From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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.^ As such, it is completely possible that you may find errors, statistical slips or outright garbage lies mixed in a few of these articles.
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Tofu (豆腐, tofu?), or
bean curd[5] is a soft white food made by
coagulating soy milk, and then pressing the resulting curds into blocks. It is of
Chinese origin,
[6] and part of
East Asian and
Southeast Asian cuisine such as
Chinese,
Japanese,
Korean,
Indonesian,
Vietnamese[7] and others.
[8] .^ Tofu Extended Note : Of course there are many many more good, bad and stupid experiences throughout the year, but at the moment I can only recall those above.
Tofu has very little flavor or smell on its own, so it can be used either in savory or sweet dishes, and is often seasoned or marinated to suit the dish.
Tofu originated in Han dynasty in ancient
China,
[6] Li Shizhen in Ming Dynasty described the method of making tofu in
Bencao Gangmu[9].
.^ Posted by Jadetofu at 11:14 AM 0 comments Labels: tofu does the peacock , tofu family , tofu feels productive , tofu says insane but true , tofu working woes .
It also spread into other parts of
East Asia as well.
[13] This spread likely coincided with the spread of
Buddhism as it is an important source of proteins in the
vegetarian diet of East Asian Buddhism.
[10]Tofu is low in
calories, contains a relatively large amount of
iron and contains little fat. Depending on the coagulant used in manufacturing, the tofu may also be high in
calcium and/or
magnesium.
Etymology
The English word "tofu" comes from the
Japanese tōfu (
豆腐),
listen (help·info) which itself derives from the
Chinese dòufu (
豆腐 or
荳腐) from "bean" (
豆) plus "curdled" or "fermented" (
腐).
[14][15]The English term "bean curd(s)" for tofu has been used since at least 1840.
[16]Production
Tofu is made by coagulating soy milk and pressing the resulting curds. Although pre-made soy milk may be used, most tofu producers begin by making their own soy milk, which is produced by soaking, grinding, boiling and straining dried (or, less commonly, fresh)
soybeans.
Coagulation of the protein and oil (
emulsion) suspended in the boiled soy milk is the most important step in the production of tofu. This process is accomplished with the aid of coagulants. Two types of coagulants (salts and acids) are used commercially.
[17] The third type of coagulant, enzymes, is not yet used commercially but shows potential for producing both firm and "silken" tofu.
Salt coagulants
- Calcium sulfate (gypsum): The traditional and most widely used coagulant to produce Chinese-style tofu. It produces a tofu that is tender but slightly brittle in texture. The coagulant itself has no perceivable taste. Use of this coagulant also makes a tofu that is rich in calcium. .^ Tofu Extended Note : Of course there are many many more good, bad and stupid experiences throughout the year, but at the moment I can only recall those above.
.
- Chloride-type Nigari salts or Lushui ( Traditional: 鹵水, 滷水; Simplified:卤水) - Magnesium chloride and calcium chloride: Both of these salts have a high solubility rate in water and affect soy protein in the same way, whereas gypsum is only very slightly soluble in water and acts differently in soy protein precipitation, the basis for tofu formation.^ It wasn't that we were only criticized in this way by these people, but even by some of the churches that we sang in.
These are the coagulants used to make tofu with a smooth and tender texture. In Japan, a white powder called nigari, which consists primarily of magnesium chloride, is produced from seawater after the sodium chloride is removed and the water evaporated. Depending on its production method, nigari/Lushui may also contain small quantities of magnesium sulfate (Epsom salt), potassium chloride, calcium chloride, and trace amounts of other naturally occurring salts. Although the term nigari is derived from nigai, the Japanese word for "bitter," neither nigari nor pure magnesium chloride imparts a perceivable taste to the finished tofu. Calcium chloride is a common coagulant for tofu in North America.[18] Fresh clean sea water itself can also be used as a coagulant.[19]
Acid coagulants
- Glucono delta-lactone (GDL): A naturally occurring organic acid also used in cheese making, which produces a very fine textured tofu that is almost jelly-like. This coagulant is used especially for "silken" and softer tofus, and confers an almost imperceptible sour taste to the finished product.[20] Commonly used together with calcium sulfate to give soft tofu a smooth tender texture.
Enzyme coagulants
- Among enzymes that have been shown to produce tofu are papain, and alkaline and neutral proteases from microorganisms. In the case of papain, the enzyme to substrate ratio, by weight, was held constant at 1:400. An aliquot of 1% crude papain was added to "uncooked" soy milk at room temperature and heated to 90–100 degrees Celsius.[18]
Contemporary tofu manufacturers may choose to use one or more of these coagulants, since they each play a role in producing a desired texture in the finished tofu.
[20] Different textures result from different pore sizes and other microscopic features in tofus produced using each coagulant. The coagulant mixture is dissolved into water, and the solution is then stirred into boiled soy milk until the mixture curdles into a soft
gel.
[17]The curds are processed differently depending on the form of tofu that is being manufactured. For soft silken tofu (
嫩豆腐;
nèn dòufu) or tofu flower (
豆花,
dòuhuā) the soy milk is curdled directly in the tofu's selling package. For standard firm Asian tofu, the soy curd is cut and strained of excess liquid using
cheese cloth or
muslin and then lightly pressed to produce a soft cake. Firmer tofus, such as Asian dry tofu (
豆乾) or Western types of tofu, are further pressed to remove even more liquid. In Vietnam, the curd is strained and molded in a square mold and the end product is called
đậu khuôn (molded bean) or
đậu phụ (one of the Vietnamese ways to pronounce the Chinese doufu). The tofu curds are allowed to cool and become firm. The finished tofu can then be cut into pieces, flavored or further processed.
Although tartness is sometimes desired in dessert tofu, the acid used in flavoring is usually not the primary coagulant since it is not desirable to the flavor or texture of the resulting tofu to add it in a sufficiently high concentration so as to induce coagulation. A sour taste in tofu and a slight cloudiness in its storing liquid is also usually an indication of bacterial growth and, hence, spoilage.
Varieties
There is a wide variety of tofu available in both Western and Eastern markets. Despite the daunting variety, tofu products can be split into two main categories:
fresh tofu, which is produced directly from
soy milk, and
processed tofu, which is produced from fresh tofu. Tofu production also creates important side products which are often used in various cuisines.
Fresh tofu
Depending on the amount of water that is extracted from the tofu curds, fresh tofu can be divided into three main varieties.
Silken tofu with soy sauce and a decorative carrot slice
Soft/silken tofu
Soft/silken tofu(
嫩豆腐 or
滑豆腐,
nèn dòufu or
huá dòufu, in
Chinese, lit. "soft tofu" or "smooth tofu";
絹漉し豆腐,
kinugoshi tōfu in
Japanese, lit. "silk-filtered tofu";
순두부,
純豆腐,
sundubu in
Korean, lit. "pure tofu") is undrained tofu that contains the highest moisture content of all fresh tofus.
[21] Its texture can be described as similar to that of very fine
custard. In Japan and Korea, traditional soft tofu is made with
seawater.
[22][23][24][25][26]Douhua (
豆花,
dòu huā or
豆腐花,
dòufu huā in Chinese), or
tofu brain (
豆腐腦 or
豆腐脑,
dòufu naǒ in Chinese), often eaten as a dessert, but sometimes with salty pickles or hot sauce added instead, is another type of soft tofu with an even higher moisture content.
.^ Betty Davis -- If I'm In Luck I Might Get Picked Up Betty Davis -- Shoo-B-Doop and Cop Him Miles Davis divorced Betty because she was too wild.
With the addition of flavorings such as finely chopped
spring onions, dried
shrimp,
soy sauce,
chilli sauce,
douhua is a popular breakfast dish across China. In Malaysia,
douhua is usually warm-served with white or dark (palm) sugar water, or cold-served with longan.
Some variation exists among soft tofus. Black douhua (
黑豆花) is a type of silken tofu made from plain black soy beans and soybeans, which is usually made into
dòuhuā (
豆花) rather than firm or dry tofu. The texture of black bean tofu is slightly more gelatinous than regular douhua and the color is greyish in tone. This type of tofu is eaten for the earthy "black bean taste."
Edamame tofu is a Japanese variety of
kinugoshi tōfu made from
edamame (fresh green soybeans); it is pale green in color and often studded with whole
edamame.
Firm tofu
Firm tofu (called
老豆腐 lǎo dòufu in Chinese;
木綿豆腐,
momendōfu in
Japanese, lit. "cotton tofu"): Although drained and pressed, this form of fresh tofu still contains a great amount of moisture. It has the firmness of raw meat but bounces back readily when pressed. The texture of the inside of the tofu is similar to that of a firm custard. The skin of this form of tofu has the pattern of the muslin used to drain it and is slightly more resilient to damage than its inside. It can be picked up easily with
chopsticks.
[21][27]Dried tofu
Dried tofu (
豆乾,
dòu gān in Chinese, lit. "dry tofu"): An extra firm variety of tofu with the least amount of moisture of all fresh tofu. It has the firmness of fully cooked meat and a somewhat rubbery feel similar to
paneer. When sliced thinly, this tofu can be crumbled easily. The skin of this form of tofu has the pattern of the muslin used to drain and press it. Western firm tofu is milled and reformed after the pressing and sometimes lacks the skin with its cloth patterning. One variety of dried tofu is pressed especially flat and sliced into long strings with a cross section smaller than 2 mm × 2 mm. Shredded dried tofu (
豆乾絲,
dòu gān sī in Chinese, or simply
乾絲,
gān sī), which looks like loose cooked
noodles, and can be served cold, stir-fried, or similar in style to Japanese
aburaage.
[27][28] Fresh tofu is usually sold completely immersed in water to maintain its moisture content.
Processed tofu
Many forms of processed tofus exist, due to the varied ways in which fresh tofu can be used.
.^ He asked if I'd be willing to help him "publish" some of these audio interviews on The Tofu Hut.
^ Visit Morley's website Buy Morley's 'Days Like These' from CD Baby.
Other production techniques are employed to create tofus with unique textures and flavors.
[29]Fermented
- Pickled tofu (豆腐乳 in Chinese, pinyin: dòufu rǔ, lit. "tofu dairy," or 腐乳; chao in Vietnamese): Also called "preserved tofu" or "fermented tofu," this food consists of cubes of dried tofu that have been allowed to fully air-dry under hay and slowly ferment from aerial bacteria.[29] The dry fermented tofu is then soaked in salt water, Chinese wine, vinegar, and minced chiles, or a unique mixture of whole rice, bean paste, and soybeans. In the case of red pickled tofu (紅豆腐乳 in Chinese, Pinyin: hóng dòufu rǔ), red yeast rice (cultivated with Monascus purpureus) is added for color.[30]
- Stinky tofu (臭豆腐 in Chinese, Pinyin: chòu dòufu): A soft tofu that has been fermented in a unique vegetable and fish brine.[29] The blocks of tofu smell strongly of certain pungent cheeses, and are described by many as rotten and fecal. Despite its strong odor, the flavor and texture of stinky tofu is appreciated by aficionados, who describe it as delightful. The texture of this tofu is similar to the soft Asian tofu that it is made from. The rind that stinky tofu develops from frying is said to be especially crisp, and is usually served with soy sauce, sweet sauce, and/or hot sauce.
Flavored
Chili-peppered egg tofu from Ipoh, Malaysia.
Flavors can be mixed directly into curdling soy milk while the tofu is being produced.
- Sweet: Common sweet dessert tofus include peanut tofu (落花生豆腐, luòhuāshēng dòufu in Chinese and jimami-dōfu in Japanese), almond tofu (杏仁豆腐, xìngrén dòufu in Chinese; 杏仁豆腐, annindōfu in Japanese), mango tofu, coconut tofu and longan tofu (龙眼豆花). In order to produce these forms of tofu, sugar, fruit acids, and flavorants are mixed into soy milk prior to curdling. Most sweet tofus have the texture of silken tofu and are served cold.
- Products called "almond tofu" in some cases are actually not tofu but are instead gelatinous mixtures including agar or gelatin and whitened with milk or coconut milk. In Japan these are canned with syrup and sold as sweet desserts.
- Savory: Egg tofu (Japanese: 玉子豆腐, 卵豆腐, tamagodōfu) (Chinese: 蛋豆腐, dàn dòufu; often called 日本豆腐, rìbĕn dòufu, lit. "Japan bean curd") is the main type of savory flavored tofu. .^ I beat some eggs, sugar, added some cream and milk and I wondered about the nightmare which is now in the freezer compartment..
The mixture is filled into plastic tubes and allowed to curdle. The tofu is then cooked in its packaging and sold. Egg tofu has a pale golden color that can be attributed to the addition of egg and, occasionally, food coloring. This tofu has a fuller texture and flavor than silken tofu, which can be attributed to the presence of egg fat and protein.
Fried
- With the exception of the softest tofus, all forms of tofu can be fried. .
- Tofus such as firm Asian and dry tofu, with their lower moisture content, are cut into bite-sized cubes or triangles and deep fried until they develop a golden-brown, crispy surface (炸豆腐 in Chinese, zhà dòufu, lit.^ They would start down here and they would keep moving up, until they really got into a frenzy of a beat.
"fried tofu"). These may be eaten on their own or with a light sauce, or further cooked in liquids; they are also added to hot pot dishes or included as part of the vegetarian dish called luohan zhai.
- Aburaage (油揚げ): Japanese fried tofu for Inari-sushi.
Frozen
Thawed and sliced frozen tofu
- Thousand layer tofu (千葉豆腐, 凍豆腐 or 冰豆腐 in Chinese, literally "thousand layer tofu" or "frozen tofu"): By freezing tofu, the large ice crystals that develop within the tofu result in the formation of large cavities that appear to be layered (pseudostratified). The frozen tofu takes on a yellowish hue in the freezing process. Thousand layer tofu is commonly made at home from Asian soft tofu though it is also commercially sold as a specialty in parts of Taiwan. This tofu is defrosted and sometimes squeezed of moisture prior to use.
- Koyadofu (kōyadōfu, 高野豆腐 in Japanese): The name comes from Mount Koya, a center of Japanese Buddhism famed for its shōjin ryōri, or traditional Buddhist vegetarian cuisine. It is sold in freeze-dried blocks or cubes in Japanese markets. It must be soaked in water before eating, and is typically simmered in dashi, sake or mirin and soy sauce. In shōjin ryōri, vegetarian kombu dashi, made from seaweed, is used. When prepared in the usual manner, it has a spongy texture and mild sweet and savory flavor. A similar form of freeze-dried tofu, in smaller pieces, is found in instant soups (such as miso soup), in which the toppings are freeze-dried and stored in sealed pouches.
Tofu is also a main dish, especially this type which is commonly used and is in high demand in eastern Asia.
Byproducts of tofu production
Tofu production creates some edible byproducts. Food products are made from the protein-oil film, or "skin," which forms over the surface of boiling soy milk in an open shallow pan. The leftover solids from pressing soy milk are called
okara.
Tofu skin
Tofu skin is produced through the boiling of soy milk, in an open shallow pan, thus producing a film or skin composed primarily of a soy protein-lipid complex on the liquid surface. The films are collected and dried into yellowish sheets known as
soy milk skin (
腐皮,
fǔ pí in Chinese;
湯葉,
yuba in Japanese). Its approximate composition is : 50–55% protein, 24–26% lipids (fat), 12% carbohydrate, 3% ash, and 9% moisture.
[31]
The skin can also be bunched up to stick form and dried into something known as "tofu bamboo" (腐竹, fǔ zhú in Chinese; phù trúc in Vietnamese; kusatake, Japanese), or myriad other forms. Since tofu skin has a soft yet rubbery texture, it is folded or shaped into different forms and cooked further to imitate meat in vegetarian cuisine.
Some factories dedicate production to tofu skin and other soy membrane products.
Okara
Okara (おから?) (
雪花菜,
xuě huā caì, lit. "snowflake vegetable";
豆腐渣,
dòufu zhā, lit. "tofu sediment/residue";
kongbiji, 콩비지 in Korean), sometimes known in the west as "soy pulp" or "tofu lees"
[32], is the fibre, protein, and starch left over when soy milk has been extracted from ground soaked soybeans.
[33] Although it is mainly used as animal feed in most tofu producing cultures, it is sometimes used in Japanese and Korean cuisines. It is also an ingredient for
vegetarian burgers produced in many western nations.
Non-tofu "tofus"
Due to their Asian origins and their textures, many food items are called "tofu" even though their production processes are not technically similar.
.^ Tofu Extended Note : Of course there are many many more good, bad and stupid experiences throughout the year, but at the moment I can only recall those above.
^ Mochi is actually a Japanese rice cake made out of glutinous rice which are pounded (into paste) and then moulded into a ball-like shape.
^ Tofu Rabu Note : In case you are wondering who was that cake made for, it was actually made for my sister's birthday which is today.
As well, some foods such as Burmese tofu are not coagulated from the "milk" of the legume but rather set in a manner similar to soft
polenta,
Korean muk, or the
jidou liangfen of
Yunnan province of
Southwest China.
Burmese tofu
To hpu (Burmese tofu), in two forms: fresh and
fritters
Burmese tofu may be fried as fritters cut in rectangular or triangular shapes.
.^ I realized that I stole yellow colored chalk and not white.
It is eaten as a salad in the same manner as yellow tofu.
Preparation
Tofu has very little flavor or smell on its own. Consequently tofu can be prepared either in savory or sweet dishes, acting as a bland background for presenting the flavors of the other ingredients used. As a method of flavoring it is often marinated in soy sauce, chilis, sesame oil, etc.
Eastern methods
In Asian cooking, tofu is eaten in myriad ways, including raw, stewed, stir-fried, in soup, cooked in sauce, or stuffed with fillings. The idea of using tofu as a meat substitute or vegetarian dish is not common in East Asia. Many Chinese tofu dishes such as jiā cháng dòu fǔ (家常豆腐)and má pó dòu fú (
麻婆豆腐) include meat.
Lightly flavored
Dòuhuā (
豆花), is a soft tofu dish. The fresh tofu is served warm and here dressed with sweet syrup.
Lamma Island,
Hong Kong.
In
Korean cuisine,
dubu jorim consists of cubes of firm tofu that are pan fried and seasoned with soy sauce, garlic, and other ingredients. Cubes of cold, uncooked tofu seasoned with soy sauce, scallions, and ginger, prepared in a manner similar to the Japanese
hiyayakko are also enjoyed.
In the
Philippines, the sweet delicacy
taho is made of fresh tofu with brown sugar syrup and
sago. The Malaysian version of taho or douhua is called tofufa. Warm soft tofu is served in 'slices' (due to being scooped using a flat spoon from a wooden bucket) in a bowl with either pandan-flavored sugar syrup or palm sugar syrup.
In Vietnam, dòuhuā is pronounced đậu hủ. This variety of soft tofu is made and carried around in an earthenware jar. It is served by being scooped into a bowl with a very shallow and flat spoon, and eaten with either powdered sugar and lime juice or with a ginger-flavored syrup. It is generally eaten hot, even during summer.
Fried
A common cooking technique in many parts of East and Southeast Asia involves deep frying tofu in
vegetable oil,
sunflower oil, and
canola oil to varied results. Although tofu is often sold preprocessed into fried items, pre-fried tofu is seldom eaten directly and requires additional cooking. Depending on the type of tofu used, the texture of deep fried tofu may range from crispy on the outside and custardy on the inside, to puffed up like a
plain doughnut. The former is usually eaten plain in Chinese cuisine with garlic soy sauce, while the latter is either stuffed with
fish paste or cooked in soups.
[35] In Japan, cubes of lightly coated and fried tofu topped with a
kombu dashi-based sauce are called
agedashi-dofu (
揚げ出し豆腐). Soft tofu that has been thinly sliced and deep fried, known as
aburage in Japan, is commonly
blanched, seasoned with
soy sauce and
mirin and served in dishes such as
kitsune udon.
Aburage is sometimes also cut open to form a pocket and stuffed with
sushi rice; this dish is called
inarizushi (
稲荷寿司) .
Soups, stews, and braised dishes
Yudofu, or tofu in hot water.
A rather famous hot
Sichuan preparation using firm Asian tofu is
mápó dòufu (
麻婆豆腐). This involves braised tofu in a
beef, chili, and a fermented bean paste sauce. In the
Shanghai region it is called
málà dòufu (
麻辣豆腐).
Dried tofu is usually not eaten raw but first stewed in a mixture of soy sauce and spices. Some types of dried tofu are preseasoned with special blends of spices, so that the tofu may either be called "five spice tofu" (
五香豆腐) or "soy sauce stewed tofu" (
鹵水豆腐). Dried tofu is typically served thinly sliced with chopped
green onions or with slices of meat for added flavor. Most dried tofu is sold after it has been fried or pre-stewed by tofu vendors.
[35]Soft tofu can also be broken up or mashed and mixed with raw ingredients prior to being cooked. For example, Japanese
ganmodoki is a mixture of chopped vegetables and mashed tofu. The mixture is bound together with starch and deep fried. Chinese families sometimes make a steamed
meatloaf or
meatball dish from equal parts of coarsely mashed tofu and ground pork. In India, tofu is also used as a low fat replacement for
paneer providing the same texture with similar taste.
Tofu bamboos are often used in
lamb stew or in a
dessert soup. Tofu skins are often used as wrappers in
dim sum. Freeze-dried tofu and frozen tofu are rehydrated and enjoyed in savory soups.
.^ We get along pretty well :) Posted by Jadetofu at 3:21 AM 0 comments Labels: tofu feels productive , tofu says insane but true , tofu tapestry .
In Korean cuisine, soft tofu (
sundubu in Korean) is used to make a thick soup called
sundubu jjigae (
순두부 찌개).
Bacem
In
Java,
Indonesia, tofu is often cooked in bacem method, along with
tempeh and
chicken. Tofu is boiled in coconut water, mixed with galangal root, Indonesian bay leaf,
coriander,
shallot,
garlic,
tamarind and
palm sugar. After the spicy coconut water is completely evaporated, the tofu is fried until it has golden brown color. The result is spicy and sweet tofu, while slightly crisp on the edges. This cooked tofu variant is commonly known as
tahu bacem in
Indonesian.
As flavoring
Western methods
Generally, the firmer styles of tofu are used for
kebabs, mock meats, and dishes requiring a consistency that holds together, while the softer styles can be used for desserts, soups, shakes, and sauces.
Firm western tofus can be barbecued since they will hold together on a barbecue grill. These types of tofu are usually marinated overnight as the marinade does not easily penetrate the entire block of tofu (techniques to increase penetration of marinades are stabbing repeatedly with a fork or freezing and thawing prior to marinating). Grated firm western tofu is sometimes used in conjunction with
TVP as a meat substitute. Softer tofus are sometimes used as a dairy-free or low-calorie filler. Silken tofu may be used to replace cheese in certain dishes (such as
lasagna).
Tofu has also been fused into other cuisines in the west, for instance used in Indian-style curries.
History
Tofu and potatoes grilled at a street stall in
Yuanyang, Yunnan province, China
Tofu originated in ancient
China,
[6] although little else is known about the exact historic origins of tofu and its method of production.
.^ Tofu Extended Note : Of course there are many many more good, bad and stupid experiences throughout the year, but at the moment I can only recall those above.
^ There were many fishes there, but I ended up choosing the most Kaypo ah yee fish that was on display.
Like the origins of
cheese and
butter, the exact origin of tofu production may never be known or proven.
What is known is that tofu production is an ancient technique. Tofu was widely consumed in ancient
China, and techniques for its production and preparation were eventually spread to many other parts of
Asia.
Three theories of origin
The most commonly held of the three theories of tofu's origin maintains that tofu was invented in northern China around 164 BC by Lord
Liu An, a
Han Dynasty prince. Although this is possible, the paucity of concrete information about this period makes it difficult to conclusively determine whether Liu An invented the method for making tofu. Furthermore, in
Chinese history, important inventions were often attributed to important leaders and figures of the time.
[27] In 1960, a stone mural unearthed from an Eastern Han dynasty tomb provided support for the theory of Han origin of tofu, however some scholars maintained that the tofu in Han dynasty was rudimentary, and lacked the firmness and taste of real tofu.
[36]Another theory states that the production method for tofu was discovered accidentally when a slurry of boiled, ground soybeans was mixed with impure sea salt. Such sea salt would likely have contained calcium and magnesium salts, allowing the soy mixture to curdle and produce a tofu-like gel.
[37] This may have possibly been the way that tofu was discovered, since soy milk has been eaten as a savory soup in ancient as well as modern times. Its technical plausibility notwithstanding, there is little evidence to prove or disprove that tofu production originated in this way.
[27]The last group of theories maintains that the ancient Chinese learned the method for the curdling of soy milk by emulating the milk curdling techniques of the
Mongolians or
East Indians. For, despite their advancement, no technology or knowledge of culturing and processing milk products existed within ancient Chinese society. The primary evidence for this theory lies with the etymological similarity between the Chinese term for Mongolian fermented milk (
rufu, which literally means "milk spoiled") and the term
doufu or tofu. Although intriguing and possible, there is no evidence to substantiate this theory beyond the point of academic speculation.
[27]In Asia
.^ Those buyers would send their lists of requests along with a price they were willing to pay for each of their picks.
In China, tofu is traditionally used as a food offering when visiting the graves of deceased relatives. It is claimed that the spirits (or ghosts) have long lost their chins and jaws, and that only tofu is soft enough for them to eat. Before
refrigeration was available in China, tofu was often only sold during the winter time, due to the tofu not spoiling in the colder weather. During the warmer months, any leftover tofu would be spoiled if left for more than a day. Chinese war hero
Guan Yu used to be a tofu maker before he enlisted in the army. Chinese martial arts expert and hero,
Yim Wing-chun, was a celebrated tofu maker in her village. (Tofu as such plays a part in the 1994 movie about her life,
"Wing Chun".)
.^ We get along pretty well :) Posted by Jadetofu at 3:21 AM 0 comments Labels: tofu feels productive , tofu says insane but true , tofu tapestry .
The earliest document of tofu in Japan shows that the dish was served as an offering at the
Kasuga Shrine in
Nara in 1183
[38]. The book
Tofu Hyakuchin (
豆腐百珍), published in the
Edo period, lists 100 recipes for cooking tofu.
The rise in acceptance of tofu likely coincided with that of
Buddhism as it is an important source of proteins in the religion's vegetarian diet. Since then, tofu has become a
staple in many countries, including
Vietnam,
Thailand, and
Korea, with subtle regional variations in production methods, texture, flavor, and usage.
Tofu is so highly esteemed in Korean culture that the menus of many Korean restaurants are based almost entirely on tofu, including some which feature only
sundubu jjigae (a stew made with soft tofu) and
gochujang (red chili paste).
[citation needed]Tofu in the
Philippines is essential to the daily diet, as
taho, widely eaten as breakfast, or
tokwa (a dry fried variation), which is a staple or alternative to meat in main meals, and in numerous regional dishes. Tofu was introduced to the archipelago in the 10-13th centuries by
Song Chinese mariners and merchants, along with many different foods which had become staples of the Filipino diet. The use and production of Tofu were first limited to urban centers with influential Chinese minorities, such as
Tondo or Cebu, but were quickly spread to even remote native villages and islands, long before the Spanish arrival in the 17th century.
In Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand and Indonesia, tofu or tahu is widely available and used in many Malay dishes such as sayur goreng, masak lodeh, tahu sumbat, rojak, pecal, gado-gado, lontong and some curries. The Malaysian and Singaporean Indians use tofu in their cuisine such as Indian mee goreng and rojak pasembor. The makers of tofu in these countries were originally the Chinese but tofu now is made by non-Chinese as well.
In the West
File:Flavoured tofu from Albert Heijn supermarkt chain the Netherland nr3.jpg
Pre-flavored tofu from
Albert Heijn supermarket chain, the Netherlands
The first tofu company in USA was established in 1878
[39]. However tofu was not well known to most Westerners before the middle of the 20th century. With increased cultural contact between the West and Asia and growing interest in
vegetarianism, knowledge of tofu has become widespread. Numerous types of pre-flavored tofu can be found in many supermarket chains throughout the West.
Nutrition and health information
Protein
Tofu is relatively high in
protein, about 10.7% for firm tofu and 5.3% for soft "silken" tofu with about 2% and 1% fat respectively as a percentage of weight.
[40]In 1995, a report from the
University of Kentucky, financed by
The Solae Company St. Louis, Missouri (the PTI division of DuPont), concluded that soy protein is correlated with significant decreases in serum cholesterol, Low Density Lipoprotein
LDL (bad cholesterol) and triglyceride concentrations.
[41] However, High Density Lipoprotein
HDL (good cholesterol) did not increase. Soy
phytoestrogens (
isoflavones: genistein and daidzein) absorbed onto the soy protein were suggested as the agent reducing serum cholesterol levels. On the basis of this research, PTI, in 1998, filed a petition with
Food and Drug Administration for a health claim that soy protein may reduce cholesterol and the risk of heart disease.
The FDA granted this health claim for soy: "25 grams of soy protein a day, as part of a diet low in saturated fat and cholesterol, may reduce the risk of heart disease."
[42] For instance, 100 grams of firm tofu contains 15.78 grams of soy protein.
[43] In January 2006, an
American Heart Association review (in the journal
Circulation) of a decade-long study of soy protein benefits showed only a minimal decrease in cholesterol levels, but it compared favorably against animal protein sources.
[44]Isoflavones
Soy isoflavones have not been shown to reduce post
menopause hot flashes in women or to help prevent cancers of the breast, uterus or prostate. Thus, soy isoflavone supplements in food or pills is not recommended.
[45]A study done by the Pacific Health Research Institute followed over 3000 Japanese men between 1965 and 1999, which showed a positive correlation between
cerebral atrophy and consumption of tofu.
[46] According to the
Alzheimer's Research Trust, more research is needed.
[1]Health issues
Two studies have shown some correlation between
dementia and tofu consumption in Javanese and Japanese American populations.
[47] Researchers believe that this could be related to phytoestrogen and isoflavone in tofu. Consumption of tofu has been linked with
dementia in certain age groups in more than one study.
[47]Sales and distribution
In many countries in the West, tofu can be obtained in
Asian markets, farmers' markets, and
health food stores. It is also increasingly available in supermarkets, especially in larger branches, and in metropolitan areas. The largest provider of tofu products in the
United States is House Foods America Corp, a subsidiary of Japan based company,
House Foods Corp (ハウス食品).
House Foods America Corp. has tofu plants in California and New Jersey with a combined capacity of manufacturing 350,000 pieces of tofu per day. Other major brands are
Vitasoy, a subsidiary of a Hong Kong based company, which also manufactures the brands Nasoya and Azumaya; and Mori-Nu (Morinaga Nutritional Foods), a subsidiary of
Morinaga Milk Industry (森永乳業) of Japan, which pioneered the sale of shelf-stable,
aseptically packaged tofu.
Fresh local tofu varieties are often available in Western areas with high concentrations of Asian populations.
In the East, tofu may be produced locally by relatively small vendors in the form of 2'x2'x2" block, then cut into 2"x2"x2" pieces when sold; or distributed widely by large national brands. Fresh tofu is usually bought from local vendors and is sold directly from large bins or pots at
street markets. Asian firm tofu and "tofu flower" are commonly sold in this manner and are usually no more than a few hours old. Tofu that is sold by large manufacturers often comes packaged in sealed plastic cartons or tubes, and may be at most two weeks old. In Chinese
supermarkets, tofu can be found in many different flavors and grades of consistency.
Most silken and flavored tofus are produced by large factories. This is due to the fact that such factories have the facilities to meet the required sanitary conditions for production of these forms of tofu on a large scale. In Japan, silken tofu is made daily without preservatives and is considered unsellable if it sits unsold in the supermarket for 2 days. Firm tofu is not eaten in Japan without frying as it's considered "crude".
See also
Notes
- ^ Remo, Amy R. (2008-11-04). "After cheap rice, ‘P10 Budget Ulam’". Philippine Daily Inquirer. http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/inquirerheadlines/nation/view/20081104-170110/After-cheap-rice-P10-Budget-Ulam.
- ^ Remo, Amy R. (March 31, 2005). "Filipino food served 'hawker' style". Filipino Reporter. http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-108595369.html.
- ^ "Korea's Pulmuone launches New York bean curd plant". AsiaPulse News. 2002-03-13. http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-25145626_ITM. Retrieved 2009-09-26.
- ^ Tamsyn Burgmann (August 29, 2007). "Soon dubu simmers under the radar". Toronto Star. http://www.thestar.com/living/Food/article/250747.
- ^ "tofu". dictionary.com. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/tofu.
- ^ a b c "History of Tofu". About.com. http://chinesefood.about.com/library/bltrivia73.htm. Retrieved 2008-01-05.
- ^ Du Bois at al. (2008), pp.13-14
- ^ Knopper, (Jan. 2002), p.16
- ^ Joseph Needham, Science and Civilisation in China, Vol 6 Part 5 Chapter 40, section d.2
- ^ a b Shimbo, Hiroko (2001). The Japanese kitchen: 250 recipes in a traditional spirit. Harvard Common Press. p. 133. ISBN 1558321772. http://books.google.com/books?id=43puKgiAK2YC&pg=PA133.
- ^ Dougill, John (2006). Kyoto: a cultural history. Oxford University Press US. p. 223. ISBN 0195301374. http://books.google.com/books?id=k7yx0OYDWFEC&pg=PA56.
- ^ Shurtleff & Aoyagi 1998, p. 93
- ^ Liu, KeShun (1999). Soybeans: Chemistry, Technology and Utilization. Aspen publishers. p. 137. http://books.google.com/books?id=Plmi4WfHos4C&pg=PA137&num=100&as_brr=3&hl=us.
- ^ American Heritage Dictionary.
- ^ "Etymology". Tofu Magazine. http://www.tofu-magazine.net/newVersion/pages/etymology.html. Retrieved 2008-01-05.
- ^ "[gypsum's] use in curdling bean-curds", China: its State and Prospects, June 1840, p. 80 in The Chinese Repository, vol. IV. at Google Books; "bean-curd, or cheese (called by them Tow-foo)", J.F. Davis, "Chusan, with a Survey Map of the Island", Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London 23:261 (1853) at JSTOR
- ^ a b Berk 1992, section 9.5
- ^ a b Liu 1997.
- ^ http://lists.ibiblio.org/pipermail/homestead/2005-February/004183.html
- ^ a b Guo & Ono 2005.
- ^ a b Shurtleff & Aoyagi 2000.
- ^ Julia Moskin (2005). "Artisanal, Creamy . . . Tofu?". New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2005/01/05/dining/05TOFU.html?ex=1262667600&en=a4616d3be9711156&ei=5088&partner=rssnyt. Retrieved 2008-01-05.
- ^ "New tofu production method". FoodProductionDaily. http://www.foodproductiondaily.com/news/ng.asp?id=28874-new-tofu-production. Retrieved 2008-01-05.
- ^ "Deep Seawater Business To Develop Local Economies". Japan for sustainability. http://www.japanfs.org/en/column/a17.html. Retrieved 2008-01-05.
- ^ "Chodang Bean Curd Village". Gangneung-city Tour. http://www.gntour.go.kr/english/CMSView.do?pid=1288. Retrieved 2008-01-05.
- ^ "Chodang Sundubu (watery tofu) Village". Tour2Korea. http://english.tour2korea.com/03Sightseeing/DestinationsByThemes/Depth04.asp?sight=Sightseeing&sightseeing_id=430&ADDRESS_1=15741&ADDRESS_2=14104&ThemeCode=Sightseeing_13&kosm=m3_2. Retrieved 2008-01-05.
- ^ a b c d e Shurtleff & Aoyagi 2008, Volume IV, The History of Traditional Non-Fermented Soyfoods, Chapter 36: "History of Tofu". http://www.soyinfocenter.com/HSS/tofu1.php.
- ^ "A photo". http://www.flickr.com/photos/initial_tai/388562141/.
- ^ a b c Shurtleff & Aoyagi 2008. Volume V, The History of Traditional Fermented Soyfoods, Chapter 44: "History of Fermented Tofu". http://www.soyinfocenter.com/HSS/fermented_tofu1.php.
- ^ The Hwang Ryh Shang Company of Taiwan, a major producer of pickled tofu, mislabels this ingredient as "red date" (jujube) on the English-language list of ingredients on its product labels, although the Chinese list of ingredients on the same product lists 紅糟 (literally "red lees", i.e. red yeast rice).
- ^ "Broken link". The Soy Daily. http://www.thesoydaily.com/SFC/NFsoyfoods38.asp. Not retrieved on 5 January 2008.
- ^ Shurtleff, (1998), p.22
- ^ Shurtleff, (1998), p.79
- ^ "Burmese tofu recipe". http://www.netcooks.com/recipes/Salads/Burmese-Style.Tofu.html.
- ^ a b c Shurtleff & Aoyagi 2005.
- ^ Joseph Needham Science and Civilization in China, vol 6, part 5, chapter 40, page 306-307, Cambridge University Press
- ^ Korean sundubu (soft tofu) and Okinawan tofu is still produced in a similar manner, traditionally using seawater as a coagulant.
- ^ A taste of Japan, Donald Richie, Kodansha, 2001, ISBN 4770017073
- ^ http://www.soyinfocenter.com/chronologies_of_soyfoods-tofu.php
- ^ Ang, Liu & Huang 1999.
- ^ Anderson, Johnstone & Cook-Newell 1995.
- ^ "Soy: Health Claims for Soy Protein, Questions About Other Components". U.S. Food and Drug Administration. http://www.fda.gov/fdac/features/2000/300_soy.html.
- ^ USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference, Release 21 (year 2008): http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/foodcomp/search/.
- ^ Sacks et al. 2006, section 2.
- ^ Sacks et al. 2006. See also Doheny, Kathleen (2006). "Soy Claim as Heart Helper in Dispute". HealthDay News. http://www.lifeclinic.com/healthnews/article_view.asp?story=530561. Retrieved 2008-01-05.
- ^ White et al. 2000.
- ^ a b http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/talking_point/7490202.stm
References
- Anderson, J. W.; Johnstone, B.M.; Cook-Newell, M.E. (1995), "Meta-Analysis of the Effects of Soy Protein Intake on Serum Lipids", New England Journal of Medicine 333 (5): 276–282, doi:10.1056/NEJM199508033330502, http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/333/5/276
- Ang, Catharina Y. W.; Liu, KeShun; Huang, Yao-Wen, eds. (1999), Asian Foods: Science & Technology, Lancaster, Pennsylvania: Technomic Publishing Co., http://www.chipsbooks.com/asianfd.htm
- Berk, Zeki (1992), Technology of production of edible flours and protein products from soybeans, FAO agricultural services bulletin, 97, Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, ISBN 978-9251031186, http://www.fao.org/docrep/t0532e/t0532e00.htm .
- Grundy, Scott M.; Cleeman, James I.; Daniels, Stephen R.; Donato, Karen A.; Eckel, Robert H.; Franklin, Barry A. (2005), "Diagnosis and Management of the Metabolic Syndrome. An American Heart Association/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Scientific Statement", Circulation 112: 2735–2752, doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.169404
- Guo, Shun-Tang; Ono, Tomotada (2005), "The Role of Composition and Content of Protein Particles in Soymilk on Tofu Curding by Glucono-δ-lactone or Calcium Sulfate", Journal of Food Science 70 (4): 258–262, doi:10.1111/j.1365-2621.2005.tb07170.x, http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1365-2621.2005.tb07170.x .
- Liu, KeShun (1997), Soybeans: Chemistry, Technology, and Utilization, Springer, ISBN 978-0834212992, http://www.springer.com/uk/home/life+sci/food+science?SGWID=3-40723-22-33274516-0 .
- Sacks, Frank M.; Lichtenstein, Alice; Van Horn, Linda; Harris, William; Kris-Etherton, Penny; Winston, Mary (2006), "Soy Protein, Isoflavones, and Cardiovascular Health. An American Heart Association Science Advisory for Professionals From the Nutrition Committee", Circulation 113 (7): 1034–1044, doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.171052 .
- Shurtleff, William; Aoyagi, Akiko (2000), Tofu & soymilk production: a craft and technical manual (3rd ed.), Lafayette, California: Soyfoods Center, ISBN 978-1928914044 .
- Shurtleff, William; Aoyagi, Akiko (2005), Dou fu zhi shu (The book of tofu), Taibei Shi, ISBN 978-9868131910 . (In Chinese.)
- Shurtleff, William; Aoyagi, Akiko (2008), A Comprehensive History of Soy. History of Soybeans and Soyfoods Past Present and Future, Lafayette, California: Soyinfo Center, http://www.soyinfocenter.com/HSS/history.php .
- White, L. R.; Petrovitch, H.; Ross, G. W.; Masaki, K.; Hardman, J.; Nelson, J. (April 1, 2000), "Brain aging and midlife tofu consumption", Journal of the American College of Nutrition 19 (2): 242–255, PMID 10763906, http://www.jacn.org/cgi/content/full/19/2/242 .
- Shurtleff, William; Aoyagi, Akiko (1998), The book of tofu: protein source of the future-- now!, Ten Speed Press, ISBN 1580080138, http://books.google.com/books?id=k7yx0OYDWFEC&pg=PA93#v=onepage&q=&f=false .
- Du Bois, Christine M.; Tan, Chee-Beng. Mintz, Sidney Wilfred (2008), The World of Soy, University of Illinois Press, ISBN 0252033418
- Knopper, Melissa. (Jan 2002), The joy of soy, The Rotarian, Vol. 180, No. 1, p. 16, ISSN 0035-838X
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