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Car ferries are a vital part of the highway infrastructure in coastal regions. Above is "MF Stavangerfjord" which goes between Arsvågen and Mortavika in Rogaland.

Transport in Norway is highly influenced by Norway's low population density, narrow shape and long coastline. Norway has old water transport traditions, but rail, road and air transport have increased in importance during the 20th century. Due to the low population density, public transport is less built out than in many European countries, especially outside the cities.

The main governing body is the Norwegian Ministry of Transport and Communications, which performs operations through numerous subsidiaries.[1] Tasks related to public transport and some roads have been delegated to the counties and municipalities. Most infrastructure is publicly owned, while most operations are performed by private companies; public transport is subsidized.

In average each Norwegian transported themselves for 70 minutes each day. 8% of passenger transport was made by public transport; road transport is the dominant mode of transport.[2] The transport sector was responsible for 4.1% of the gross national product and 6.6% of employment in 2006.[2]

Contents

Aviation

Norwegian and Scandinavian aircraft at Oslo Airport, Gardermoen.

Aviation has become an important passenger transport mode since the 1960s. Aircraft are a common used mode of transport on longer distances, and the routes between Oslo and Bergen, Trondheim and Stavanger are all among the ten largest in Europe.[3] In Western and Northern Norway, with difficult terrain and lack of rail transport, regional airline travel provides quick travel within the region or to the capital.[4]

Airports

Main article: List of airports in Norway

Of the 98 airports in Norway,[5] 51 are public,[6] and 46 are operated by the state-owned Avinor.[7] Seven airports have more than one million passengers annually.[6] 41,089,675 passengers passed through Norwegian airports in 2007, of which 13,397,458 were international.[6]

Two Widerøe Dash 8-100 regional aircraft at Trondheim Airport, Værnes.

The main gateway by air to Norway is Oslo Airport, Gardermoen,[6] located about 50 kilometres (31 mi) north of Oslo with departures to most European countries and some intercontinental destinations.[8][9] It is hub for the two major Norwegian airlines Scandinavian Airlines System[10] and Norwegian Air Shuttle,[11] and for regional aircraft from Western Norway.[12]

Heliports are common at hospitals and oil platforms. The Norwegian Air Ambulance service operates twelve helicopters and nine airplanes.[13]

Regional aviation

The regional airport service was introduced in the 1960s, with 30 airports being served by short take-off and landing aircraft.[6] These are located mainly in Sogn og Fjordane and Northern Norway, in areas with long distances to large cities and with too little traffic to support commercial flights. The airports, which typically have a 800 metres (2,600 ft) runway, are run by Avinor, while the airplanes are operated based on subsidized public service obligation contracts with the Norwegian Ministry of Transport and Communications.[4][14] The by far largest contractor is Widerøe with their fleet of de Havilland Canada Dash 8 aircraft,[15] but also Danish Air Transport, Lufttransport and Kato Air have won bids.[16] The flights operate from one or more regional airports to larger hubs; in Oslo, Bergen, Trondheim, Bodø, Tromsø and Kirkenes.[12] One service, to Værøy Airport, is served by helicopter.[17] 1,214,508 passengers passed through the regional airports in 2007.[6]

Rail transport

NSB type 73 at Oslo Central Station, the largest railway station in the country.
Main article: Rail transport in Norway

The main railway network consists of 4,114 kilometres (2,556 mi) of standard gauge lines, of which 242 kilometres (150 mi) is double track and 64 kilometres (40 mi) high-speed rail (210 km/h) while 62% is electrified at 15 kV 16⅔ Hz AC. The railways transported 56,827,000 passengers 2,956 million passenger kilometers and 24,783,000 tonnes of cargo 3,414 million tonne kilometers.[18]

The main long-haul network consists of lines from Oslo and westwards along the South Coast to Stavanger and over the mountains to Bergen; and north to Åndalsnes and via Trondheim to Bodø. Four lines connect to Sweden, allowing access to the European network.[19] The only high-speed line is Gardermobanen, connecting Oslo to Oslo Airport, Gardermoen, but plans exist to built more high-speed lines in Eastern Norway,[20] and possibly to other parts of Norway.[21] The entire network is owned by the Norwegian National Rail Administration,[22] while all domestic passenger trains except the Airport Express Train are operated by Norges Statsbaner (NSB).[23] Several companies operate freight trains.[24]

Investment in new infrastructure and maintenance is financed through the state budget,[22] and subsidies are provided for passenger train operations.[25] NSB operates long-haul trains, including night trains, regional services and four commuter train systems, around Oslo, Trondheim, Bergen and Stavanger.[26]

The Oslo T-bane is the backbone of public transport in Oslo, here at Ullevål Stadion.

Rail transit

Tramways operate in Oslo and Trondheim, with a system in Bergen under construction. The only rapid transit system is the Oslo T-bane, while the only funicular is in Bergen. The rail transits are operated by the counties, and integrated into the bus transport. In Oslo the two systems make the backbone of the public transport system, giving Oslo by far the highest public transport share of 20%.[27] In 2007, 101 million passengers were transported 490 million passenger kilometers by rail transit.[28][29]

Road transport

Norway has a road network of 92,946 kilometres (57,754 mi), of which 72,033 kilometres (44,759 mi) are paved and 664 kilometres (413 mi) are motorway.[5] There are four tiers of road routes; national, county, municipal and private, with only the national roads numbered en route. The most important national routes are part of the European route scheme, and the two most prominent are the E6 going north-south through the entire country, while E39 follows the West Coast. National and county roads are managed by the Norwegian Public Roads Administration.[30]

Gjemnessund Bridge is part of the Kristiansund Mainland Connection.

Motorways exist around the largest cities; many of the larger cities have introduces toll schemes to help finance roads.[31] In 2008, 130 ferry routes remained in service, operated by private companies on contract with the Public Roads Administration.[32] Since the 1970s the heaviest rural investments have been mainland connections to replace the many car ferries that are needed to cross fjords and connect to islands. There are not enough funding through tax money, so these tunnels and bridges are normally financed mainly through toll fees.[33] Some mountain passes have severe snowstorm problems in the winter, so often they have to be closed, or cars have to drive after a snowplough in a column.[34]. The most exposed mountain passes are closed the entire winter.

In 2007 there were 2.6 million automobiles in Norway, or 444 per 1000 residents, an increase of 27% the last ten years—average age was 10.2 years. Road accidents killed 242 people and road transport caused 20% of greenhouse gas emissions.[2] Trucks transported 264 million tonnes 15 billion tonne kilometers.[35]

See also: Road signs in Norway, Vehicle registration plates of Norway.

Bus transport

Each county is responsible for the public bus and boat transport in their area,[36] (railways, regional airlines and the Coastal Express boat, are financed by the state).[25] Buses transported 290 million passengers 3.7 billion passenger kilometers in 2007.[37] 6,194 buses were in operation during 2007; tickets sales was NOK 3,721 million while bus transport received government subsidies of NOK 3,393 million.[38]

Bus, bus and water bus services are normally operated by private companies on contract with the county or their public transport authority (such as Ruter or Vestviken Kollektivtrafikk). Long-haul coach services are operated by various companies, most of whom cooperate through NOR-WAY Bussekspress.[39]

Water transport

Grain silo in Honningsvåg.

The coastal infrastructure is operated by the Norwegian Coastal Administration,[40] while ports are operated by the municipalities.[40][41] Norway has 90,000 kilometres (56,000 mi) of shoreline, 400,000 leisure craft[40] and a 715 ships in the merchant marine.[5]

Merchant marine

Norway is the fifth largest beneficial shipowning country, with 5% of the world's fleet;[42] though a high portion of these are registered in flags of convenience, Norway has 15 million gross tonnes of ships under its flag.[43] The government has created an internal register, the Norwegian International Ship Register (NIS), as a subset of the Norwegian Ship Register; ships on the NIS enjoy many benefits of flags of convenience and do not have to be crewed by Norwegians.[44]

BW Fjord is one of many Norwegian ships that operate abroad.

Ferries

Fast ferries operate many places where fjords and islands make it quicker to follow the waterways than the roads; some small islands are served by water buses. Public transport by ship transported eight million passengers 273 million passenger kilometers in 2007.[45] The Coastal Express (known as Hurtigruten) operates daily cruiseferries from Bergen to Kirkenes, calling at 35 ports.[46] International cruiseferries operate from Southern Norway to the United Kingdom, Denmark, Germany and Sweden.[47][48]

Pipelines

The petroleum and natural gas production on the Norwegian continental shelf uses pipelines to transport produce to processing plants on mainland Norway and other European countries; total length is 9,481 kilometres (5,891 mi).[5] The government-owned Gassco operates all natural gas piplines; in 2006, 88 billion cubic meters were transported, or 15% of European consumption[49]

Notes

  1. ^ Norwegian Ministry of Transport and Communication, 2003: 3
  2. ^ a b c Statistics Norway. "Transport". http://www.ssb.no/english/subjects/10/12/transport_en/. Retrieved 2008-07-15. 
  3. ^ Boarding (2006-11-11). ""Bergensflyet" nummer sju i Europa" (in Norwegian). http://www.boarding.no/art.asp?id=24013. Retrieved 2008-07-15. 
  4. ^ a b Ministry of Transport. "Regionale flyruter" (in Norwegian). http://www.regjeringen.no/nb/dep/sd/tema/luftfart/regionale-flyruter.html?id=440464. Retrieved 2008-07-15. 
  5. ^ a b c d Central Intelligence Agency (2008). "Norway". https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/no.html. Retrieved 2008-07-15. 
  6. ^ a b c d e f Avinor (2008). "2007 Passasjerer" (in Norwegian). http://www.avinor.no/tridionimages/2007%20Passasjerer_tcm181-51564.xls. Retrieved 2008-07-15. 
  7. ^ Avinor. "About Avinor". http://www.avinor.no/en/avinor/aboutavinor. Retrieved 2008-07-15. 
  8. ^ Oslo Lufthavn. "Car". http://www.osl.no/index.asp?startID=&topExpand=1000314&subExpand=1000318&menuid=1001352&menuid_1=1001348&pid_1=1001332&l=3&languagecode=9&strUrl=//templates/applications/internet/showobject.asp?infoobjectid=1006072. Retrieved 2008-07-15. 
  9. ^ Oslo Lufthavn. "International scheduled routes from Oslo". http://www.osl.no/index.asp?startID=&strUrl=//templates/applications/internet/showobject.asp?infoobjectid=1010847&showad=1&menuid=1001345&menuid_1=1001345&topExpand=1000314&subExpand=1000317&pid_1=1001332&l=2&languagecode=9. Retrieved 2008-07-15. 
  10. ^ Scandinavian Airlines System. "Rutekart". http://www.sas.no/no/Misc/Service_Links_Container/Rutekart/. Retrieved 2008-07-15. 
  11. ^ Norwegian Air Shuttle. "Route Map". http://ip.norwegian.no/ip/RouteMapAction.aspx?app_language=en-GB. Retrieved 2008-07-15. 
  12. ^ a b Widerøe. "Våre destinasjoner". http://www.wideroe.no/modules/module_123/proxy.asp?D=2&C=642&I=4274&language=NO. Retrieved 2008-07-15. 
  13. ^ Norwegian Air Ambulance. "Om oss" (in Norwegian). http://www.luftambulanse.no/historie.aspx. Retrieved 2008-07-15. 
  14. ^ Norwegian Ministry of Transport and Communication, 2003: 5
  15. ^ Widerøe. "Aircrafts". http://www.wideroe.no/modules/module_123/proxy.asp?D=2&C=416&I=3161. Retrieved 2008-07-15. 
  16. ^ Boarding (2005-11-02). "Tildeling av einerett for drift av 16 ruteområde" (in Norwegian). http://www.boarding.no/art.asp?id=18737. Retrieved 2008-07-15. 
  17. ^ Lufttransport. "Ruteflyvning Bodø – Værøy v.v." (in Norwegian). http://www.lufttransport.no/Lufttransport.nsf/unid/A78EFB93796E70CEC1256D91004270C5?opendocument. Retrieved 2008-07-15. 
  18. ^ Norwegian National Rail Administration, 2008: 4
  19. ^ Norwegian National Rail Administration, 2007: 7
  20. ^ Norwegian National Rail Administration (2008-01-07). "Modernisering av Vestfoldbanen" (in Norwegian). http://www.jernbaneverket.no/prosjekter/pagaende/vestfoldbanen/article.jhtml?articleID=1692646. Retrieved 2008-07-15. 
  21. ^ Norwegian Ministry of Transport and Communications. "Utredning av høyfartsbaner" (in Norwegian). http://www.regjeringen.no/nb/dep/sd/tema/Jernbane_og_jernbanetransport/Utredning-av-hoyfartsbaner.html?id=449057. Retrieved 2008-07-15. 
  22. ^ a b Norwegian National Rail Administration. "About". http://www.jernbaneverket.no/english/about/. Retrieved 2008-07-15. 
  23. ^ Norwegian National Rail Administration, 2008: 13
  24. ^ Norwegian National Rail Administration, 2008: 16
  25. ^ a b Norwegian Ministry of Transport. "Kollektivtransport" (in Norwegian). http://www.regjeringen.no/nb/dep/sd/tema/kollektivtransport.html?id=1387. Retrieved 2008-07-15. 
  26. ^ Norges Statsbaner. "Train facts". http://www.nsb.no/about_nsb/train_facts/. Retrieved 2008-07-15. 
  27. ^ Oslo Sporveier (2006-08-30). "Sterk kollektivvekst og kollektivandel" (in Norwegian). http://www.sporveien.no/Pressesenter/169/1383/. Retrieved 2008-07-15. 
  28. ^ Statistics Norway (2008-01-03). "Bane, ekslusive NSB" (in Norwegian). http://www.ssb.no/emner/10/12/kolltrans/tab-2008-01-03-04.html. Retrieved 2008-07-15. 
  29. ^ Norwegian National Rail Administration, 2007: 12–13
  30. ^ Norwegian Ministry of Transport and Communications, 2003: 15
  31. ^ Ieromanachou, Potter and Warren. "Norway's urban toll rings: evolving towards congestion charging?" (PDF). http://design.open.ac.uk/potter/documents/NorwayTP.pdf. Retrieved 2008-07-16. 
  32. ^ Norwegian Public Roads Administration, 2008: 7
  33. ^ Norvegfinans. "Bompengeanlegg" (in Norwegian). http://www.norvegfinans.com/cgi-bin/WebObjects.exe/norveg.woa/wa/selectDASub1page?sub1pageID=70&langID=1. Retrieved 2008-07-16. 
  34. ^ Norwegian Public Road Administration. "Kolonnekjøring" (in Norwegian). http://www.vegvesen.no/cs/Satellite?cid=1157615706672&pagename=vegvesen/SVVartikkel/SVVartikkelMedRelatert&c=SVVartikkel. Retrieved 2008-07-16. 
  35. ^ Statistics Norway. "Lastebilundersøkelsen" (in Norwegian). http://www.ssb.no/lbunasj/tab-2008-07-02-01.html. Retrieved 2008-07-16. 
  36. ^ Norwegian Ministry of Transport. "Lokal kollektivtransport" (in Norwegian). http://www.regjeringen.no/nb/dep/sd/tema/kollektivtransport/Lokal-kollektivtransport.html?id=426187. Retrieved 2008-07-15. 
  37. ^ Statistics Norway (2008-01-03). "Kollektivtransport" (in Norwegian). http://www.ssb.no/emner/10/12/kolltrans/tab-2008-01-03-01.html. Retrieved 2008-07-15. 
  38. ^ Statistics Norway (2008-01-03). "Buss" (in Norwegian). http://www.ssb.no/kolltrans/tab-2008-01-03-02.html. Retrieved 2008-07-16. 
  39. ^ NOR-WAY Bussekspress. "Selskapene" (in Norwegian). http://nor-way.no/wsp/nbe/frontend.cgi?session=d0e5ccde8f8843e7778e7f8c97e78f&func=publish.show&table=PUBLISH&func_id=1116&asubmenu=1116. Retrieved 2008-07-15. 
  40. ^ a b c Norwegian Coastal Administration. "The Norwegian Coastal Administration". http://www.kystverket.no/?did=9103236. Retrieved 2008-07-16. 
  41. ^ Norwegian Coastal Administration. "Offentlige havner i Norge" (in Norwegian). http://www.kystverket.no/?aid=9085811. Retrieved 2008-07-16. 
  42. ^ Shippingfacts (2007). "Top 20 beneficial ownership countries (January 2007)". http://www.marisec.org/shippingfacts/worldtrade/top-20-beneficial-ownership-countries.php. Retrieved 2008-07-16. 
  43. ^ Shippingfacts (2007). "Top 20 largest shipping flags (January 2007)". http://www.marisec.org/shippingfacts/worldtrade/top-20-largest-shipping-flags.php. Retrieved 2008-07-16. 
  44. ^ Norwegian Ship Registers. "NIS". http://www.nis-nor.no/NIS.aspx. Retrieved 2008-07-15. 
  45. ^ Statistics Norway (2008-01-03). "Båt" (in Norwegian). http://www.ssb.no/kolltrans/tab-2008-01-03-03.html. Retrieved 2008-07-16. 
  46. ^ Hurtigruten Group. "Hurtigruten - The World's Most Beautiful Voyage". http://www.hurtigruten.com/en/default.aspx?side_id=421. Retrieved 2008-07-16. 
  47. ^ Color Line. "Color Line". http://www.colorline.no/. Retrieved 2008-07-16. 
  48. ^ DFDS Seaways. "Bergen–Haugesund–Stavanger–Newcastle". http://www.dfdsseaways.no/DSW/NO/Travel_new/Transport/Vestlandet-Newcastle/. Retrieved 2008-07-16. 
  49. ^ Gassco. "About Gassco". http://www.gassco.no/sw3046.asp. Retrieved 2008-07-16. 

References

External links

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