# Tate's thesis: Wikis

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# Encyclopedia

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In mathematics, in the field of number theory, a Hecke character is a generalisation of a Dirichlet character, introduced by Erich Hecke to construct a class of L-functions larger than Dirichlet L-functions, and a natural setting for the Dedekind zeta-functions and certain others which have functional equations analogous to that of the Riemann zeta-function.

A name sometimes used for Hecke character is the German term Größencharakter (often written Grössencharakter, Grossencharakter, Grössencharacter, Grossencharacter et cetera).

## Definition using ideles

A Hecke character is a character of the idele class group of a number field or function field.

Some authors define a Hecke character to be a quasicharacter rather than a character. The difference is that a quasicharacter is a homomorphism to the non-zero complex numbers, while a character is a homomorphism to the unit circle. Any quasicharacter (of the idele class group) can be written uniquely as a character times a real power of the norm, so there is no big difference between the two definitions.

The conductor of a Hecke character χ is the largest ideal m such that χ is a Hecke character mod m. Here we say that χ is a Hecke character mod m if χ is trivial on ideles whose infinite part is 1 and whose finite part is integral and congruent to 1 mod m.

## Definition using ideals

The original definition of a Hecke character, going back to Hecke, was in terms of a character on fractional ideals. For a number field K, let m = mfm be a K-modulus, with mf, the "finite part", being an integral ideal of K and m, the "infinite part", being a (formal) product of real places of K. Let Im denote the group of fractional ideals of K relatively prime to mf and let Pm denote the subgroup of principal fractional ideals (a) where a is near 1 at each place of m in accordance with the multiplicities of its factors: for each finite place v in mf, ordv(a - 1) is at least as large as the exponent for v in mf, and a is positive under each real embedding in m. A Hecke character with modulus m is a group homomorphism from Im into the nonzero complex numbers such that on ideals (a) in Pm its value is equal to the value at a of a continuous homomorphism to the nonzero complex numbers from the product of the multiplicative groups of all archimedean completions of K where each local component of the homomorphism has the same real part (in the exponent). (Here we embed a into the product of archimedean completions of K using embeddings corresponding to the various archimedean places on K.) Thus a Hecke character may be defined on the ray class group modulo m, which is the quotient Im/Pm.

Strictly speaking, Hecke made the stipulation about behavior on principal ideals for those admitting a totally positive generator. So, in terms of the definition given above, he really only worked with moduli where all real places appeared. The role of the infinite part m is now subsumed under the notion of an infinity-type.

This definition is much more complicated than the idelic one, and Hecke's motivation for his definition was to construct L-functions that extend the notion of a Dirichlet L-function from the rationals to other number fields. For a Hecke character χ, its L-function is defined to be the Dirichlet series

$\sum_{(I,m)=1} \chi(I) N(I)^{-s} = L(s, \chi)\,$

carried out over integral ideals relatively prime to the modulus m of the Hecke character. The notation N(I) means the norm of an ideal. The common real part condition governing the behavior of Hecke characters on the subgroups Pm implies these Dirichlet series are absolutely convergent in some right half-plane. Hecke proved these L-functions have a meromorphic continuation to the whole complex plane, being analytic except for a simple pole of order 1 at s = 1 when the character is trivial. For primitive Hecke characters (defined relative to a modulus in a similar manner to primitive Dirichlet characters), Hecke showed these L-functions satisfy a functional equation relating the values of the L-function of a character and the L-function of its complex conjugate character.

The characters are 'big' (thus explaining the original German term chosen by Hecke) in the sense that the infinity-type when present non-trivially means these characters are not of finite order. The finite-order Hecke characters are all, in a sense, accounted for by class field theory: their L-functions are Artin L-functions, as Artin reciprocity shows. But even a field as simple as the Gaussian field has Hecke characters that go beyond finite order in a serious way (see the example below). Later developments in complex multiplication theory indicated that the proper place of the 'big' characters was to provide the Hasse-Weil L-functions for an important class of algebraic varieties (or even motives).

## Special cases

• A Dirichlet character is a Hecke character of finite order.
• A Hilbert character is a Dirichlet character of conductor 1. The number of Hilbert characters is the order of the class group of the field; more precisely, class field theory identifies the Hilbert characters with the characters of the class group.

## Examples

• For the field of rational numbers, the idele class group is isomorphic to the product of the positive reals with all the unit groups of the p-adic integers. So a quasicharacter can be written as product of a power of the norm with a Dirichlet character.
• A Hecke character χ of the Gaussian integers of conductor 1 is of the form
χ((a)) = |a|s(a/|a|)4 n
for s imaginary and n an integer, where a is a generator of the ideal (a). The only units are powers of i, so the factor of 4 in the exponent ensures that the character is well defined on ideals.

## Tate's thesis

Hecke's original proof of the functional equation for L(s,χ) used an explicit theta-function. John Tate's celebrated doctoral dissertation, written under the supervision of Emil Artin, applied Pontryagin duality systematically, to remove the need for any special functions. A later reformulation in a Bourbaki seminar by Weil (Fonctions zetas et distributions, Séminaire Bourbaki 312, 1966) showed that the essence of Tate's proof could be expressed by distribution theory: the space of distributions (for Schwartz–Bruhat test functions) on the adele group of K transforming under the action of the ideles by a given χ has dimension 1.

## References

• J. Tate, Fourier analysis in number fields and Hecke's zeta functions (Tate's 1950 thesis), reprinted in Algebraic Number Theory by J. W. S. Cassels, A. Frohlich ISBN 0-12-163251-2
• Neukirch, Jürgen (1999), Algebraic Number Theory, Grundlehren der mathematischen Wissenschaften, 322, Berlin: Springer-Verlag, MR1697859, ISBN 978-3-540-65399-8
• W. Narkiewicz (1990). Elementary and analytic theory of algebraic numbers (2nd ed.). Springer-Verlag/Polish Scientific Publishers PWN. pp. 334–343. ISBN 3-540-51250-0.