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The classification system of the types of inhabited
localities in Russia, the former Soviet Union, and some other post-Soviet
states has certain peculiarities compared to the classification
systems in other countries.
Modern classification in
Russia
During the Soviet times, each of the republics of the Soviet
Union, including the Russian
SFSR, had its own legislative documents dealing with
classification of inhabited localities.[1] After
the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the task
of developing and maintaining such classification in Russia was
delegated to the federal subjects.[2] While
currently there are certain peculiarities to classifications used
in many federal subjects, they are all still largely based on the
system used in the RSFSR. In all federal subjects, the inhabited
localities are classified into two major categories: urban and
rural. Further divisions of these categories vary slightly from one
federal subject to another, but they all follow common trends
described below.
Urban
localities
- Cities and
towns (город, gorod; pl. города, goroda). Cities and
towns are classified by their level of jurisdiction (district/federal subject/federal).
While the Russian language has no separate words
for "town" and "city" ("город"
is used for both), in translation, the word "city" is traditionally
applied to the urban localities with a population of at
least 100,000.
- Urban-type settlements
(посёлок городского типа,
posyolok gorodskogo tipa; pl. посёлки городского типа) is a type of smaller
urban locality. This type of urban locality was first introduced in
the Soviet Union in 1924, with the following subcategories:[3]
- Urban-type settlement proper—mostly urban population of
3,000–12,000.
- Work settlement (рабочий
посёлок, rabochy posyolok)—mostly urban population
occupied in industrial manufacture.
- Suburban (dacha) settlement (дачный посёлок, dachny
posyolok)—typically, a suburban settlement with summer dachas.
- Resort settlement (курортный
посёлок, kurortny posyolok)—mostly urban population
occupied in beach services.
In 1957, the procedures for categorizing urban-type settlements
were further refined.[4]
Rural
localities
Multiple types of rural localities exist, some common through
the whole territory of Russia, some specific to certain federal
subjects. The most common types include:
- Villages (деревня, derevnya; pl. деревни, derevni)
- Selos
(село, selo; pl.
сёла, syola)
- (Rural-type) settlements (посёлок (сельского типа), posyolok
(selskogo tipa); pl. посёлки
(сельского типа)). The "rural-type" (сельского типа) designation is added to the
settlements the population of which is mostly occupied in
agriculture, while posyolok (посёлок) proper indicates a mix of population
working in agriculture and industry.
- Stanitsas (станица, stanitsa; pl. станицы,
stanitsy)—historically, a Cossack rural locality. The
name is still currently in use, with the basic meaning of
"village".
- Slobodas (слобода, sloboda; pl. слободы, slobody)—historically, a
settlement freed from taxes and levies for various reasons. The
name is still currently in use with the basic meaning of
"village".
- Khutors
(хутор, khutor; pl.
хутора,
khutora)—translated as "hamlet", "farmstead", or
"village".
- Pochinoks починок, pochinok; pl. починки, pochinki)—a newly
formed rural locality of one or several families. Pochinoks are
established as new settlements and usually grow into larger
villages as they develop.
- In some federal subjects, ethnic (Turkic or Pashto) terminology
is used in the Russian language. Such locality types include аул (aul), аал
(aal), and кишлак
(kishlak).
Historical
terms
- Krepost (крепость, a fort), a fortified settlement. A Kremlin, Russian citadel, is a
major krepost usually including a castle and surrounded by
posad. Ostrog, on the other hand, was a more
primitive kind of krepost which could be put up quickly
within rough walls of debarked pointed timber.
- Posad
(посад), a medieval suburban
settlement.
- Mestechko (местечко, from Polish: miasteczko; Yiddish:
shtetl), a small town in Western Krai annexed
during the Partitions of Poland; typically
with Jewish majority.
See also
References
- ^
In the Russian SFSR, the issues of the administrative and
territorial division, including the system of classification of the
inhabited localities, was regulated by the Statute On Procedure
of Resolving the Issues of the Administrative-Territorial Structure
of the RSFSR, approved by the Decree of the Presidium of the
Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR on August 17, 1982 (Положение "О порядке решения вопросос
административно-территориального устройства РСФСР", утверждённое
Указом Президиума Верховного Совета РСФСР от 17 августа
1982 г.)
- ^
Articles 71 and 72 of the Constitution of Russia do not
name issues of the administrative and territorial structure among
the tasks handled on the federal level or jointly with the
governments of the federal subjects
- ^
Постановление ВЦИК и СНК РСФСР от 15
сентября 1924 г. "Общее положение о городских и сельских поселениях
и посёлках" (Resolution of the All-Union Executive Committee
and the Soviet of People's Commissars of September 15, 1924
General Statute on Urban and Rural Settlements)
- ^
Указ Президиума ВС РСФСР от 12
сентября 1957 г. "О порядке отнесения населённых пунктов к
категории городов, рабочих и курортных посёлков" (Decree of
the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR of September 12,
1957 On Procedures of Categorizing the Inhabited Localities as
Cities, Work and Resort Settlements)
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