From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
A stannide can refer to an intermetallic compound containing tin
combined with one or more other metals; an anion consisting solely
of tin atoms or a compound containing such an anion, or, in the
field of organometallic chemistry an ionic compound containing an
organotin anion (e.g.see [1] an
alternative name for such a compound is stannanide.)
Binary alkali and
alkaline earth stannides
When tin is combined with an alkali or alkaline earth metal
some of the compounds formed have ionic structures containing
monatomic or polyatomic tin anions (Zintl ions), e.g.
Sn4− in Mg2Sn [2]
Sn94−in K4Sn9.[3]
Even with these metals not all of the compounds formed can be
considered to be ionic with localised bonding, for example
Sr3Sn5, a metallic compound,contains
{Sn5} square pyramidal units.([4]
Ternary alkali and
alkaline earth stannides
Ternary (where there is an alkali or alkaline earth metal, a
transition metal as well as tin e.g.
LiRh3Sn5[5] and
MgRuSn4 [6] ) have
been investigated.
Other
metal stannides
Binary (involving one other metal) and ternary (involving two
other metals) intermetallic stannides have been investigated. Niobium stannide,
Nb3Sn is perhaps the best known superconducting tin
intermetallics. This is more commonly called "niobium-tin".
Stannide,
Snxy- ions
Some examples of stannide Zintl ions are listed below. Some of
them contain 2 centre- 2 electron bonds (2c-2e), others are
"electron deficient" and bonding sometimes can be described using
polyhedral
skeletal electron pair theory (Wade's Rules) where the number
of valence electrons contributed by each tin atom is considered to
be 2 (the s electrons do not contribute).[7] There
are some examples of silicide and plumbide ions with similar structures, for
example tetrahedral Si44−, the chain anion
{Si2−)n, Pb44− and
Pb94−.[2][8]
- Sn4− found for example in Mg2Sn[2]
- Sn44−, tetrahedral with 2c-2e bonds e.g.
in CsSn.[2]
- Sn42−, tetrahedral closo-
cluster with 10 electrons (2n+2)[9]
- {Sn2−)n zig-zag chain polymeric anion
with 2c-2e bonds found for example in BaSn[2]
- Sn52−closo-cluster, 12 electrons
(2n+2), (i.e. trigonal bipyramidal) in
(2,2,2-crypt-Na)2Sn5 [10]
- (Sn84−)n polymeric "2-D" anion
in NaSn2[11]
- Sn94− nido-cluster 22 electrons,
(2n+4)(capped square antiprismatic) with as per polyhedral
skeletal electron pair theory, in the intermetallic
K4Sn9[3],
and a distorted ion in the salt Na4Sn9.7en
(en = ethylenediamine)[12]
- Sn93− a paramagnetic, 21 electrons,
closo- cluster anion ( D3h symmetry)( 1 more
electron than the 20 (2n+2) predicted by polyhedral
skeletal electron pair theory[13]
- (Sn127−)n polymeric "2-D"
anion in Na7Sn12[14]
References
- ^
[Li(NH3)4]
[Sn(SnPh3)3].C6H6,
Crystal structure of a stannide with trigonal pyramidal tin
skeleton, Flacke F., Jacobs H., European journal of solid state and
inorganic chemistry, 1997, 34, 5, 495-501
- ^ a
b
c
d
e
S.M. Kauzlarich,(1994), Zintl Compounds, Encyclopedia of Inorganic
Chemistry, John Wiley & sons, ISBN 0471936200
- ^ a
b
Tetrapotassium nonastannide, K4Sn9,C. Hoch,
M. Wendorff and C. Röhr, Acta Cryst. (2002). C58, i45-i46 doi:10.1107/S0108270102002032
- ^
A3Tt5 Phases Sr3Sn5,
Ba3Pb5, and La3Sn5.
Structure and Bonding in a Series of Isotypic Metallic Compounds
with Increased Electron Count and Their Comparison with the Nominal
Zintl Phase La3In5, M. T. Klem, J. T.
Vaughey, J G. Harp, and J D. Corbett, Inorg. Chem., 2001, 40
(27),7020–7026,doi:10.1021/ic010804v
- ^
The stannide LiRh3Sn5 : Synthesis,
structure, and chemical bonding, Sreeraj P ; Johrendt
D. ; Müller H. ; Hoffmann R-D ; Zhiyun Wu ;
Pöttgen R.; Zeitschrift für Naturforschung. B, 2005, 60, 9,.
933-939
- ^
The Ternary Stannides MgRuSn4 and
MgxRh3Sn7 - x (x = 0.98 - 1.55), M. Schlüter,
A. Kunst, R. Pöttgen, Zeitschrift für anorganische und allgemeine
Chemie, 628, 12, 2641 – 2646, doi:10.1002/1521-3749(200211)628:12<2641::AID-ZAAC2641>3.0.CO;2-0
- ^
Greenwood,
Norman N.; Earnshaw, A. (1997), Chemistry of the Elements
(2nd ed.), Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann, ISBN
0-7506-3365-4
- ^
Yong, Li; Stephan D. Hoffmann and
Thomas F. Fässler (1 December 2006). "A low-dimensional arrangement
of [Pb9]4− clusters in
[K(18-crown-6)]2K2Pb9·(en)1.5".
Inorganica Chimica Acta (Elsevier) 359
(15): 4774–4778. doi:10.1016/j.ica.2006.04.017.
- ^
Stable homopolyatomic anions: the tetrastannide (2–) and
tetragermanide(2–) anions, Sn42–and
Ge42– X-ray crystal structure of
[K+(crypt)]2Sn42–. ethylenediamine, S C.
Critchlow and J. D. Corbett, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1981,
236 - 237,doi:10.1039/C39810000236
- ^
Stable homopolyatomic anions. Synthesis and crystal structures of
salts containing the pentaplumbide(2-) and pentastannide(2-)
anions, P. A. Edwards, J. D. Corbett, Inorg. Chem., 1977, 16 (4),
903–907, doi:10.1021/ic50170a036
- ^
NaSn2: A Novel Binary Zintl Phase with 2D Polyanions of
Realgar-Type Units [Sn8]4-, F. Dubois, M.
Schreyer, and T. F. Fässler, Inorg. Chem., 2005, 44 (3), 477–479,
doi:10.1021/ic048770p
- ^
Anorganische Polyederverbindungen, III. Zintl's Polyanionige Salze
: Darstellung und Eigenschaften der kristallinen Verbindungen
[Na4·7 en]Sn9, [Na4·5
en]Ge9 und [Na3·4 en]Sb7 und ihrer
Lösungen Die Kristallstruktur von [Na4·7
en]Sn9, L. Diehl, K. Khodadadeh, D. Kummer, J. Strähle,
Chemische Berichte, 109, (1976), 10, 3404 - 3418, doi:10.1002/cber.19761091018
- ^
Homopolyatomic anions. The synthesis and characterization of the
novel paramagnetic nonastannide(3-) anion
Sn93-, a D3h cluster with 21
skeletal electrons, S. C. Critchlow, J. D. Corbett, J. Am. Chem.
Soc., 1983, 105 (17), pp 5715–5716, doi:10.1021/ja00355a045
- ^
Na7Sn12: A Binary Zintl Phase with a
Two-Dimensional Covalently Bonded Tin Framework, T.F. Fässler,
S.Hoffmann, Inorg. Chem., 2003, 42 (18),5474–5476, doi:10.1021/ic030148u
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