original source]
[76] .^ Foreign investments and Spanish credit and banking legislation; legal separation and divorces; dissolution and nullity of marriage.- List of Attorneys 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.embusa.es [Source type: Original source]
^ Sancho III, the Great, was one of the monarchs who most influenced Spanish history; he was eventually King of Navarre, Castile , Aragón , and Sobrarbe.- CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Spain 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.newadvent.org [Source type: Original source]
^ And that's saying a great deal, since spoken Chilean Spanish is difficult to understand -- most Spanish speakers consider it one of the most difficult forms of spoken Spanish for foreigners.- Rocket Spanish Reviews and Success Stories 24 January 2010 12:56 UTC www.rocketlanguages.com [Source type: General]
[77] During the last four decades the Spanish tourism industry has grown to become the second biggest in the world, worth approximately 40 billion Euros, about 5% of GDP, in 2006.
[78][79]
.^ Economist, Juan Antonio Baena Lopez, University of Mlaga, licensed Spanish real estate agent (API).- List of Attorneys 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.embusa.es [Source type: Original source]
^ The benefits of it is that I've been listening to it in the car as I drive, playing the games and things and it's really helped me improve my Spanish skills, especially in the area of grammar.- Rocket Spanish Reviews and Success Stories 24 January 2010 12:56 UTC www.rocketlanguages.com [Source type: General]
^ General practice: residency and N.I.E. papers, tax returns and local rates, IRS representative, real estate matters, insurance collecting agency, other legal matters.- List of Attorneys 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.embusa.es [Source type: Original source]
[78] .^ Buy your Spain calling card from ComFi, and receive your personal identification number (PIN) and on-screen instructions in less than a minute.- Call from Spain with Spain calling card. Cheap calls from Spain to Europe. 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.comfi.com [Source type: Academic]
^ Cortes had guaranteed, and by 6o,ooo,ooo of debts contracted at a high rate of interest, and with the national guarantee , to meet the expenses of the struggle with the colonies and of the war with the United States.
^ I downloaded the course for less than what four private lessons would have cost and was immediately impressed with the high quality and quantity of teaching techniques and materials.- Rocket Spanish Reviews and Success Stories 24 January 2010 12:56 UTC www.rocketlanguages.com [Source type: General]
This placed especially great pressure upon lower to middle income groups; by 2005 the median ratio of indebtedness to income had grown to 125%, due primarily to expensive boom time mortgages that now often exceed the value of the property.
[81]
In 2008/2009 the credit crunch and world recession manifested itself in Spain through a massive downturn in the property sector.
.^ They treated the occupation of Spain as a financial speculation more than as a war for the faith.
.^ Economist, Juan Antonio Baena Lopez, University of Mlaga, licensed Spanish real estate agent (API).- List of Attorneys 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.embusa.es [Source type: Original source]
^ The principal banks are the Bank of Spain; the Bank of Barcelone, the Banco Hipotecario, the Sociedad Tabacalera de Filipinas, etc.- CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Spain 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.newadvent.org [Source type: Original source]
^ This was denounced at Rome as a unilateral assertion on the part of the Spanish government of an authority which, under the concordat, belonged to the Holy See as well.
[82].^ In Spain itself, tutored by misfortune, the efforts of the kings ministers, in the latter part of his reign, were directed to restoring order in the finances and reviving agriculture Reactionary and industry in.
^ Spain, clearly stipulated that her rule in the New World must be considered at an end, and that the fate of the Philippines would be settled at the Paris negotiations.
^ They were repaid by the confidence of the king, and the period which includes the reign of Fernando and lasts till the end of the I 4th century was the golden age of their history in Spain.
[84] .^ In the speech from the throne at the opening of the new Cortes (June 16) the king declared that his government would strive to give expression to the i The composition of the new parliament was as followsSenate: .
^ By the School Census of 1903, there were in Spain altogether 31,838 schools (20,324 for boys; 10,970 for girls; 544 for infants).- CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Spain 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.newadvent.org [Source type: Original source]
[85]
Transportation
.^ The Peninsula and its adjacent islands are divided into fourteen military districts, or captaincies-general ( capitanias generales ): New Castile, Catalonia , Andalusia , Valencia , Galicia, Aragón , Granada , Old Castile , Estremadura, Navarre , Burgos , The Basque District, the Balearic, and the Canary Islands .- CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Spain 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.newadvent.org [Source type: Original source]
^ The Spanish Earth [Reel 2 of 6] Directed by Joris Ivens / Co-written & Narrated by Ernest Hemingway Map showing the village's position near the main highway from Madrid to Valencia.- Footage Farm: Spanish Civil War 24 January 2010 12:56 UTC www.footagefarm.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Castilian is the official Spanish language but coexists with other regional languages that are official in their respective Autonomous Communities (article 3 Spanish Constitution), mainly Catalan, Basque and Galician.- GlobaLex - GUIDE TO LEGAL RESEARCH IN SPAIN 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.nyulawglobal.org [Source type: Academic]
.^ As early as the eighth century there existed the monasteries of San Millán (or S. Emiliano), Sahagún (S. Facundo), S. Vicente de Oviedo, and Sta.- CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Spain 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.newadvent.org [Source type: Original source]
.^ How to travel by train from London to Spain: Madrid, Barcelona, Seville...- How to travel by train from London to Spain: Madrid, Barcelona,Seville... 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.seat61.com [Source type: General]
^ Use your Spain phone card to stay connected with friends, relatives, and business associates in cities across Spain, including Barcelona, Madrid, and Seville.- Call from Spain with Spain calling card. Cheap calls from Spain to Europe. 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.comfi.com [Source type: Academic]
^ The new high-speed line from Cordoba to Malaga opened on 24 December 2007, cutting Madrid-Malaga journey time to 2 hours 40 minutes by AVE train.- How to travel by train from London to Spain: Madrid, Barcelona,Seville... 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.seat61.com [Source type: General]
.^ AVE trains from Madrid to Seville run every hour or better.- How to travel by train from London to Spain: Madrid, Barcelona,Seville... 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.seat61.com [Source type: General]
^ How to travel by train from London to Spain: Madrid, Barcelona, Seville...- How to travel by train from London to Spain: Madrid, Barcelona,Seville... 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.seat61.com [Source type: General]
^ Buy your Spain calling card from ComFi, and receive your personal identification number (PIN) and on-screen instructions in less than a minute.- Call from Spain with Spain calling card. Cheap calls from Spain to Europe. 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.comfi.com [Source type: Academic]
The busiest airport in Spain is the airport of
Madrid (Barajas), with 50,8 million passengers in 2008, being the
world's 11th busiest airport.
.^ There are Piarist colleges at Madrid , Barcelona , Valencia , Saragossa , etc., besides others at less important centres of population.- CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Spain 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.newadvent.org [Source type: Original source]
^ Spain has nine universities: Madrid, the most numerotisly attended; Salamanca, the most ancient; Granada, Seville, Barcelona, Valencia, Santiago, Saragossa and Valladolid.
^ Offices in Madrid, Barcelona, Seville, Valencia and Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (Canary Islands).- List of Attorneys 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.embusa.es [Source type: Original source]
.^ Bridge not hit - successful counter-attack for Government troops - Valencia Road saved.- Footage Farm: Spanish Civil War 24 January 2010 12:56 UTC www.footagefarm.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ In all, about 9% of the entire surface of Spain is artificially watered, but in 1900 the government adopted plans for the construction of new canals and reservoirs on a vast scale.
[86] The Minister of Industry
Miguel Sebastian said that "the electric vehicle is the future and the engine of an industrial revolution."
[87]
Demographics
Geographical distribution of the Spanish population in 2008
.^ On the one hand were the Spaniards who desired to assimilate their country to western Europe, and on the other those of them who adhered to the old order.
^ But other fragments stil rose above the waves, and of these the great irassif of Portugal arc western Spain was one.
.^ There are also Academies of Medicine at Madrid , Barcelona , and other leading cities, as well as Academies of Jurisprudence and Legislation, of the Fine Arts, etc.- CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Spain 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.newadvent.org [Source type: Original source]
^ Atlantic at Oporto , and south-east to the Mediterranean at Cape Tortosa , from their sources in the great northern watershed .
^ There are intermediate schools in all the provincial capitals, as well as others in certain other localities — Baeza, Cabra, Figueras, Gijón, Jerez, Mahón, and Reus.- CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Spain 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.newadvent.org [Source type: Original source]
In 2008 the population of Spain officially reached 46 million people, as recorded by the
Padrón municipal.
[88] .^ It is the only Spanish member of the Trans European Law Firms Alliance (TELFA), one of the most important networks of independent law, present in more than 27 countries.- List of Attorneys 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.embusa.es [Source type: Original source]
^ The immense majority of the people are professed adherents of the Roman Catholic faith, so that, so far as numbers go, Spain is still the most Catholic country in the world, as it has long been styled.
^ Rocket Spanish is by far the most useful for my needs, far better than other packages, and at a considerably lower price.- Rocket Spanish Reviews and Success Stories 24 January 2010 12:56 UTC www.rocketlanguages.com [Source type: General]
With the exception of the region surrounding the capital,
Madrid, the most populated areas lie around the coast.
.^ In the fifth century the see was made metropolitan , and after the Reconquest it became the principal see of the Spains.- CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Spain 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.newadvent.org [Source type: Original source]
^ Communications.The communications in Spain were greatly improved during the 19th century.
^ It is, however, clear from the census returns that at the beginning of the 20th century, rea and Population of the Former and Present Provinces.
The pattern of growth was extremely uneven, however, due to large-scale internal migration from the rural interior to the industrial cities during this period.
.^ The 3rd and 4th centuries saw a decline in the prosperity of Roman Spain.
^ It is, however, clear from the census returns that at the beginning of the 20th century, rea and Population of the Former and Present Provinces.
.^ Map of Spain, Europe & North Africa w/ animation.- Footage Farm: Spanish Civil War 24 January 2010 12:56 UTC www.footagefarm.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ If you're a UK citizen travelling in Europe, you should apply for a free European Health Insurance Card, which entitles you to free or reduced rate health care if you become ill or get injured in many European countries, under a reciprocal arrangement with the NHS. This replaced the old E111 forms as from January 2006.- How to travel by train from London to Spain: Madrid, Barcelona,Seville... 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.seat61.com [Source type: General]
^ Fishenies.The catching of tunnies, sardines, anchovies and salmon on the coasts employs large numbers of fishermen (about 67,000 in 1910), and the salting, smoking and packing of the first three give employment to many others.
[89] .^ In 1125 he carried out a great raid through Mahommedan Spain, camping in its midst for months, and returning with many thousands of the Christian rayahs, who, under the name of Mozrabes, had hitherto continued to live under Moslem rule.
.^ Spain, after intervening on the side of Catholicism in all the conflicts of the European states, now saw herself an object of ambition to foreigners.- CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Spain 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.newadvent.org [Source type: Original source]
^ Altogether no other country in Europe of equal extent has so great a wealth of species as Spain.
^ When France and other European nations abandoned free trade for protection towards 1890, a strong movement set in in Spain in favor of protection.
.^ Languages: Spanish, English, German, Dutch, French Address : Fernandez de la Hoz, 27 4 Centro Izda.- List of Attorneys 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.embusa.es [Source type: Original source]
^ Criminal: Corporate crime, White collar defence Languages: English, French, German, Portuguese, Dutch, Italian, Japanese, Spanish and Catalan.- List of Attorneys 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.embusa.es [Source type: Original source]
These people reside primarily on the Mediterranean
costas and Balearic islands, where many are choosing to live their retirement or
telework.
.^ The Reconquest All the elements of the Spanish People already existed in the Kingdom of the Catholic Goths ; the Latinized Celtibarian race, or Hispano-Romans, the Gothic element, and the Catholic faith .- CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Spain 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.newadvent.org [Source type: Original source]
^ But the most characteristic part of their ecclesiastical policy was the establishment of the Spanish Inquisition (q.v.
^ Canary Island power which the Spanish people has always Total exhibited after warthe most notable instance of which is the above-mentioned net increase of nearly 50% .
.^ It is the only Spanish member of the Trans European Law Firms Alliance (TELFA), one of the most important networks of independent law, present in more than 27 countries.- List of Attorneys 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.embusa.es [Source type: Original source]
^ Canary Island power which the Spanish people has always Total exhibited after warthe most notable instance of which is the above-mentioned net increase of nearly 50% .
^ The Spanish Peninsula has also been called the Iberian, from its original inhabitants, and (by synecdoche) the Pyrenean, from the mountains which bound it on the north.- CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Spain 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.newadvent.org [Source type: Original source]
In the 16th century perhaps 240,000 Spaniards emigrated, mostly to
Peru and
Mexico.
[90] They were joined by 450,000 in the next century.
[91] Between 1846 and 1932 nearly 5 million Spaniards went to the Americas, especially to
Argentina and
Brazil.
[92] .^ On the one hand were the Spaniards who desired to assimilate their country to western Europe, and on the other those of them who adhered to the old order.
^ Great Rail Journeys also offer rail-based escorted tours to other European countries.- How to travel by train from London to Spain: Madrid, Barcelona,Seville... 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.seat61.com [Source type: General]
.^ During this period many very important councils were held in Spain.- CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Spain 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.newadvent.org [Source type: Original source]
^ During this period, too, many councils were held in Spain, the most important being those of Elvira (or Illiberis) and of Saragossa, and the First Council of Toledo.- CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Spain 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.newadvent.org [Source type: Original source]
^ In the kingdom of Aragon the right was secured about the same time.
[93]
Metropolitan areas
Map of the main metropolitan areas
| Pos. |
City(ies) |
Region |
Prov. |
population |
| 1 |
Madrid |
Madrid |
Madrid |
5,263,000 |
| 2 |
Barcelona |
Catalonia |
Barcelona |
4,251,000 |
| 3 |
Valencia |
Valencian Community |
Valencia |
1,499,000 |
| 4 |
Seville |
Andalusia |
Seville |
1,262,000 |
| 5 |
Bilbao |
Basque Country |
Biscay |
947,000 |
| 6 |
Málaga |
Andalusia |
Málaga |
844,000 |
| 7 |
Oviedo–Gijón |
Asturias |
Asturias |
844,000 |
| 8 |
Alicante–Elche |
Valencian Community |
Alicante |
793,000 |
| 9 |
Las Palmas de Gran Canaria |
Canarias |
Las Palmas de Gran Canaria |
640,000 |
| 10 |
Zaragoza |
Aragon |
Zaragoza |
639,000 |
Main cities
| Pos. |
City |
Region |
Prov. |
population |
| 1 |
Madrid |
Madrid |
Madrid |
3,213,271 |
| 2 |
Barcelona |
Catalonia |
Barcelona |
1,615,908 |
| 3 |
Valencia |
Valencian Community |
Valencia |
810,064 |
| 4 |
Seville |
Andalusia |
Seville |
699,759 |
| 5 |
Zaragoza |
Aragon |
Zaragoza |
666,129 |
| 6 |
Málaga |
Andalusia |
Málaga |
566,447 |
| 7 |
Murcia |
Murcia |
Murcia |
430,571 |
| 8 |
Palma de Mallorca |
Balearic Islands |
Palma de Mallorca |
396,570 |
| 9 |
Las Palmas |
Canary Islands |
Las Palmas |
381,123 |
| 10 |
Bilbao |
Basque Country |
Biscay |
353,340 |
Peoples
.^ Within the country the traditional antagonisms, regional, political, religious, still lived on, tending even to become more pronounced and to be complicated by the introduction of fresh elements of discord.
.^ Spain is defined at Constitution as a social and democratic State of law whose sovereignty belongs to the Spanish people (articles 1.1 ad 1.2 SC) .- GlobaLex - GUIDE TO LEGAL RESEARCH IN SPAIN 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.nyulawglobal.org [Source type: Academic]
^ We're running on time, which is more than can be said for most airline passengers who tried to reach Spain for Christmas.- How to travel by train from London to Spain: Madrid, Barcelona,Seville... 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.seat61.com [Source type: General]
^ The work of political unification was essentially more difficult than the christianization of Spain.
.^ He had to sett) some knotty questions, foremost a conflict with Morocco, which was the consequence of the aggression of the unruly Riff tribes upon the Spanish outposts around Melilla.
.^ In conjugation the peculiarities of Gallego are more marked; some find their explanation within the dialect itself, others seem to be due to Castilian influence.
^ Within the Castilian domain, thus embracing all in Spain that is neither Portuguese nor Catalan, there exist linguistic varieties which it would perhaps be an exaggeration.
^ Spain occupies an unsurpassed geographical position; its resources are rich, varied and to some extent unexploited; its inhabitants include the Basques and Catalans, noted for their commercial enterprise, and the Galicians, noted for their industry.
[95]
.^ Spanish, Autonomous Communities and European legislation.- GlobaLex - GUIDE TO LEGAL RESEARCH IN SPAIN 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.nyulawglobal.org [Source type: Academic]
^ In order to make the Embassy list of attorneys easier to handle, it has been divided into sections, grouped by autonomous communities, provinces and cities.- List of Attorneys 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.embusa.es [Source type: Original source]
^ Castilian is the official Spanish language but coexists with other regional languages that are official in their respective Autonomous Communities (article 3 Spanish Constitution), mainly Catalan, Basque and Galician.- GlobaLex - GUIDE TO LEGAL RESEARCH IN SPAIN 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.nyulawglobal.org [Source type: Academic]
Minority groups
.^ The immense majority of the people are professed adherents of the Roman Catholic faith, so that, so far as numbers go, Spain is still the most Catholic country in the world, as it has long been styled.
^ The population made a considerable advance, and the dense cloud of sloth and ignorance which had settled on the country in the 17th century was lifted.
^ As regards the distribution of population between town and country, Spain contrasts in a marked manner with Italy, Spain having but few large towns and a relatively large country population.
.^ On the side of Portugal a tract of inhospitable country sled originally to the separation between the two kingdoms, inasmuch as it caused the reconquest of the comparatively populous maritime tracts from the Moors to be carried out independently of that of the eastern kingdoms, which were also well peopled.
Other growing groups are
Britons, 760,000 in 2006,
Germans and other immigrants from the rest of Europe.
[96]
.^ The Spanish population is about 40,000,000 people.- GlobaLex - GUIDE TO LEGAL RESEARCH IN SPAIN 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.nyulawglobal.org [Source type: Academic]
^ The estimated area and population of the Spanish possessions in Africa, exclusive of Ceuta, are shown below: Area in sq.
^ The wars of the 16th, 17th and i8th centuries, and the vast potentialities of fortune which drew men to the Spanish colonies in America, caused a further serious drain upon the population.
Their origin is unclear.
Immigration
.^ Canary Island power which the Spanish people has always Total exhibited after warthe most notable instance of which is the above-mentioned net increase of nearly 50% .
^ In 1905 the workmen employed on mines in Spain numbered 105,000, and the total value of the output was estimated at 7,734,805.
^ The Spanish population is about 40,000,000 people.- GlobaLex - GUIDE TO LEGAL RESEARCH IN SPAIN 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.nyulawglobal.org [Source type: Academic]
[98] .^ Another tract, about 500 sq.
^ It is thus rather more than twice the size of Great Britain ., nearly 50,000 sq.
^ In 1808 there were little more than 500 m.
.^ The page includes an international portal in Spanish, English, French and German, which includes relevant information for foreigners about Spanish institutions and administration.- GlobaLex - GUIDE TO LEGAL RESEARCH IN SPAIN 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.nyulawglobal.org [Source type: Academic]
.^ It is thus rather more than twice the size of Great Britain ., nearly 50,000 sq.
^ We're running on time, which is more than can be said for most airline passengers who tried to reach Spain for Christmas.- How to travel by train from London to Spain: Madrid, Barcelona,Seville... 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.seat61.com [Source type: General]
^ The work of political unification was essentially more difficult than the christianization of Spain.
[99] .^ Despite all the efforts of the breeders and of the government, a decline has gone on not only in horse-rearing, but also in other classes of livestock since 1865.
This sudden and ongoing inflow of immigrants, particularly those arriving clandestinely by sea, has caused noticeable social tension.
[100]
Within the EU, Spain has the second highest immigration rate in percentage terms after
Cyprus, but by a great margin, the highest in absolute numbers.
[101] .^ It's possible to get from London to Barcelona in a day, although it may cost more and feel longer than the trainhotel option.- How to travel by train from London to Spain: Madrid, Barcelona,Seville... 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.seat61.com [Source type: General]
^ His reorganization of the national debt was very complete; in fact, he exacted even more sacrifices from the bondholders than from other taxpayers.
^ Castile, by its geographical position as the centre of Spain from Cantabria to the Sierra Morena, was the forefront of the struggle with the Moors.
.^ The number of endemic species is exceptionally large, the number of monotypic genera in the Peninsula greater than in any other part of the Mediterranean domain.
.^ The average result of the vintage was estimated between 440 and 500 million gallons in 1880 to 1884, and it rose to more than double that amount towards 1890, and amounted in 1898 to 880 million gallons.
^ We're running on time, which is more than can be said for most airline passengers who tried to reach Spain for Christmas.- How to travel by train from London to Spain: Madrid, Barcelona,Seville... 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.seat61.com [Source type: General]
^ The work of political unification was essentially more difficult than the christianization of Spain.
[102] According to the Financial Times, Spain is the most favoured destination for West Europeans considering a move from their own country and seeking jobs elsewhere in the EU.
[103]
.^ The immense majority of the people are professed adherents of the Roman Catholic faith, so that, so far as numbers go, Spain is still the most Catholic country in the world, as it has long been styled.
^ In 1905 the workmen employed on mines in Spain numbered 105,000, and the total value of the output was estimated at 7,734,805.
^ The Spanish population is about 40,000,000 people.- GlobaLex - GUIDE TO LEGAL RESEARCH IN SPAIN 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.nyulawglobal.org [Source type: Academic]
[104][105] .^ The Spanish population is about 40,000,000 people.- GlobaLex - GUIDE TO LEGAL RESEARCH IN SPAIN 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.nyulawglobal.org [Source type: Academic]
[106] .^ Barcelona was only taken in 1714, the year after the signing of the treaty of Utrecht .
^ World-Wide News Events: Naples, Italy 20,000 Italian troops given hero s welcome on return from fighting w/ Franco s forces in Spain.- Footage Farm: Spanish Civil War 24 January 2010 12:56 UTC www.footagefarm.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ In all, about 9% of the entire surface of Spain is artificially watered, but in 1900 the government adopted plans for the construction of new canals and reservoirs on a vast scale.
[107][108] .^ The Liberal administration which that statesman formed lasted two years and some months.
[109]
The languages of Spain (simplified)
Languages
.^ In a country noted for its fanatical loyalty to the Crown and the Church, the kingship was to be deprived of all power and influence, and the clergy to be excluded as such from Spanish all share in legislation.
^ Castilian is the official Spanish language but coexists with other regional languages that are official in their respective Autonomous Communities (article 3 Spanish Constitution), mainly Catalan, Basque and Galician.- GlobaLex - GUIDE TO LEGAL RESEARCH IN SPAIN 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.nyulawglobal.org [Source type: Academic]
^ Supplement to the Official Journal of the EU. Available in all EU languages.- GlobaLex - GUIDE TO LEGAL RESEARCH IN SPAIN 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.nyulawglobal.org [Source type: Academic]
But a number of
regional languages have been declared co-official, along with Spanish, in the constituent communities where they are spoken:
.^ Each of the two island groups forms one of the forty-nine provinces of the kingdom, although only the first named belongs geographically to Spain.
^ Asturian.The Asturian idiom, called by the natives bable, is differentiated from the Castilian by the following characters.
^ The complicated story of the Christian kingdoms of Spain during the next two generations can be best made intelligible by taking the king of Castile as the centre of the Am,nso Viii.
Aragonese is vaguely recognized in
Aragon.
[111] .^ Aragonese, Catalans and Valencians werp N Li ~, as different as Galicians, Basques, Castilians and DIf Andalusians.
This might be due to their very small number of speakers, a less significant written tradition in comparison to Catalan or Galician, and lower self-awareness of their speakers which traditionally meant lack of strong popular demand for their recognition in the regions in which they are spoken.
[112]
.^ Its situated in the South-West of Europe and its territory also includes the Balearic Islands , Canary Islands and the cities of Ceuta and Melilla ( North Africa ).- GlobaLex - GUIDE TO LEGAL RESEARCH IN SPAIN 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.nyulawglobal.org [Source type: Academic]
^ This undoubtedly was the case in the north, where the Asturians and Basques, the least Romanized part of the population, appear from the beginning of the age of barbarization as acting for themselves.
In the tourist areas of the Mediterranean coast and the islands,
English and
German are widely spoken by tourists, foreign residents, and tourism workers.
Culture
Spain is known for its culturally diverse heritage, having been influenced by many nations and peoples throughout its history.
.^ The Spanish Roman and the Visigoth, so-called, of that epoch of poorness of spirit, accustomed as he was to compound with one master after another, saw nothing dishonourable in making such an arrangement.
.^ It would be unjustifiable to assume from the inadequate data available that the Spanish people retains the vitality which characterized it from 1797 to 5857.
^ The great school of Spanish historians died out with the other glories of the nation in the 17th century.
^ The close of the period of the great reconquest, five centuries of struggle, left Spain divided between two states of different Spain after character.
In addition, the history of the nation and its Mediterranean and Atlantic environment have played strong roles in shaping its culture. After Italy, Spain has the second highest number of
UNESCO World Heritage Sites in the world, with a total of 40.
[113]
Religion
| Spain religiosity |
|
|
|
|
|
| Christianity |
|
76% |
| Irreligion / others |
|
20% |
| Islam |
|
2.3% |
| Judaism |
|
0.1% |
| Others |
|
1.7% |
.^ The immense majority of the people are professed adherents of the Roman Catholic faith, so that, so far as numbers go, Spain is still the most Catholic country in the world, as it has long been styled.
^ Religion.Roman Catholicism is the established religion, and the Church and clergy are maintained by the state at an annual cost of about f1 600,000.
According to a July 2009 study by the Spanish Center of Sociological Research about 76% of Spaniards self-identify as
Catholics, 2% other faith, and about 20% identify with
no religion. Most Spaniards do not participate regularly in religious services.
.^ In some respects Castilian is hardly further removed from classical Latin than is Italian; in others it has approximately reached the same stage as Provenal.
^ Of the others some were passing phantoms, and the records of the later times of the kingdom are so obscure that we cannot be sure of knowing the names of all who perished by violence.
^ Departures from Portugal every Sunday, see www.navieraarmas.com for sailing dates, times, fares & online booking.- How to travel by train from London to Spain: Madrid, Barcelona,Seville... 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.seat61.com [Source type: General]
[114]
But according to a December 2006 study, 48% of the population declared a belief in a supreme being, while 41% described themselves as atheist or agnostic.
[115] Altogether, about 22% of the entire Spanish population attends religious services at least once per month.
[116] .^ Arias Miranda (navy), Cobian, a strong Catholic though a Liberal (finance), Ruiz Valarino, a Democrat (justice), Calbeton (public works) and Count Romanones, who advocated a liberal settlement with the Church (education).
^ England, who, as duke of Aquitaine, by right of his marriage with the duchess Eleanor, had a strong direct interest in Spanish politics.
^ No attempt was made, during the decade which followed the Spanish-American War , to replace the squadrons destroyed at Manila and Santiago de Cuba .
.^ It is thus rather more than twice the size of Great Britain ., nearly 50,000 sq.
Evangelism has been better received among
Gypsies than among the general population; pastors have integrated
flamenco music in their liturgy. Taken together, all self-described "Evangelicals" slightly surpass
Jehovah's Witnesses (105,000) in number.
.^ Religion.Roman Catholicism is the established religion, and the Church and clergy are maintained by the state at an annual cost of about f1 600,000.
[117]
.^ The Carlists increased rapidly in numbers, and were joined by many Royalists, who looked upon them as the last resource.
^ Every one of the kingdoms grouped round the two sovereigns who shared modern Spain was itself a loose conglomeration of classes.
^ But other fragments stil rose above the waves, and of these the great irassif of Portugal arc western Spain was one.
Presently,
Islam is the second largest religion in Spain, accounting for approximately 2.3% of the total population.
[118] Since their expulsion in 1492, Muslims did not live in Spain for centuries.
.^ Finane.Spanish finance passed - through many vicissitudes during tue 19th century.
^ He had to sett) some knotty questions, foremost a conflict with Morocco, which was the consequence of the aggression of the unruly Riff tribes upon the Spanish outposts around Melilla.
^ The exports of Spanish Cotton goods were, until the close of the 19th century, hardly worth mentioning outside the colonial markets, which took an average of two millions sterling in the decade 1888-1898.
Their ranks have since been bolstered by recent immigration, especially from Morocco.
.^ Communications.The communications in Spain were greatly improved during the 19th century.
^ The latter were dealt with by expulsion, which in the case of the Jews was enforced in 1492, and in the case of the subject Mahommedans or Mudjares in 1502.
^ This neutrality was maintained until the close of the 19th century.
.^ Of these but a few occur only there, or at least have not yet been observed elsewhere than in that great province of southern Spain.
^ The total population Catalonia then ascertained to exist in Spain was 15,464,340, Lrida an increase of not much less than 50% since Gerona the census of 1797.
^ In 1905 the workmen employed on mines in Spain numbered 105,000, and the total value of the output was estimated at 7,734,805.
Most are arrivals in the past century, while some are descendants of earlier Spanish Jews. Approximately 80,000
Jews are thought to have lived in Spain on the eve of the
Spanish Inquisition.
[119] This figure seems too low. Compare with estimates in the Wikipedia article, "Jews in Spain."
Schools
.^ The electoral system of Autonomous Communities is stated at the States law, LOREG, which appoints some common elements and its completed by the legislation of the Autonomous Communities.- GlobaLex - GUIDE TO LEGAL RESEARCH IN SPAIN 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.nyulawglobal.org [Source type: Academic]
^ The rules and organization of the profession of lawyers are stated at the Estatuto General de la abogaca espaola , RD 658/ 2 001, June 22 nd .- GlobaLex - GUIDE TO LEGAL RESEARCH IN SPAIN 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.nyulawglobal.org [Source type: Academic]
^ General principles of law permeate the legal system, for instance art 1.1.- GlobaLex - GUIDE TO LEGAL RESEARCH IN SPAIN 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.nyulawglobal.org [Source type: Academic]
[120]
Literature
The term Spanish literature refers to
literature written in the
Spanish language, including literature composed in Spanish by writers not necessarily from Spain. For Spanish American literature specifically, see
Latin American literature. Due to historic, geographic and generational diversity, Spanish literature has known a great number of influences and it is very diverse. Some major literary movements can be identified within it.
.^ The latest general history of Spain is Don Rafael Altamira y Creveas Historia de EspaCa y de la civilizacin espatiola, ~ vols(Barcelona 1902-1906).
^ The sovereign is grand-master of the eight Spanish orders of knighthood , the principal of which is that of the Golden Fleece (Toison de Oro), founded in 1431 by Philip of Burgundy .
^ E-mail: mbmartin@abogados.de Web: www.spanish-lawyers.info ROMAN PASTOR, Begoa Altamira 1, 3 Izda., 03002 Alicante, Spain.- List of Attorneys 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.embusa.es [Source type: Original source]
[121]
Institut d'Estudis Catalans
The Institut d'Estudis Catalans (Institute for Catalan Studies, or IEC, in
Catalan) is an academic institution which seeks to undertake research and study into "all elements of Catalan culture." The IEC is known principally for its work in standardizing the Catalan language. The IEC is based in
Barcelona, the capital of
Catalonia.
.^ Castilian is the official Spanish language but coexists with other regional languages that are official in their respective Autonomous Communities (article 3 Spanish Constitution), mainly Catalan, Basque and Galician.- GlobaLex - GUIDE TO LEGAL RESEARCH IN SPAIN 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.nyulawglobal.org [Source type: Academic]
.^ Languages: Spanish, English, German, Dutch, French Address : Fernandez de la Hoz, 27 4 Centro Izda.- List of Attorneys 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.embusa.es [Source type: Original source]
^ Barcelona, Tarragona and Lrida (the old principality of Catalonia), and of Castellon de la Plana, Valencia and Alicante (the old kingdom of Valencia), and, in the Mediterranean, that of the Balearic Islands (the old kingdom of li.Iajorca).
.^ Castilian is the official Spanish language but coexists with other regional languages that are official in their respective Autonomous Communities (article 3 Spanish Constitution), mainly Catalan, Basque and Galician.- GlobaLex - GUIDE TO LEGAL RESEARCH IN SPAIN 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.nyulawglobal.org [Source type: Academic]
Real Academia Española
The Real Academia Española (
Spanish for "Royal Spanish Academy"; RAE) is the institution responsible for regulating the
Spanish language.
.^ Languages: : Spanish, and English Address: - Patio de Litografa, 2 5 Piso 2 P.C. 28030 Madrid Tel .: 912 377 774.- List of Attorneys 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.embusa.es [Source type: Original source]
^ Languages: English, German, Spanish, Italian and French Address: Henri Dunant, 19 28036 Madrid Tel.:.- List of Attorneys 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.embusa.es [Source type: Original source]
^ Above right : The Spanish royal palace at El Escorial, seen from your breakfast table on the trainhotel as it snakes through the hills north of Madrid...- How to travel by train from London to Spain: Madrid, Barcelona,Seville... 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.seat61.com [Source type: General]
Its emblem is a fiery crucible, and its
motto is
Limpia, fija y da esplendor ("It cleans, sets, and gives splendor").
[122]Art
Main article:
Spanish art.^ When France and other European nations abandoned free trade for protection towards 1890, a strong movement set in in Spain in favor of protection.
.^ Of these chains, to which Spanish geographers give the name Carpetano-Vetonica, the most easterly is the Sierra de Guadarrama, the general trend of which is from south-west to northeast.
^ To Spanish geographers the coast ranges just mentioned are known collectively as the Sierra Penihetica.
.^ Highlights of Andalusia tour, 10 days to Seville, Cordoba, Granada, from around 675 per person.- How to travel by train from London to Spain: Madrid, Barcelona,Seville... 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.seat61.com [Source type: General]
^ The epidemic spread rapidly over the Peninsula, causing great havoc in important cities like Granada, Saragossa and Valencia.
^ The trains to Seville, Granada, Malaga leave from Madrid Atocha station (also known as Puerta de Atocha) about 20 minutes walk south of the city centre.- How to travel by train from London to Spain: Madrid, Barcelona,Seville... 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.seat61.com [Source type: General]
.^ Not a few of the officers held Liberal opinions, and this was especially the case with those who had been prisoners in 1~seiv~iuduon France during the war and had been inoculated with foreign doctrines.
^ Huesca rate of increase during this period of forty Saragossa years was less than 45%, or lower than that Teruel of any other European state, except France Navarre (Nav~ in the later years of the I9th century.
^ Ferdinand secured the restoration of Roussillon from Charles VIII. of France by the fallacious treaty in which he undertook to remain neutral during the kings expedition to Italy.
Cinema
Spanish cinema has achieved major international success including
Oscars for recent films such as
Pan's Labyrinth and
Volver.
[123] .^ The voyage of Columbus Spanish ~n 1492, and the intervention of Ferdinand in the History great conflict of France, the empire and the papacy alter 1479.
^ Spanish monarchy with Napoleon, and the recognition of their independence de jure was, for Great Britain at least, merely a question of time.
^ If the fortunes of Aragon were to be followed in an outline of Spanish history, it would be necessary to wander as far as Athens and Constantinople.
Spanish cinema has also seen international success over the years with films by
directors like
Segundo de Chomón,
Florián Rey,
Luis García Berlanga,
Carlos Saura,
Julio Medem and
Alejandro Amenábar.
Architecture
Spanish architecture refers to
architecture carried out during any era in what is now modern-day Spain, and by Spanish architects worldwide.
.^ The complicated story of the Christian kingdoms of Spain during the next two generations can be best made intelligible by taking the king of Castile as the centre of the Am,nso Viii.
^ Spain within its present limits for that date is Malaga - .
^ Each of the two island groups forms one of the forty-nine provinces of the kingdom, although only the first named belongs geographically to Spain.
Due to its historical and geographical diversity, Spanish architecture has drawn from a host of influences.
.^ Mhrida), which declares by its name its connection with time-expired veterans and still possesses extensive Roman ruins.
[124] Later Arab style architecture continued to be developed under successive Islamic dynasties, ending with the
Nasrid, which built its famed palace complex in
Granada.
.^ By the end of the middle ages they had disappeared.
^ The complicated story of the Christian kingdoms of Spain during the next two generations can be best made intelligible by taking the king of Castile as the centre of the Am,nso Viii.
^ But, apart from this opening for foreign influence, the Christians were left to develop their order untouched by alien examples, and they developed from the Visigoth monarchy.
There was then an extraordinary flowering of the gothic style that resulted in numerous instances being built throughout the entire territory.
.^ Its cultivation was introduced by the Arabs in the 12th century or later, and was of great importance in the kingdom of Granada at the time of the expulsion of the Moors (1489), but has since undergone great vicissitudes, first in consequence of the introduction of the cane into America, and afterwards because of the great development of beet-sugar in central Europe.
El Capricho, in the rural town of
Comillas, Cantabria
The arrival of
Modernism in the academic arena produced much of the architecture of the 20th century. An influential style centered in
Barcelona, known as
modernisme, produced a number of important architects, of which
Gaudí is one. The
International style was led by groups like
GATEPAC.
.^ In the production of pod-fruits and kitchen vegetables Spain is ahead of many other countries.
Music
Main article:
Music of SpainSpanish music is often considered abroad to be synonymous with
flamenco, an Andalusian musical genre, which, contrary to popular belief, is not widespread outside that region.
.^ Aragon, Catalonia and Valencia by arms.
^ Aragon, which was poor and tenacious of its rights, would give little; Catalonia and Valencia afforded small help.
^ Aragon was left free to R~ro~ftion conquer the Balearic Islands and Valencia, while of the lade- Murcia and Ardalusia were to fall to Castile.
Pop, rock, hip hop and heavy metal are also popular.
.^ DE LOSADA VILAPLANA, Julin Pablo Paz 17, 1, puerta 2, 46003 Valencia, Spain.- List of Attorneys 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.embusa.es [Source type: Original source]
.^ There's a fast catamaran from Barcelona to Palma de Majorca on most days of the week, journey time just 3 hours 45 minutes.- How to travel by train from London to Spain: Madrid, Barcelona,Seville... 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.seat61.com [Source type: General]
^ The latest general history of Spain is Don Rafael Altamira y Creveas Historia de EspaCa y de la civilizacin espatiola, ~ vols(Barcelona 1902-1906).
^ [Alcala de Henares and Comendadoras prison] (ca 1942) Madrid, Spain Artists & intellectual prisoners.- Footage Farm: Spanish Civil War 24 January 2010 12:56 UTC www.footagefarm.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
Major
opera houses include the
Teatro Real,the
Gran Teatre del Liceu,
Teatro Arriaga and the
El Palau de les Arts Reina Sofía.
Cuisine
The cochinillo in a Spanish bar.
.^ FloraThe vegetation of Spain ezhibits a variety in keeping with the differences of climate just described.
It is heavily influenced by seafood available from the waters that surround the country, and reflects the country's deep
Mediterranean roots. Spain's extensive history with many cultural influences has led to a unique cuisine. In particular, three main divisions are easily identified:
.^ The Jurassic of Andalusia belongs to the Mediterranean facies of the system; the Jurassic of the rest of Spain is more nearly allied to that of northwestern Europe.
Several cold soups like
gazpacho and also many rice-based dishes like
paella and
arroz negro.
Inner Spain – Castile and Madrid: hot, thick soups such as the bread and garlic-based Castilian soup, along with substantious stews such as cocido madrileño. Food is traditionally conserved by salting, like Spanish ham, or immersed in olive oil, like Manchego cheese.
- Atlantic Spain – the whole Northern coast, from Galicia to Navarre: vegetable and fish-based stews like pote gallego and marmitako.^ Some English merchants had violated the shadowy claim of Spain to the whole west coast of America by founding a settlement at Nootka Sound .
Also, the lightly cured lacón ham.
Sport
Main article:
Sport in Spain.^ In the last years of the 8th and begiiining of the 9th century, Charlemagne and Louis the Pius began conquering the north-east of Spain, which the Arabs had occupied as early as 713.
^ Under the concordat of the 20th of March 1851, by which the relations of Spain and the Vatican are Question of still governed, the law under which since 1836 the the Religi.
.^ The Spanish steppes deserve a special notice, since they are not confined to one of the four botanical provinces, but are found in all of them except the last.
.^ Altogether no other country in Europe of equal extent has so great a wealth of species as Spain.
^ The immense majority of the people are professed adherents of the Roman Catholic faith, so that, so far as numbers go, Spain is still the most Catholic country in the world, as it has long been styled.
^ No European country produces so great a variety of minerals in large amount, and in the production of copper ore, lead ore and mercury Spain heads the list.
The tourism industry has led to an improvement in sports infrastructure, especially for
water sports,
golf and
skiing.
Public holidays
.^ The immense majority of the people are professed adherents of the Roman Catholic faith, so that, so far as numbers go, Spain is still the most Catholic country in the world, as it has long been styled.
.^ The difference of the relations of these two states towards the comity of nations had corresponding internal distinctions.
[125]
See also
Notes
- ^ Also serves as the Royal anthem
- ^ In some autonomous communities, Aranese (Occitan), Basque, Catalan/Valencian, and Galician are co-official languages. Bable and Leonese are officially recognised
- ^ Prior to 1999 (by law, 2002) : Spanish Peseta.
- ^ Except in the Canary Islands, which are in the WET time zone (UTC, UTC+1 in summer).
- ^ The .eu domain is also used, as it is shared with other European Union member states. Also, the .cat domain is used in Catalan-speaking territories.
- ^ The Spanish constitution does not establish any official denomination of the country, even though España (Spain), Estado español (Spanish State) and Nación española (Spanish Nation) are used interchangeably. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs, in an Ordinance published in 1984, declared that "denominations "Spain" and "Kingdom of Spain" are equally valid to designate the Spain in international treaties..."
- ^ The latifundia (sing., latifundium), large estates controlled by the aristocracy, were superimposed on the existing Iberian landholding system.
- ^ The poets Martial, Quintilian and Lucan were also born in Hispania.
- ^ The Moorish armies continued northwards until they were defeated in central France at the Battle of Tours in 732.
- ^ The Berbers soon gave up attempting to settle the harsh lands in the north of the Meseta Central handed to them by the Arab rulers.
- ^ It was not until the 13th century that western medieval Christendom began reaching comparable levels of sophistication, and this was due in to a great extent to the stimulus coming from Muslim Al-Andalus.
- ^ Initially, as the Reconquista advanced south, different religions were respected and several Castilian kings in subsequent years (Ferdinand III, Alfonso X, Peter I) named themselves 'king of the three peoples' or 'king of the three religions'. Only rarely mosques and synagogues were converted into churches before 1492, and some areas of Christian Spain had large Muslim and Jewish populations that were a substantial component in the economic activity. Indeed they brought many of the Moorish influences in art, architecture and food with them.
- ^ For the related expulsions that followed see Morisco.
- ^ By the late 16th century American silver accounted for one-fifth of Spanish government's total revenue (the rest came mainly from taxes in Spain, especially Castile) [1]. From Europe, American silver was shipped to India, China, Levant and the Ottoman Empire. The silver was used to purchase goods, as European manufactured goods were not in demand in Asia and the Middle East. From the mid-17th Century around 28 million kilograms of silver was imported to China. The Manila Galleon brought in far more silver direct from South American mines to China than the overland Silk Road, or even European trade routes in the Indian oceans could.
- ^ The coastal villages and towns of Spain and Mediterranean islands were frequently attacked by Barbary pirates from North Africa, who were under the aegis of the Ottoman empire. The Formentera was even temporarily left by its population and long stretches of the Spanish and Italian coasts were almost completely abandoned by their inhabitants. In 1514, 1515 and 1521 coasts of the Balearic Islands and the Spanish mainland were raided by the Turkish privateer and Ottoman admiral Hayreddin Barbarossa. According to Robert Davis between 1 million and 1.25 million Europeans were captured by North African pirates and sold as slaves during the 16th and 17th centuries. These slaves were captured mainly from seaside villages in Spain, Italy and Portugal.
- ^ At the end of the 16th century, the Spain had nearly 8,500,000 inhabitants, but in 1700 only about 7,000,000. Epidemic disease was the major cause for this decline, especially the bubonic plague but also typhus, smallpox, and other diseases. The other principal causes of population loss were emigration to America, deaths from warfare, and the expulsion of the Moriscos.
- ^ Over a hundred thousand Spanish Civil War veterans were to give both sides the benefit of their experience throughout the Second World War in Europe, the Eastern Front and North Africa. Many in the French Resistance and French Foreign Legion were Spanish as was the 9th Armoured Company that spearheaded Général Leclerc's 2nd Armoured Division's liberation of Paris. On the other side, some 47,000 Spaniards fought against the Soviet Union in the Wehrmacht's Blue Division (División Azul).
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- ^ Religion Important for Americans, Italians, Angus Reid Global Monitor, December 30, 2006
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- ^ Kamen, Henry (1999). The Spanish Inquisition: A Historical Revision. Yale University Press. pp. 29–31.
- ^ "Spain Education System". SpainExchange.com. http://www.spainexchange.com/educator_info/spain_education.php. Retrieved 2008-08-13.
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- ^ "Origins". Real Academia Española. http://www.rae.es/rae/gestores/gespub000001.nsf/voTodosporId/CEDF300E8D943D3FC12571360037CC94?OpenDocument&i=0. Retrieved 2008-08-13.
- ^ Jordan, Barry; Rikki Morgan-Tamosunas (1998). Contemporary spanish cinema. Manchester University Press.
- ^ Cruz, Jo (1999). Edited by David R. Blanks and Michael Frassetto. ed. Western Views of Islam in Medieval and Early Modern Europe: Perception and Other. New York: Saint Martin's Press. pp. 56.
- ^ "Bank holidays in Spain". bank-holidays.com. http://www.bank-holidays.com/holidays_2007_58.htm. Retrieved 2008-08-13.
- Gates, David (2001). .^ In internal affairs the years of the war were of capital importance in Spanish hl1~ ~ history.
Da Capo Press. pp. 20. ISBN 0-306-81083-2.
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