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.Tensile strength (σUTS or SU ) is indicated by the maxima of a stress-strain curve and, in general, indicates when necking will occur.^ This fracture will generally occur at the point of necking.
  • Copper.org: Industrial: Design Guide - Tensile Strength 23 January 2010 15:015 UTC www.copper.org [Source type: Academic]

 ^ Stress/strain curve .
  • Job knowledge 69: Mechanical testing - Tensile testing Part 1 (March 2004) 23 January 2010 15:015 UTC www.twi.co.uk [Source type: Academic]

 ^ Tensile test and Stress-Strain Diagram .
  • Tensile test and Stress-Strain Diagram [SubsTech] 23 January 2010 15:015 UTC www.substech.com [Source type: Academic]

 .As it is an intensive property, its value does not depend on the size of the test specimen.^ Test results for four specimen sizes having gage diameters of 6.35, 9.53, 15.88, and 25.40 mm are reported for H-451 graphite.
  • Article in IAEA-TECDOC--690: The effect of volume on the tensile strength of several nuclear-grade graphites 23 January 2010 15:015 UTC www.iaea.org [Source type: Academic]

 ^ Plywood pieces (as packing material) of size 25 x 3 mm were placed on both loading and reaction faces of specimens before testing.
  • Investigations on the Splitting Tensile Strength of High-Strength Steel Fiber Reinforced Silica Fume Concrete - NBM Media 23 January 2010 15:015 UTC www.nbmcw.com [Source type: Academic]

 ^ Standard test specimens cubes with sizes 15/15/15 cm and eight-shaped samples with defined sizes, were used to determine the cubic strength and the axial tensile strength.
  • Tensile Strength of Fine-grained Slag Concrete 23 January 2010 15:015 UTC www.ejournalnet.com [Source type: Academic]

 .It is, however, dependent on the preparation of the specimen and the temperature of the test environment and material.^ Materials, Mixture proportions, and Preparation of specimens .
  • Investigations on the Splitting Tensile Strength of High-Strength Steel Fiber Reinforced Silica Fume Concrete - NBM Media 23 January 2010 15:015 UTC www.nbmcw.com [Source type: Academic]

 ^ It is measured in MPa (mega Pascal) Toughness:- It is the resistance of a material to fracture or break Impact strength:- Energy required to fracture a specimen subjected to shock loading, as in Impact test.

 ^ Specimens may be low or high carbon steel, stainless steel, aluminum, titanium, plastics or strand tests of various composite materials.
.Tensile strength, along with elastic modulus and corrosion resistance, is an important parameter of engineering materials used in structures and mechanical devices.^ Tensile structures Tensile strength of...
  • Tensile Definition | Definition of Tensile at Dictionary.com 23 January 2010 15:015 UTC dictionary.reference.com [Source type: Reference]

 ^ The modulus and tensile strength are recorded.
  • Human Hair Tensile Strength Contest 23 January 2010 15:015 UTC www.engr.uky.edu [Source type: General]
  • Human Hair Tensile Strength Contest 23 January 2010 15:015 UTC www.engr.uky.edu [Source type: General]

 ^ This is an important concept in engineering, especially in the fields of material science, mechanical engineering and structural engineering..

 .It is specified for materials such as alloys, composite materials, ceramics, plastics and wood.^ Specimens may be low or high carbon steel, stainless steel, aluminum, titanium, plastics or strand tests of various composite materials.

 ^ The test can be on a conducted on a variety of materials including metals, plastics, elastomer's, paper, composites, rubbers, fabrics, adhesives, films, etc.
  • Tensile Strength Tester,Tensile Strength Tester Manufacturers,Tensile Strength Tester Suppliers,Tensile Strength Tester Exporters 23 January 2010 15:015 UTC www.filters-machines.com [Source type: Academic]

 ^ We also recondition, retrofit and upgrade these Material Testers for stress, strain, yield strength, flexural strength, and proof load testing of any type of material including metals, plastics, composites, ceramics, concrete and wood for the production testing and R & D needs of the Aerospace, Automotive, Defense, Medical, Fastener and Construction Industries.
  • Tensile Strength Tester, Compression, Tension Test Machine and Hardness testing equipment - New / Used / Reconditioned 23 January 2010 15:015 UTC www.equipmentmls.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

Contents

Explanation

There are three definitions of tensile strength:
Yield strength
The stress at which material strain changes from elastic deformation to plastic deformation, causing it to deform permanently.
Ultimate strength
The maximum stress a material can withstand when subjected to tension, compression or shearing. It is the maximum stress on the stress-strain curve.
Breaking strength
The stress coordinate on the stress-strain curve at the point of rupture.

Concept

The various definitions of tensile strength are shown in the following stress-strain graph for low-carbon steel:
Stress vs. Strain curve typical of structural steel
1. Ultimate Strength
2. Yield strength
3. Rupture
4. Strain hardening region
5. Necking region.
A: Apparent (engineering) stress (F/A0)
B: Actual (true) stress (F/A)
.Metals including steel have a linear stress-strain relationship up to the yield point, as shown in the figure.^ Metals including steel have a linear stress-strain relationship up to the yield point, as shown in the figure.

 ^ The relationship is shown in figure 144.
  • Chapter 4 - Material Property Characterization of Ultra-High Performance Concrete, FHWA-HRT-06-103 23 January 2010 15:015 UTC www.tfhrc.gov [Source type: Academic]

 ^ A most unusual stress-strain curve is shown in the figure below.

 .In some steels the stress falls after the yield point.^ In some steels the stress falls after the yield point.
  • Tensile strength: Encyclopedia of chemistry, analytics & pharmaceutics with 64,557 entries. 23 January 2010 15:015 UTC www.chemie.de [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

 ^ Yield Strength : stress at the yield point.
  • Schmelzer Industries 23 January 2010 15:015 UTC www.siveils.com [Source type: Reference]

 ^ Metals that are strengthened by alloying, by heat treatment or by cold working do not have a pronounced yield and some other method must be found to determine the 'yield point'.
  • Job knowledge 69: Mechanical testing - Tensile testing Part 1 (March 2004) 23 January 2010 15:015 UTC www.twi.co.uk [Source type: Academic]

 .This is due to the interaction of carbon atoms and dislocations in the stressed steel.^ This is due to the interaction of carbon atoms and dislocations in the stressed steel.
  • Tensile Strength 23 January 2010 15:015 UTC www.juliantrubin.com [Source type: Academic]
  • Tensile strength: Encyclopedia of chemistry, analytics & pharmaceutics with 64,557 entries. 23 January 2010 15:015 UTC www.chemie.de [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

 ^ The various definitions of tensile strength are shown in the following stress-strain graph for low-carbon steel : .
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  • Tensile strength: Encyclopedia of chemistry, analytics & pharmaceutics with 64,557 entries. 23 January 2010 15:015 UTC www.chemie.de [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

 ^ The stress strain curve in Fig.3 shows a material that has a well pronounced yield point but only annealed carbon steel exhibits this sort of behaviour.
  • Job knowledge 69: Mechanical testing - Tensile testing Part 1 (March 2004) 23 January 2010 15:015 UTC www.twi.co.uk [Source type: Academic]

 .Cold worked and alloy steels do not show this effect.^ Cold worked and alloy steels do not show this effect.

 ^ For steels with dual phase microstructures, this approach to predicting cold work strengthening does not provide useful engineering estimates.
  • Predicting Yield Strength and Tensile Strength After Forming for Automotive Integral Body Structural Rail Type Parts 23 January 2010 15:015 UTC www.sae.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

 ^ Mild Steel Alloy 1018 is the most commonly available of the cold-rolled steels.
  • Guide to Buying Steel Online | Online Metals Guide to Selecting Metals for Your Project 23 January 2010 15:015 UTC www.onlinemetals.com [Source type: General]

 .For most metals yield point is not sharply defined.^ Only certain metals have a yield point.
  • Tension and Compression Testing - Materials Evaluation and Engineering, Inc. 23 January 2010 15:015 UTC www.mee-inc.com [Source type: Academic]

 ^ This defines the yield strengths of the metal.
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 ^ For most metals yield point is not sharply defined.
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 .Below the yield strength all deformation is recoverable, and the material will return to its initial shape when the load is removed.^ Elastic deformation is recoverable after the load is removed.
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 ^ For stresses above the yield point the deformation is not recoverable, and the material will not return to its initial shape.

 ^ Prior to the yield point the material will deform elastically and will return to its original shape when the applied stress is removed.
  • What is the difference between tensile & yield strength? - Yahoo! Answers 23 January 2010 15:015 UTC answers.yahoo.com [Source type: General]

 .This recoverable deformation is known as elastic deformation.^ Elastic deformation is recoverable after the load is removed.
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 .For stresses above the yield point the deformation is not recoverable, and the material will not return to its initial shape.^ In this region of the curve, when the stress is reduced, the material will return to its original shape.
  • Tensile Properties 23 January 2010 15:015 UTC www.ndt-ed.org [Source type: Academic]

 ^ For stresses above the yield point the deformation is not recoverable, and the material will not return to its initial shape.
  • Tensile Strength 23 January 2010 15:015 UTC www.juliantrubin.com [Source type: Academic]
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 ^ Prior to the yield point the material will deform elastically and will return to its original shape when the applied stress is removed.
  • What is the difference between tensile & yield strength? - Yahoo! Answers 23 January 2010 15:015 UTC answers.yahoo.com [Source type: General]

 .This unrecoverable deformation is known as plastic deformation.^ This unrecoverable deformation is known as plastic deformation .
  • Tensile Strength 23 January 2010 15:015 UTC www.juliantrubin.com [Source type: Academic]
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 .For many applications plastic deformation is unacceptable, and the yield strength is used as the design limitation.^ (See Table) For most engineering design and specification applications, the yield strength is used.
  • Tensile Properties 23 January 2010 15:015 UTC www.ndt-ed.org [Source type: Academic]

 ^ This permanent deformation is known as plastic deformation and for many applications plastic deformation is unacceptable, so the material’s properties at its yield point are used as the design limitation.
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 ^ How strong before it deforms use Yield Strength.
.After the yield point, steel and many other ductile metals will undergo a period of strain hardening, in which the stress increases again with increasing strain up to the ultimate strength.^ Only certain metals have a yield point.
  • Tension and Compression Testing - Materials Evaluation and Engineering, Inc. 23 January 2010 15:015 UTC www.mee-inc.com [Source type: Academic]

 ^ Metals including steel have a linear stress-strain relationship up to the yield point, as shown in the figure.
  • Tensile Strength 23 January 2010 15:015 UTC www.juliantrubin.com [Source type: Academic]
  • Tensile strength: Encyclopedia of chemistry, analytics & pharmaceutics with 64,557 entries. 23 January 2010 15:015 UTC www.chemie.de [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

 ^ Breaking strength - The stress coordinate on the stress-strain curve at the point of rupture.
  • What is the difference between tensile & yield strength? - Yahoo! Answers 23 January 2010 15:015 UTC answers.yahoo.com [Source type: General]

 .If the material is unloaded at this point, the stress-strain curve will be parallel to the original elastic portion of the curve, between the origin and the yield point.^ Non-linearities and or discontinuities in the linear elastic region of the stress-strain curve.
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 ^ In brittle materials, the UTS will at the end of the linear-elastic portion of the stress-strain curve or close to the elastic limit.
  • Tensile Properties 23 January 2010 15:015 UTC www.ndt-ed.org [Source type: Academic]

 ^ To compute the modulus of elastic , simply divide the stress by the strain in the material.
  • Tensile Properties 23 January 2010 15:015 UTC www.ndt-ed.org [Source type: Academic]

 .If it is then re-loaded it will follow the unloading curve up again to the previous load, which has become the new yield strength, and will then continue following the original plastic curve.^ If it is re-loaded it will follow the unloading curve up again to the ultimate strength, which has become the new yield strength.
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 ^ The yield strength at 0.2% offset is determined by finding the intersection of the stress-strain curve with a line parallel to the initial slope of the curve and which intercepts the abscissa at 0.002.
  • Tensile strength: Encyclopedia of chemistry, analytics & pharmaceutics with 64,557 entries. 23 January 2010 15:015 UTC www.chemie.de [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

 ^ The yield strength at 0.2% offset is determined by finding the intersection of the stress-strain curve with a line parallel to the initial slope of the curve and which intercepts the abscissa at 0.2%.
  • Tinius Olsen 23 January 2010 15:015 UTC www.tiniusolsen.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.After a metal has been loaded to its yield strength it begins to "neck" as the cross-sectional area of the specimen decreases due to plastic flow.^ The true fracture strength is the load at fracture divided by the cross sectional area of the sample.
  • Mechanical Material Properties - Engineer's Handbook 23 January 2010 15:015 UTC www.engineershandbook.com [Source type: Academic]

 ^ A cylindrical specimen is loaded diametrically across the circular cross section.
  • Indirect tensile strength tests 23 January 2010 15:015 UTC www.sp.se [Source type: Academic]

 ^ A marked decrease in cross-section is called "necking."
  • Ultimate Tensile Strength 23 January 2010 15:015 UTC www.tpub.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

 .When necking becomes substantial, it may cause a reversal of the engineering stress-strain curve, where decreasing stress correlates to increasing strain because of geometric effects.^ A typical engineering stress-strain curve is shown below.
  • Tensile Properties 23 January 2010 15:015 UTC www.ndt-ed.org [Source type: Academic]

 ^ The peak stress on the engineering stress-strain curve is known as the ultimate strength .
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 ^ When necking becomes substantial, it may cause a reversal of the engineering stress-strain curve, where decreasing stress correlates to increasing strain because of geometric effects.
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  • Tensile strength: Encyclopedia of chemistry, analytics & pharmaceutics with 64,557 entries. 23 January 2010 15:015 UTC www.chemie.de [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

 .This is because the engineering stress and engineering strain are calculated assuming the original cross-sectional area before necking.^ An applied force divided by original cross sectional area of the specimen.
  • Zwick Materials Testing - manufacturer of materials testing machines 23 January 2010 15:015 UTC www.zwick.co.uk [Source type: Academic]

 ^ This is the result of engineering stress being based on the original cross-section area and not accounting for the necking that commonly occurs in the test specimen.
  • Tensile Properties 23 January 2010 15:015 UTC www.ndt-ed.org [Source type: Academic]

 ^ Tensile stress is the ratio of the tensile load F applied to the specimen to its original cross-sectional area S 0 : .
  • Tensile test and Stress-Strain Diagram [SubsTech] 23 January 2010 15:015 UTC www.substech.com [Source type: Academic]

 .If the graph is plotted in terms of true stress and true strain the curve will always slope upwards and never reverse, as true stress is corrected for the decrease in cross-sectional area.^ If the graph is plotted in terms of true stress and true strain the curve will always slope upwards and never reverse, as true stress is corrected for the decrease in cross-sectional area.
  • Tinius Olsen 23 January 2010 15:015 UTC www.tiniusolsen.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
  • Tensile strength: Encyclopedia of chemistry, analytics & pharmaceutics with 64,557 entries. 23 January 2010 15:015 UTC www.chemie.de [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

 ^ Stress/strain curve .
  • Job knowledge 69: Mechanical testing - Tensile testing Part 1 (March 2004) 23 January 2010 15:015 UTC www.twi.co.uk [Source type: Academic]

 ^ Fracture stress : the true, normal stress on the minimum cross-sectional area at the beginning of fracture.
  • Schmelzer Industries 23 January 2010 15:015 UTC www.siveils.com [Source type: Reference]

 .Necking is not observed for materials loaded in compression.^ Necking is not observed for materials loaded in compression.
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 ^ A wide range of testing capabilties are possible including tensile, elongation, compression, shear, peel, flexural, and proof of load for most materials and components.
  • Tensile Testers - Universal Testing Machines - from Benz 23 January 2010 15:015 UTC www.benztesters.com [Source type: Academic]

 ^ A compression test is a method for determining the behavior of materials under a compressive load.
  • Tension and Compression Testing - Materials Evaluation and Engineering, Inc. 23 January 2010 15:015 UTC www.mee-inc.com [Source type: Academic]

 .The peak stress on the engineering stress-strain curve is known as the ultimate strength.^ A typical engineering stress-strain curve is shown below.
  • Tensile Properties 23 January 2010 15:015 UTC www.ndt-ed.org [Source type: Academic]

 ^ The peak stress on the engineering stress-strain curve is known as the ultimate strength .
  • Tinius Olsen 23 January 2010 15:015 UTC www.tiniusolsen.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

 ^ Stress/strain curve .
  • Job knowledge 69: Mechanical testing - Tensile testing Part 1 (March 2004) 23 January 2010 15:015 UTC www.twi.co.uk [Source type: Academic]

 .After a period of necking, the material will rupture and the stored elastic energy is released as noise and heat.^ After a period of necking, the material will rupture and the stored elastic energy is released as noise and heat.
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 ^ Creep : the change in dimension of a material under load over a period of time, not including the initial instantaneous elastic deformation.
  • Schmelzer Industries 23 January 2010 15:015 UTC www.siveils.com [Source type: Reference]

 ^ Elastic limit is the greatest stress the material can withstand without any measurable permanent strain remaining on the complete release of load.
  • Tensile Properties 23 January 2010 15:015 UTC www.ndt-ed.org [Source type: Academic]

 .The stress on the material at the time of rupture is known as the breaking strength.^ The stress on the material at the time of rupture is known as the tensile strength .
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 ^ Breaking strength: The stress coordinate on the stress-strain curve at the point of rupture.
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 ^ The break point is the point on the stress/strain curve at which the material breaks or ruptures.
  • Measuring the Strength of Materials: Tensile Testing in Materials Science 23 January 2010 15:015 UTC engineering.suite101.com [Source type: Academic]
.Ductile metals do not have a well defined yield point.^ Only certain metals have a yield point.
  • Tension and Compression Testing - Materials Evaluation and Engineering, Inc. 23 January 2010 15:015 UTC www.mee-inc.com [Source type: Academic]

 ^ Ductile metals do not have a well defined yield point, so in these cases we have to “invent” one.
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 ^ This defines the yield strengths of the metal.
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 .The yield strength is typically defined by the "0.2% offset strain". The yield strength at 0.2% offset is determined by finding the intersection of the stress-strain curve with a line parallel to the initial slope of the curve and which intercepts the abscissa at 0.2%.^ A typical engineering stress-strain curve is shown below.
  • Tensile Properties 23 January 2010 15:015 UTC www.ndt-ed.org [Source type: Academic]

 ^ Determination of proof (offset yield) strength .
  • Job knowledge 69: Mechanical testing - Tensile testing Part 1 (March 2004) 23 January 2010 15:015 UTC www.twi.co.uk [Source type: Academic]

 ^ Breaking strength - The stress coordinate on the stress-strain curve at the point of rupture.
  • What is the difference between tensile & yield strength? - Yahoo! Answers 23 January 2010 15:015 UTC answers.yahoo.com [Source type: General]

 .A stress-strain curve typical of aluminium along with the 0.2% offset line is shown in the figure below.^ A stress-strain curve typical of aluminum along with the 0.2% offset line is shown in the figure below.
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 ^ The curves are shown in figure 154.
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 ^ Stress/strain curve .
  • Job knowledge 69: Mechanical testing - Tensile testing Part 1 (March 2004) 23 January 2010 15:015 UTC www.twi.co.uk [Source type: Academic]
Stress vs. Strain curve typical of aluminum
1. Ultimate Strength
2. Yield strength
3. Proportional Limit Stress
4. Rupture
5. Offset Strain (typically 0.2%).
.Brittle materials such as concrete and carbon fiber do not have a yield point, and do not strain-harden which means that the ultimate strength and breaking strength are the same.^ Breaking strength - The stress coordinate on the stress-strain curve at the point of rupture.
  • What is the difference between tensile & yield strength? - Yahoo! Answers 23 January 2010 15:015 UTC answers.yahoo.com [Source type: General]

 ^ Brittle materials such as concrete and carbon fiber do not have a yield point, and do not strain-harden which means that the ultimate strength and breaking strength are the same.
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 ^ Breaking strength: The stress coordinate on the stress-strain curve at the point of rupture.
  • Tensile Strength 23 January 2010 15:015 UTC www.juliantrubin.com [Source type: Academic]
  • Tensile strength: Encyclopedia of chemistry, analytics & pharmaceutics with 64,557 entries. 23 January 2010 15:015 UTC www.chemie.de [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

 .A most unusual stress-strain curve is shown in the figure below.^ A typical engineering stress-strain curve is shown below.
  • Tensile Properties 23 January 2010 15:015 UTC www.ndt-ed.org [Source type: Academic]

 ^ The curves are shown in figure 154.
  • Chapter 4 - Material Property Characterization of Ultra-High Performance Concrete, FHWA-HRT-06-103 23 January 2010 15:015 UTC www.tfhrc.gov [Source type: Academic]

 ^ Stress/strain curve .
  • Job knowledge 69: Mechanical testing - Tensile testing Part 1 (March 2004) 23 January 2010 15:015 UTC www.twi.co.uk [Source type: Academic]

 .Typical brittle materials do not show any plastic deformation but fail while the deformation is elastic.^ Typical brittle materials do not show any plastic deformation but fail while the deformation is elastic.
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 ^ Yield strength, or the yield point, is defined in engineering as the amount of strain that a material can undergo before moving from elastic deformation into plastic deformation.
  • Elastic Properties and Young Modulus for some Materials 23 January 2010 15:015 UTC www.engineeringtoolbox.com [Source type: Academic]

 ^ Table 1 also shows that the frequency shifts shown earlier are indeed due to changes in the elasticity of the material and not due to other variables.
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 .One of the characteristics of a brittle failure is that the two broken parts can be reassembled to produce the same shape as the original component.^ One of the characteristics of a brittle failure is that the two broken parts can be reassembled to produce the same shape as the original component.
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 ^ Batch : in general, a quantity of material formed during the same process or in one continuous process and having identical characteristics throughout.
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 ^ SinterCast produces a variety of CGI components ranging from 2 kg to 17 tonnes, all using the same proven process control technology.
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 .A typical stress strain curve for a brittle material will be linear.^ Non-linearities and or discontinuities in the linear elastic region of the stress-strain curve.
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 ^ A typical engineering stress-strain curve is shown below.
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 ^ In brittle materials, the UTS will at the end of the linear-elastic portion of the stress-strain curve or close to the elastic limit.
  • Tensile Properties 23 January 2010 15:015 UTC www.ndt-ed.org [Source type: Academic]

 .Testing of several identical specimens will result in different failure stresses, this is due to the Weibull Modulus of the brittle material.^ Testing of several identical specimens will result in different failure stresses.
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 ^ Tensile tests are the most common material strength test and measure properties such as yield strength, modulus, ultimate tensile strength, possons ratio, reduction of area and elongation to failure.
  • Tensile Strength Testing Equipment 23 January 2010 15:015 UTC www.testresources.com [Source type: Academic]

 ^ For stress-relieved tempers, the characteristics and properties other than those specified may differ somewhat from the corresponding characteristics and properties of material in the basic temper.
  • Tensile Strength Properties of Aluminum and Stainless Steel Metals 23 January 2010 15:015 UTC www.americanmachinetools.com [Source type: Academic]

 .The curve shown below would be typical of a brittle polymer tested at very slow strain rates at a temperature above its glass transition temperature.^ A typical engineering stress-strain curve is shown below.
  • Tensile Properties 23 January 2010 15:015 UTC www.ndt-ed.org [Source type: Academic]

 ^ Stress vs. Strain curve of a very untypical brittle material 1.

 ^ A most unusual stress-strain curve is shown in the figure below.
  • Tinius Olsen 23 January 2010 15:015 UTC www.tiniusolsen.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
  • Tensile Strength 23 January 2010 15:015 UTC www.juliantrubin.com [Source type: Academic]
  • Tensile strength: Encyclopedia of chemistry, analytics & pharmaceutics with 64,557 entries. 23 January 2010 15:015 UTC www.chemie.de [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

 .Some engineering ceramics show a small amount of ductile behaviour at stresses just below that causing failure but the initial part of the curve is a linear.^ A typical engineering stress-strain curve is shown below.
  • Tensile Properties 23 January 2010 15:015 UTC www.ndt-ed.org [Source type: Academic]

 ^ Some engineering ceramics show a small amount of ductile behaviour at stresses just below that causing failure but the initial part of the curve is a linear.
  • Tinius Olsen 23 January 2010 15:015 UTC www.tiniusolsen.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
  • Tensile Strength 23 January 2010 15:015 UTC www.juliantrubin.com [Source type: Academic]
  • Tensile strength: Encyclopedia of chemistry, analytics & pharmaceutics with 64,557 entries. 23 January 2010 15:015 UTC www.chemie.de [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

 ^ The yield strength at 0.2% offset is determined by finding the intersection of the stress-strain curve with a line parallel to the initial slope of the curve and which intercepts the abscissa at 0.002.
  • Tensile Strength 23 January 2010 15:015 UTC www.juliantrubin.com [Source type: Academic]
  • Tensile strength: Encyclopedia of chemistry, analytics & pharmaceutics with 64,557 entries. 23 January 2010 15:015 UTC www.chemie.de [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
Stress vs. Strain curve of a very atypical brittle material
1. Ultimate Strength
2. Tensile strength.
.Tensile strength is measured in units of force per unit area.^ Understanding Tensile Strength of Material and the Measurement Units A Gigapascal is unit of measure for strength of material.
  • Understanding Strength of Materials and History of Improvement 23 January 2010 15:015 UTC nextbigfuture.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

 ^ Tensile strength is measured in units of force per unit area .

 ^ Tensile strength, psi = maximum load force/surface area .
  • APS Materials, Inc. - Materials Coating | Plasma Spray | Plasma Spray Coatings | Spray Coating | Research & Development 23 January 2010 15:015 UTC apsmaterials.com [Source type: Academic]

 .In the SI system, the units are newtons per square metre (N/m²) or pascals (Pa).^ In the SI system , the units are newtons per square metre (N/m²) or pascals (Pa), with prefixes as appropriate.
  • Tensile Strength 23 January 2010 15:015 UTC www.juliantrubin.com [Source type: Academic]
  • Tensile strength: Encyclopedia of chemistry, analytics & pharmaceutics with 64,557 entries. 23 January 2010 15:015 UTC www.chemie.de [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

 ^ The Imperial, or English, units are pounds-force per square inch (lbf/in² or PSI), however engineers in the USA usually use units of ksi which is a thousand psi.
  • Tinius Olsen 23 January 2010 15:015 UTC www.tiniusolsen.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

 ^ Tensile strengths have dimensions of force per unit area and in the English system of measurement are commonly expressed in units of pounds per square inch, often abbreviated to psi.
  • tensile strength (physics) -- Britannica Online Encyclopedia 23 January 2010 15:015 UTC www.britannica.com [Source type: Reference]

 .The customary unit is pounds-force per square inch (lbf/in² or psi); oftentimes kilo-pounds per square inch (ksi) are used to shortened the numbers.^ The Imperial, or English, units are pounds-force per square inch (lbf/in² or PSI), however engineers in the USA usually use units of ksi which is a thousand psi.
  • Tinius Olsen 23 January 2010 15:015 UTC www.tiniusolsen.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

 ^ The units of engineering stress are ksi, which stands for a thousand pounds per square inch.
  • MTU Materials Science and Engineering: Outreach Programs: Virtual Tensile Test Experiment 23 January 2010 15:015 UTC www.mse.mtu.edu [Source type: Academic]

 ^ The non-metric units are pounds-force per square inch (lbf/in² or PSI).
  • Tensile Strength 23 January 2010 15:015 UTC www.juliantrubin.com [Source type: Academic]
  • Tensile strength: Encyclopedia of chemistry, analytics & pharmaceutics with 64,557 entries. 23 January 2010 15:015 UTC www.chemie.de [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.The breaking strength of a rope is specified in units of force, such as newtons, without specifying the cross-sectional area of the rope.^ Tensile strength is measured in units of force per unit area .

 ^ The strength of a material is its ability to withstand external forces without breaking.
  • Tensile Properties 23 January 2010 15:015 UTC www.ndt-ed.org [Source type: Academic]

 ^ The force per unit cross-sectional area required to pull a substance apart.

 .This is often loosely called tensile strength, but this is not a strictly correct use of the term.^ This is often loosely called tensile strength, but this is not a strictly correct use of the term.
  • Tensile Strength 23 January 2010 15:015 UTC www.juliantrubin.com [Source type: Academic]
  • Tensile strength: Encyclopedia of chemistry, analytics & pharmaceutics with 64,557 entries. 23 January 2010 15:015 UTC www.chemie.de [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

 ^ Let's use tensile strength to illustrate.
  • Mechanical Properties of Polymers 23 January 2010 15:015 UTC pslc.ws [Source type: Original source]

 ^ High strength washers are often used.
.In brittle materials such as rock, concrete, cast iron, or soil, tensile strength is negligible compared to the compressive strength and it is assumed zero for many engineering applications.^ The compressive and tensile strength of concrete will be increased up to 15 %.
  • Bauforschung - Suchanfrage: tensile strength - Fraunhofer IRB 23 January 2010 15:015 UTC www.irb.fraunhofer.de [Source type: Academic]

 ^ What is tensile strength of a material?
  • WikiAnswers - What is the tensile strength of wood 23 January 2010 15:015 UTC wiki.answers.com [Source type: General]

 ^ Compressive strength at any age after casting.
  • Chapter 4 - Material Property Characterization of Ultra-High Performance Concrete, FHWA-HRT-06-103 23 January 2010 15:015 UTC www.tfhrc.gov [Source type: Academic]

 .Glass fibers have a tensile strength stronger than steel[1], but bulk glass usually does not.^ What is tensile strength of glass?
  • WikiAnswers - How do you calculate tensile strength 23 January 2010 15:015 UTC wiki.answers.com [Source type: General]

 ^ Glass fibers have a tensile strength stronger than steel[2], but bulk glass usually does not.
  • Tensile strength: Encyclopedia of chemistry, analytics & pharmaceutics with 64,557 entries. 23 January 2010 15:015 UTC www.chemie.de [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

 ^ Re: Where does the tensile strength locate?
  • Where does the tensile strength locate? 23 January 2010 15:015 UTC www.physicsforums.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

 .This is due to the Stress Intensity Factor associated with defects in the material.^ This is due to the Stress Intensity Factor associated with defects in the material.
  • Tensile strength: Encyclopedia of chemistry, analytics & pharmaceutics with 64,557 entries. 23 January 2010 15:015 UTC www.chemie.de [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

 ^ As a result, single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) are the strongest material known to science due to the extraordinary strength of carbon-carbon bonds and their defect-free structure.
  • Carbon science breakthrough leads to dramatically stronger nanotube composites 23 January 2010 15:015 UTC www.nanowerk.com [Source type: General]

 ^ The ultimate strength of any material is the intensity of stress required to produce fracture in any specified way.
  • Material Tenacity, Tensile Strength 23 January 2010 15:015 UTC chestofbooks.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

 .As the size of the sample gets larger, the size of defects also grows.^ As the size of the sample gets larger, the size of defects also grows.
  • Tensile Strength 23 January 2010 15:015 UTC www.juliantrubin.com [Source type: Academic]
  • Tensile strength: Encyclopedia of chemistry, analytics & pharmaceutics with 64,557 entries. 23 January 2010 15:015 UTC www.chemie.de [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

 .In general, the tensile strength of a rope is always less than the tensile strength of its individual fibers.^ What is tensile strength of rope?
  • WikiAnswers - How do you calculate tensile strength 23 January 2010 15:015 UTC wiki.answers.com [Source type: General]

 ^ In general, the tensile strength of a rope is always less than the tensile strength of its individual fibers.
  • Tensile strength: Encyclopedia of chemistry, analytics & pharmaceutics with 64,557 entries. 23 January 2010 15:015 UTC www.chemie.de [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

 ^ Fibers need good tensile strength.
  • Mechanical Properties of Polymers 23 January 2010 15:015 UTC pslc.ws [Source type: Original source]
.Tensile strength can be defined for liquids as well as solids.^ Tensile strength can be defined for liquids as well as solids.
  • Tensile Strength 23 January 2010 15:015 UTC www.juliantrubin.com [Source type: Academic]
  • Tensile strength: Encyclopedia of chemistry, analytics & pharmaceutics with 64,557 entries. 23 January 2010 15:015 UTC www.chemie.de [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

 ^ When experienced surgeons grasped sutures with forceps out of direct vision, their grasping forces were well below that which alters tensile strength.
  • Arch Surg -- Abstract: Surgical Manipulation and the Tensile Strength of Polypropylene Sutures, June 1989, Dobrin 124 (6): 665 23 January 2010 15:015 UTC archsurg.ama-assn.org [Source type: Academic]

 ^ Standard test specimens cubes with sizes 15/15/15 cm and eight-shaped samples with defined sizes, were used to determine the cubic strength and the axial tensile strength.
  • Tensile Strength of Fine-grained Slag Concrete 23 January 2010 15:015 UTC www.ejournalnet.com [Source type: Academic]

 .For example, when a tree draws water from its roots to its upper leaves by transpiration, the column of water is pulled upwards from the top by capillary action, and this force is transmitted down the column by its tensile strength.^ For example, when a tree draws water from its roots to its upper leaves by transpiration , the column of water is pulled upwards from the top by capillary action , and this force is transmitted down the column by its tensile strength.

 ^ For example, when a tree draws water from its roots to its upper leaves by transpiration, the column of water is pulled upwards from the top by capillary action , and this force is transmitted down the column by its tensile strength.
  • Tensile strength: Encyclopedia of chemistry, analytics & pharmaceutics with 64,557 entries. 23 January 2010 15:015 UTC www.chemie.de [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

 ^ This transport relies on the tensile strength of water.
  • Tensile strength of water(Gerald L. Hurst) 23 January 2010 15:015 UTC www.yarchive.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

 .Air pressure from below also plays a small part in a tree's ability to draw up water, but this alone would only be sufficient to push the column of water to a height of about ten metres, and trees can grow much higher than that.^ Tall trees get water transported to their leaves by drawing it up in tension far higher than it could be pushed by atmospheric pressure.
  • Tensile strength of water(Gerald L. Hurst) 23 January 2010 15:015 UTC www.yarchive.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

 ^ Air pressure from below also plays a small part in a tree's ability to draw up water, but this alone would only be sufficient to push the column of water to a height of about ten metres, and trees can grow much higher than that.
  • Tensile Strength 23 January 2010 15:015 UTC www.juliantrubin.com [Source type: Academic]
  • Tensile strength: Encyclopedia of chemistry, analytics & pharmaceutics with 64,557 entries. 23 January 2010 15:015 UTC www.chemie.de [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

 ^ For example, when a tree draws water from its roots to its upper leaves by transpiration , the column of water is pulled upwards from the top by capillary action , and this force is transmitted down the column by its tensile strength.

 (See also cavitation, which can be thought of as the consequence of water being "pulled too hard".)

Testing

Round bar tensile specimen after testing
.Typically, the testing involves taking a small sample with a fixed cross-section area, and then pulling it with a controlled, gradually increasing force until the sample changes shape or breaks.^ A beam or girder with an 1-shaped cross-section.
  • Dictionary of Bridges 23 January 2010 15:015 UTC www.nireland.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

 ^ Determine the cross sectional area A of the wire.
  • MTU Materials Science and Engineering: Outreach Programs: Virtual Tensile Test Experiment 23 January 2010 15:015 UTC www.mse.mtu.edu [Source type: Academic]

 ^ Reduction of area is the change in cross-sectional area divided by the original cross-sectional area.
  • Tensile Properties 23 January 2010 15:015 UTC www.ndt-ed.org [Source type: Academic]
.When testing metals, indentation hardness correlates linearly with tensile strength.^ Micro-tensile bond strength testing .
  • ISPUB - Micro-tensile bond strength of one-step adhesives to dentin 23 January 2010 15:015 UTC www.ispub.com [Source type: Academic]

 ^ Tension (mechanics) Toughness Deformation Tensile structure Universal Testing Machine Specific strength Strength of materials .
  • Tensile Strength 23 January 2010 15:015 UTC www.juliantrubin.com [Source type: Academic]
  • Tensile strength: Encyclopedia of chemistry, analytics & pharmaceutics with 64,557 entries. 23 January 2010 15:015 UTC www.chemie.de [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

 ^ Tensile tests are the most common material strength test and measure properties such as yield strength, modulus, ultimate tensile strength, possons ratio, reduction of area and elongation to failure.
  • Tensile Strength Testing Equipment 23 January 2010 15:015 UTC www.testresources.com [Source type: Academic]

 .This important relation permits economically important nondestructive testing of bulk metal deliveries with lightweight, even portable equipment, such as hand-held Rockwell hardness testers.^ Fine Marketing Manufacture and supply testing equipment, industrial testing machine,metal testing machine, plastic testing machine, rubber testing machine, abrasion testers, hardness testers, tensile strength testers, universal testing machines, spring testing machine.
  • Tensile Machines - Tensile Machines Manufacturers,Tensile Machines Suppliers & Exporters 23 January 2010 15:015 UTC dir.indiamart.com [Source type: News]

 ^ Navtek Instruments (India) Private Limited Deals in marketing and exporting of tensile tester, portable hardness tester, digital torque tester, hardness tester, spring tester, surface roughness tester, surface tester.
  • Tensile Tester - Tensile Tester Manufacturers,Tensile Tester Suppliers & Exporters 23 January 2010 15:015 UTC dir.indiamart.com [Source type: News]

 ^ Manufacturer and bulk stockist of tensile testing machine, tensile tester, color fastness tester, rub proofness tester, heat resistance tester, vickers hardness tester, impact testing machine, flammability tester.
  • Tensile Tester - Tensile Tester Manufacturers,Tensile Tester Suppliers & Exporters 23 January 2010 15:015 UTC dir.indiamart.com [Source type: News]

 [2]

Typical tensile strengths

Some typical tensile strengths of some materials:
.
Material Yield strength
(MPa)		 Ultimate strength
(MPa)		 Density
(g/cm³)
first carbon nanotube ropes  ? 3,600 1.3
Structural steel ASTM A36 steel 250 400 7.8
Steel, API 5L X65[3] 448 531 7.8
Steel, high strength alloy ASTM A514 690 760 7.8
Steel, prestressing strands 1,650 1,860[citation needed] 7.8
Steel Wire     7.8
Steel (AISI 1060 0.6% carbon) Piano wire   2,200-2,482[4] 7.8
High density polyethylene (HDPE) 26-33 37 0.95
Polypropylene 12-43 19.7-80 0.91
Stainless steel AISI 302 - Cold-rolled 520 860 8.19
Cast iron 4.5% C, ASTM A-48 130 200  
Titanium alloy (6% Al, 4% V) 830 900 4.51
Beryllium [5] 99.9% Be 345 448 1.84
Aluminium alloy [6] 2014-T6 414 483 2.8
Copper 99.9% Cu 70 220 8.92
Cupronickel 10% Ni, 1.6% Fe, 1% Mn, balance Cu 130 350 8.94
Brass 200+ 550 5.3
Tungsten   1,510 19.25
Glass   33[7] 2.53
E-Glass N/A 3,450 2.57
S-Glass N/A 4,710 2.48
Basalt fiber[8] N/A 4,840 2.7
Marble N/A 15  
Concrete N/A 3  
Carbon Fiber N/A 5,650 1.75
Human hair   380  
Spider silk (See note below) 1,000  
Silkworm silk 500    
Aramid (Kevlar or Twaron) 3,620   1.44
UHMWPE 23 46 0.97
UHMWPE fibers[9][10] (Dyneema or Spectra) 2,300-3,500 0.97
Vectran   2,850-3,340  
Polybenzoxazole (Zylon[11])   5,800 1.56
Pine wood (parallel to grain)   40  
Bone (limb) 104-121 130 1.6
Nylon, type 6/6 45 75 1.15
Rubber - 15  
Boron N/A 3,100 2.46
Silicon, monocrystalline (m-Si) N/A 7,000 2.33
Silicon carbide (SiC) N/A 3,440  
Sapphire (Al2O3) N/A 1,900 3.9-4.1
Carbon nanotube (see note below) N/A 11,000-63,000 0.037-1.34
Carbon nanotube composites N/A 1,200[12] N/A
  • Note: Multiwalled carbon nanotubes have the highest tensile strength of any material yet measured, with labs producing them at a tensile strength of 63 GPa[13], still well below their theoretical limit of 300 GPa.^ Understanding Tensile Strength of Material and the Measurement Units A Gigapascal is unit of measure for strength of material.
    • Understanding Strength of Materials and History of Improvement 23 January 2010 15:015 UTC nextbigfuture.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

     ^ Material Tester measures tensile strength and more.
    • Tensile Strength Tester evaluates sheet materials., Testing Machines, Inc. 23 January 2010 15:015 UTC news.thomasnet.com [Source type: News]

     ^ Note: Multiwalled carbon nanotubes have the highest tensile strength of any material yet measured, with labs producing them at a tensile strength of 63 GPa, still well below their theoretical limit of 300 GPa.

     .The first nanotube ropes (20 mm long) whose tensile strength was published (in 2000) had a strength of 3.6 GPa, still well below their theoretical limit.^ Note: Multiwalled carbon nanotubes have the highest tensile strength of any material yet measured, with labs producing them at a tensile strength of 63 GPa, still well below their theoretical limit of 300 GPa.

     ^ Tensile strength can be defined for liquids as well as solids.

     ^ The tensile strength for each of the first six bolts was measured individually and Rockwell C hardness was measured for each of the other eight bolts.
    • The American Society for Nondestructive Testing 23 January 2010 15:015 UTC www.asnt.org [Source type: Academic]

     [14] .The density is different depending on the manufacturing method, and the lowest value is 0.037 or 0.55(solid)[15].
  • Note: many of the values depend on manufacturing process and purity/composition.
  • Note: human hair strength varies by ethnicity and chemical treatments.
  • Note on spider silk strength: The strength of spider silk is highly variable.^ Note: many of the values depend on manufacturing process and purity/composition.

     ^ Factors contributing to this variation include variations in aggregate shape, variations in soil composition along the catena, and of course, the soil F. Utomo and Dexter (1981) measured TS and F of sandy loam soils and proposed a soil classification based on the F values obtained from the volume dependence method.
    • Factors Contributing to the Tensile Strength and Friability of Oxisols -- Imhoff et al. 66 (5): 1656 -- Soil Science Society of America Journal 23 January 2010 15:015 UTC soil.scijournals.org [Source type: Academic]

     ^ The volume dependence method estimates the F values ( F ') as being the slope of the straight line that relates the logarithm of TS with the logarithm of sample size (aggregate volume).
    • Factors Contributing to the Tensile Strength and Friability of Oxisols -- Imhoff et al. 66 (5): 1656 -- Soil Science Society of America Journal 23 January 2010 15:015 UTC soil.scijournals.org [Source type: Academic]

     .It depends on many factors including type of silk (every spider can produce several different types for different purposes), the particular species, the age of the silk, the temperature, the humidity, the rate at which stress is applied during testing, the length of time the stress is applied and the way the silk is collected (forced silking or natural spinning)[16].^ Testing of several identical specimens will result in different failure stresses.

     ^ USES Plastic is used in many different ways.
    • Science Project 2004 23 January 2010 15:015 UTC www.selah.k12.wa.us [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

     ^ Poisson's Ratio Poisson's Ratio, the ratio of lateral elastic strain to longitudinal elastic strain produced during a tensile test, shows little variation in Ductile Iron.
    • Ductile Iron Data - Section 3 - Part 1 23 January 2010 15:015 UTC www.ductile.org [Source type: Academic]

     .The value shown in the table, 1000 MPa, is roughly representative of the results from a few studies involving several different species of spider however specific results varied greatly.^ The results thereof are shown in Table 16.
    • HIGH TENSILE STRENGTH HOT-ROLLED STEEL SHEET HAVING SUPERIOR STRAIN AGING HARDENABILITY AND METHOD FOR PRODUCING THE SAME - Patent application 23 January 2010 15:015 UTC www.faqs.org [Source type: Academic]

     ^ The results thereof are shown in Table 3.
    • HIGH TENSILE STRENGTH HOT-ROLLED STEEL SHEET HAVING SUPERIOR STRAIN AGING HARDENABILITY AND METHOD FOR PRODUCING THE SAME - Patent application 23 January 2010 15:015 UTC www.faqs.org [Source type: Academic]

     ^ Obtained results are shown in Table 4.
    • HIGH-TENSILE STRENGTH WELDED STEEL TUBE FOR STRUCTURAL PARTS OF AUTOMOBILES AND METHOD OF PRODUCING THE SAME - Patent application 23 January 2010 15:015 UTC www.faqs.org [Source type: Reference]

     [17]
Elements in the annealed state Young's Modulus
(GPa)		 Proof or yield stress
(MPa)		 Ultimate strength
(MPa)
Aluminium 70 15-20 40-50
Copper 130 33 210
Gold 79   100
Iron 211 80-100 350
Lead 16   12
Nickel 170 14-35 140-195
Silicon 107 5,000-9,000  
Silver 83   170
Tantalum 186 180 200
Tin 47 9-14 15-200
Titanium 120 100-225 240-370
Tungsten 411 550 550-620
Zinc (wrought) 105   110-200
(Source: A.M. Howatson, P.G. Lund and J.D. Todd, "Engineering Tables and Data" p41)

See also

References

  1. ^ Fols.org
  2. ^ Correlation of Yield Strength and Tensile Strength with Hardness for Steels , E.J. Pavlina and C.J. Van Tyne, Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance, Volume 17, Number 6 / December, 2008
  3. ^ USStubular.com
  4. ^ Don Stackhouse @ DJ Aerotech
  5. ^ Beryllium I-220H Grade 2
  6. ^ Aluminum 2014-T6
  7. ^ Material Properties Data: Soda-Lime Glass
  8. ^ Basalt Continuous Fibers, archived from the original on 2009-12-29, http://www.webcitation.org/5mO840Mwq, retrieved 2009-12-29. 
  9. ^ Tensile and creep properties of ultra high molecular weight PE fibres
  10. ^ Mechanical Properties Data
  11. ^ Zylon Properties Document
  12. ^ IOP.org Z. Wang, P. Ciselli and T. Peijs, Nanotechnology 18, 455709, 2007.
  13. ^ Yu, Min-Feng; Lourie, O; Dyer, MJ; Moloni, K; Kelly, TF; Ruoff, RS (2000). "Strength and Breaking Mechanism of Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes Under Tensile Load". Science 287 (5453): 637–640. doi:10.1126/science.287.5453.637. PMID 10649994. 
  14. ^ "Tensile strength of single-walled carbon nanotubes directly measured from their macroscopic ropes" by F. Li, H. M. Cheng, S. Bai, G. Su, and M. S. Dresselhaus. DOI:10.1063/1.1324984
  15. ^ K.Hata. "From Highly Efficient Impurity-Free CNT Synthesis to DWNT forests, CNTsolids and Super-Capacitors" (free download PDF). http://www.nanocarbon.jp/english/research/image/review.pdf. 
  16. ^ Elices, et al.. "Finding Inspiration in Argiope Trifasciata Spider Silk Fibers". JOM. http://www.tms.org/pubs/journals/JOM/0502/Elices-0502.html. Retrieved 2009-01-23. 
  17. ^ Blackledge, et al.. "Quasistatic and continuous dynamic characterization of the mechanical properties of silk from the cobweb of the black widow spider Latrodectus hesperus". The Company of Biologists. http://jeb.biologists.org/cgi/content/full/208/10/1937. Retrieved 2009-01-23. 

Further reading

.
  • A.M. Howatson, P.G. Lund and J.D. Todd, "Engineering Tables and Data"
  • Giancoli, Douglas.^ TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE I. FORWARD II. INTRODUCTION III. ENGINEERING DATA A. Introduction (p.
    • Ductile Iron Data - Section 3 - Part 1 23 January 2010 15:015 UTC www.ductile.org [Source type: Academic]

     Physics for Scientists & Engineers Third Edition. Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall, 2000.
  • Köhler, T. and F. Vollrath. 1995. Thread biomechanics in the two orb-weaving spiders Araneus diadematus (Araneae, Araneidae) and Uloboris walckenaerius (Araneae, Uloboridae). .Journal of Experimental Zoology 271:1-17.
  • T Follett "Life without metals"
  • Min-Feng Yu et al.^ Journal of Dental Research 80: 1919–1924 [Abstract/ Free  Full Text] Lai S C N et al.
    • Tensile bond strength of brackets after antioxidant treatment on bleached teeth -- Bulut et al. 27 (5): 466 -- The European Journal of Orthodontics 23 January 2010 15:015 UTC ejo.oxfordjournals.org [Source type: Academic]

     .(2000), Strength and Breaking Mechanism of Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes Under Tensile Load, Science 287, 637-640
  • George E. Dieter.^ S-Glass has really good tensile strength but does not come close to carbon or kevlar with regard to elongation.
    • Difficulty understanding the specifics of fiberglass repair - SailNet Community 23 January 2010 15:015 UTC www.sailnet.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

     ^ Understanding Strength of Materials and History of Improvement This article will go over some basic background about tensile strength of material and then discuss historic material strength improvement to understand what industrial production of new carbon nanotube tethers relates to past improvements in strength of materials.
    • Understanding Strength of Materials and History of Improvement 23 January 2010 15:015 UTC nextbigfuture.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

     ^ In general terms, UHPC fails under axial compressive load through lateral tensile expansion.
    • Chapter 4 - Material Property Characterization of Ultra-High Performance Concrete, FHWA-HRT-06-103 23 January 2010 15:015 UTC www.tfhrc.gov [Source type: Academic]

     Mechanical Metallurgy. McGraw-Hill (UK), 1988

External links


Simple English

Tensile strength measures the force required to pull something such as rope, wire, or a structural beam to the point where it breaks.

The tensile strength of a material is the maximum amount of tensile stress that it can take before failure, for example breaking.

There are three typical definitions of tensile strength:

  • Yield strength - The stress a material can withstand without permanent deformation. This is not a sharply defined point. Yield strength is the stress which will cause a permanent deformation of 0.2% of the original dimension.
  • Ultimate strength - The maximum stress a material can withstand.
  • Breaking strength - The stress coordinate on the stress-strain curve at the point of rupture.

Typical tensile strengths

Some typical tensile strengths of some materials:

Material Yield strength
(MPa) 		Ultimate strength
(MPa) 		Density
(g/cm³)
Structural steel ASTM A36 steel 250 400 7.8
Steel, API 5L X65 (Fikret Mert Veral) 448 531 7.8
Steel, high strength alloy ASTM A514 690 760 7.8
Steel, high tensile 1650 1860 7.8
Steel Wire     7.8
Steel, Piano wire c. 2000   7.8
High density polyethylene (HDPE) 26-33 37 0.95
Polypropylene 12-43 19.7-80 0.91
Stainless steel AISI 302 - Cold-rolled 520 860  
Cast iron 4.5% C, ASTM A-48 130 (??) 200  
Titanium Alloy (6% Al, 4% V) 830 900 4.51
Aluminum Alloy 2014-T6 400 455 2.7
Copper 99.9% Cu 70 220 8.92
Cupronickel 10% Ni, 1.6% Fe, 1% Mn, balance Cu 130 350 8.94
Brass   250  
Tungsten   1510 19.25
Glass (St Gobain "R") 4400 (3600 in composite)   2.53
Bamboo 142 265 .4
Marble N/A 15  
Concrete N/A 3  
Carbon Fiber N/A 5650 1.75
Spider silk 1150 (??) 1200  
Silkworm silk 500    
Kevlar 3620   1.44
Vectran   2850-3340  
Pine Wood (parallel to grain)   40  
Bone (limb)   130  
Nylon, type 6/6 45 75  
Rubber - 15  
Boron N/A 3100 2.46
Silicon, monocrystalline (m-Si) N/A 7000 2.33
Silicon carbide (SiC) N/A 3440  
Sapphire (Al2O3) N/A 1900 3.9-4.1
Carbon nanotube (see note below) N/A 62000 1.34
  • Note: Multiwalled carbon nanotubes have the highest tensile strength of any material yet measured, with labs producing them at a tensile strength of 63 GPa, still well below their theoretical limit of 300 GPa. However as of 2004, no macroscopic object constructed of carbon nanotubes has had a tensile strength remotely approaching this figure, or substantially exceeding that of high-strength materials like Kevlar.
  • Note: many of the values depend on manufacturing process and purity/composition.
Elements in the annealed state Young's Modulus
(GPa) 		Proof or yield stress
(MPa) 		Ultimate strength
(MPa)
Aluminium 70 15-20 40-50
Copper 130 33 210
Gold 79   100
Iron 211 80-100 350
Lead 16   12
Nickel 170 14-35 140-195
Silicon 107 5000-9000  
Silver 83   170
Tantalum 186 180 200
Tin 47 9-14 15-200
Titanium 120 100-225 240-370
Tungsten 411 550 550-620
Zinc (wrought) 105   110-200

(Source: A.M. Howatson, P.G. Lund and J.D. Todd, "Engineering Tables and Data" p41)

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