From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Союз Советских Социалистических Республик
Soyuz Sovetskikh Sotsialisticheskikh Respublik
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
Other names |
|
|
|
|
.^ Motto Пролетарии всех стран, соединяйтесь!- Soviet Union - Familypedia 1 February 2010 4:04 UTC familypedia.wikia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
(Translit.: Proletarii vsekh stran, soyedinyaytes'!)
English: Workers of the world, unite! |
Anthem
The Internationale (1922–1944)
Hymn of the Soviet Union (1944–1991) |
|
The Soviet Union after World War II |
| Capital |
Moscow |
| Language(s) |
Russian, many others |
| Government |
Federal socialist republic, Single-party communist state |
| General Secretary |
| - 1922–1953 (first) |
Joseph Stalin |
| - 1985–1991 (last) |
Mikhail Gorbachev |
| Premier |
| - 1923–1924 (first) |
Vladimir Lenin |
| - 1991 (last) |
Ivan Silayev |
| History |
|
| - Established |
December 30, 1922 |
| - Disestablished |
December 26, 1991 |
| Area |
| - 1991 |
22,402,200 km2 (8,649,538 sq mi) |
| Population |
| - 1991 est. |
293,047,571 |
| Density |
13.1 /km2 (33.9 /sq mi) |
| Currency |
Soviet ruble (руб) (SUR) |
| Internet TLD |
.su2 |
| Calling code |
+7 |
|
|
.^ The Library has had numerous requests for information regarding the former Soviet Union .- SOVIET UNION, 1917-1991 � UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS (USSR) 1 February 2010 4:04 UTC www.reagan.utexas.edu [Source type: Reference]
^ In: The cinema of Russia and the former Soviet Union / edited by Birgit Beumers ; [preface by Sergei Bodrov].- Russian (Soviet) and East European Cinema: Media Resources Center UCB 1 February 2010 4:04 UTC lib.berkeley.edu [Source type: General]
^ And as far as supporting former Soviet republics militarily against Russian influence: I hope "Saracuda" realizes that the day that happens she has completely sold out her home state of Alaska.- Sarah Palin: Russian offense augurs war: The Swamp 28 January 2010 0:46 UTC www.swamppolitics.com [Source type: General]
2Assigned on September 19, 1990, existing onwards.
.^ The Polish annexation was soon followed by domination of Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania.- UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS 24 January 2010 10:46 UTC www.history.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Traditionally, the republics’ governmental structure resembled that of the central government of the USSR, but the upheavals of the early 1990s brought increasing divergence from the Soviet pattern.- UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS 24 January 2010 10:46 UTC www.history.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The next day the council recognized the full independence of Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania.- UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS 24 January 2010 10:46 UTC www.history.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ "Soviet Occupation of the Baltic States and Their Incorporation into the USSR: Political and Legal Aspects," East European Quarterly , 19, September 1985, 289- 304.- Library of Congress / Federal Research Division / CountryStudies / Area Handbook Series/ Soviet Union / Bibliography 25 January 2010 17:19 UTC lcweb2.loc.gov [Source type: Academic]
^ For the first time in the history of Russia public opinion in the modern sense became a power in the state and influenced strongly the policy of the government.
The Government of the United States and a number of other countries did not recognize the legal inclusion of Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania in the USSR.
|
|
.^ The Soviet Union doesn't exist anymore.- CNN Political Ticker: All politics, all the time Blog Archive - Huckabee: Washington State vote like the Soviet Union « - Blogs from CNN.com 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC politicalticker.blogs.cnn.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Our beloved Holy Russia remains always one and the same Motherland of ours, disregarding whatever official name she might have borne during the centuries: either Kievan Rus, or Muscovite Principality, or Russian Tsardom, or Russian Empire, or the Union of the Soviet Socialist Republics, or finally the present-day Russian Federation.- Russian Victories index 18 January 2010 8:45 UTC russian-victories.ru [Source type: Original source]
^ We used to live in brotherly concord with all of our non-Russian neighbours within the Russian Empire, as well as within the Soviet Union.- Russian Victories index 18 January 2010 8:45 UTC russian-victories.ru [Source type: Original source]
.^ The exigencies of war against a common enemy, Nazi Germany, necessitated a rehabilitation of the Soviet Union in American eyes.- Russian Victories index 18 January 2010 8:45 UTC russian-victories.ru [Source type: Original source]
^ After the break-up of the Soviet Union, its name was changed to Action for Post-Soviet Jewry.- Guide to the Records of Action for Soviet Jewry, undated, 1943, 1964-1994 *I-487 1 February 2010 4:04 UTC findingaids.cjh.org [Source type: Reference]
A
soviet is a council, the theoretical basis for the
socialist society of the USSR.
.^ The Russian Empire, 1801-1917 .- Library of Congress / Federal Research Division / CountryStudies / Area Handbook Series/ Soviet Union / Bibliography 25 January 2010 17:19 UTC lcweb2.loc.gov [Source type: Academic]
^ The Cambridge encyclopedia of Russia and the soviet Union .- Library of Congress / Federal Research Division / CountryStudies / Area Handbook Series/ Soviet Union / Bibliography 25 January 2010 17:19 UTC lcweb2.loc.gov [Source type: Academic]
^ The Jews in the Soviet Union since 1917 .- Library of Congress / Federal Research Division / CountryStudies / Area Handbook Series/ Soviet Union / Bibliography 25 January 2010 17:19 UTC lcweb2.loc.gov [Source type: Academic]
.^ RUSSIA AT WAR 1941 1945 .- Russian Victories index 18 January 2010 8:45 UTC russian-victories.ru [Source type: Original source]
^ RUSSIA AT WAR 1941 - 1945 .- Russian Victories index 18 January 2010 8:45 UTC russian-victories.ru [Source type: Original source]
^ Veronica eventually succumbs to the seduction of Boris' cousin, Mark, but subsequently redeems herself by nursing the wounded amidst the terrible suffering of the Russian civilian population during World War II. 91 min.- Russian (Soviet) and East European Cinema: Media Resources Center UCB 1 February 2010 4:04 UTC lib.berkeley.edu [Source type: General]
.^ We used to live in brotherly concord with all of our non-Russian neighbours within the Russian Empire, as well as within the Soviet Union.- Russian Victories index 18 January 2010 8:45 UTC russian-victories.ru [Source type: Original source]
^ The higher were to be established in the cities and were to contain the equivalent of the first four or five grades of a classical gymnasium.
^ The subseries contains memoranda and published materials related to the Soviet Jewry Movement and the USSR. .- Guide to the Records of Action for Soviet Jewry, undated, 1943, 1964-1994 *I-487 1 February 2010 4:04 UTC findingaids.cjh.org [Source type: Reference]
.^ Inversion of History during the Cold War.- Russian Victories index 18 January 2010 8:45 UTC russian-victories.ru [Source type: Original source]
^ In July 1924 the Ossetian AO was created and in December 1936 it became the North Ossetian ASSR. Ossetian Muslims, the Digor, were deported in 1944 along with other Muslim peoples of the North Caucasus.- Minority Rights Group International : Russian Federation : Ossetians 11 January 2010 1:16 UTC www.minorityrights.org [Source type: General]
^ An early silent satirical film produced in the Soviet Union which points up the social consequences of the Soviet housing shortage.- Russian (Soviet) and East European Cinema: Media Resources Center UCB 1 February 2010 4:04 UTC lib.berkeley.edu [Source type: General]
.^ A large section of the administrative Series contains outgoing and incoming faxes that reflect the activities of the organization from mid-1980s to 1991, the collapse of the Soviet Union.- Guide to the Records of Action for Soviet Jewry, undated, 1943, 1964-1994 *I-487 1 February 2010 4:04 UTC findingaids.cjh.org [Source type: Reference]
^ It emerged as a member organization of the Union of Council for Soviet Jews (UCSJ), on the basis of the New England Student Struggle for Soviet Jewry (NESSSJ).- Guide to the Records of Action for Soviet Jewry, undated, 1943, 1964-1994 *I-487 1 February 2010 4:04 UTC findingaids.cjh.org [Source type: Reference]
^ CO165 entire category (Countries Soviet Union) .- SOVIET UNION, 1917-1991 � UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS (USSR) 1 February 2010 4:04 UTC www.reagan.utexas.edu [Source type: Reference]
.^ Soviet Foreign Policy in the 1980s .- Library of Congress / Federal Research Division / CountryStudies / Area Handbook Series/ Soviet Union / Bibliography 25 January 2010 17:19 UTC lcweb2.loc.gov [Source type: Academic]
^ Soviet Foreign Trade: Organization, Operations, and Policy, 1918-1971 .- Library of Congress / Federal Research Division / CountryStudies / Area Handbook Series/ Soviet Union / Bibliography 25 January 2010 17:19 UTC lcweb2.loc.gov [Source type: Academic]
^ "Will the Soviet Union Survive until 1994?"- Library of Congress / Federal Research Division / CountryStudies / Area Handbook Series/ Soviet Union / Bibliography 25 January 2010 17:19 UTC lcweb2.loc.gov [Source type: Academic]
.^ Soviet Military Power, 1989 .- Library of Congress / Federal Research Division / CountryStudies / Area Handbook Series/ Soviet Union / Bibliography 25 January 2010 17:19 UTC lcweb2.loc.gov [Source type: Academic]
^ Soviet Military Power, 1987 .- Library of Congress / Federal Research Division / CountryStudies / Area Handbook Series/ Soviet Union / Bibliography 25 January 2010 17:19 UTC lcweb2.loc.gov [Source type: Academic]
^ It had to be divided, therefore, into a number of independent principalities, but it continued to be loosely held together by the dynastic sentiment of the descendants of Rurik and by the patriarchal authority - a sort of patria potestas - of the senior member of the family, called the grand-prince, who ruled in Kiev, " the mother of Russian cities."
History
.^ The collapse of the Tsarist regime and the failure of the Kerensky Provisional Government nearly led to the complete (though temporal) disintegration of the Russian state.- Russian Victories index 18 January 2010 8:45 UTC russian-victories.ru [Source type: Original source]
^ We used to live in brotherly concord with all of our non-Russian neighbours within the Russian Empire, as well as within the Soviet Union.- Russian Victories index 18 January 2010 8:45 UTC russian-victories.ru [Source type: Original source]
^ Provisionally, then, the Russian governmental system may perhaps be best defined - as M. Chasles suggests 3 - as " a limited monarchy under an autocratic emperor."
.^ The Russian Empire, 1801-1917 .- Library of Congress / Federal Research Division / CountryStudies / Area Handbook Series/ Soviet Union / Bibliography 25 January 2010 17:19 UTC lcweb2.loc.gov [Source type: Academic]
^ L'Empire des tsars, ii.
^ The collapse of the Tsarist regime and the failure of the Kerensky Provisional Government nearly led to the complete (though temporal) disintegration of the Russian state.- Russian Victories index 18 January 2010 8:45 UTC russian-victories.ru [Source type: Original source]
.^ The Jews in the Soviet Union since 1917 .- Library of Congress / Federal Research Division / CountryStudies / Area Handbook Series/ Soviet Union / Bibliography 25 January 2010 17:19 UTC lcweb2.loc.gov [Source type: Academic]
^ Our beloved Holy Russia remains always one and the same Motherland of ours, disregarding whatever official name she might have borne during the centuries: either Kievan Rus, or Muscovite Principality, or Russian Tsardom, or Russian Empire, or the Union of the Soviet Socialist Republics, or finally the present-day Russian Federation.- Russian Victories index 18 January 2010 8:45 UTC russian-victories.ru [Source type: Original source]
^ We used to live in brotherly concord with all of our non-Russian neighbours within the Russian Empire, as well as within the Soviet Union.- Russian Victories index 18 January 2010 8:45 UTC russian-victories.ru [Source type: Original source]
.^ The Cambridge encyclopedia of Russia and the soviet Union .- Library of Congress / Federal Research Division / CountryStudies / Area Handbook Series/ Soviet Union / Bibliography 25 January 2010 17:19 UTC lcweb2.loc.gov [Source type: Academic]
^ Just look at the way they coerced and forced a few of the old Soviet Republics into being part of a CIS dominated by Russia.- CNN Political Ticker: All politics, all the time Blog Archive - McCain: Putin wants ‘to restore the old Russian empire’ « - Blogs from CNN.com 18 January 2010 8:45 UTC politicalticker.blogs.cnn.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The subseries contains trip information and trip reports by official delegations and groups that visited the Soviet Union.- Guide to the Records of Action for Soviet Jewry, undated, 1943, 1964-1994 *I-487 1 February 2010 4:04 UTC findingaids.cjh.org [Source type: Reference]
Revolution and the foundation of a Soviet state
.^ In 1893 district committees for the management of the peasants' affairs, similar to those in the purely Russian governments, were introduced into this part of the empire.
.^ Based on a Maxim Gorky story, Mother recreates the abortive Russian revolution of 1905.- Russian (Soviet) and East European Cinema: Media Resources Center UCB 1 February 2010 4:04 UTC lib.berkeley.edu [Source type: General]
^ Education: A systematic and organized attempt was made by the Russian government in 1840 to raise the intellectual and moral condition of its Jewish subjects by the establishment of modern Jewish schools.
^ The establishment of a judicial system on these principles ,constituted, as M. Leroy-Beaulieu justly observes, a fundamental change in the conception of the Russian state, which, by placing the administration of justice outside the sphere of the executive power, ceased to be a despotism.
.^ MYTH IV: The mainstream Western narrative on the Eastern Front during the Second World War was formed by academic historians and is fundamentally fair and objective.- Russian Victories index 18 January 2010 8:45 UTC russian-victories.ru [Source type: Original source]
^ Depicts a small group of gypsies escaping the German army during World War II. The group is fleeing south from Poland through Czechoslovakia and Hungary.- Russian (Soviet) and East European Cinema: Media Resources Center UCB 1 February 2010 4:04 UTC lib.berkeley.edu [Source type: General]
^ The overwhelming majority of the German prisoners-of-war were contained not in the Siberian camps, but they were working on the reconstruction sites in the European part of the USSR, just in the cities and towns which were badly destroyed by the Germans during the war.- Russian Victories index 18 January 2010 8:45 UTC russian-victories.ru [Source type: Original source]
.^ RUSSIAN WISDOM Reverend Elder Monk Anatol the Junior of the Optina Pustyn' (Opta's Reclusive Friary), in the very first days of the Revolution, in February 1917, made a prophecy on the future of Russia: "There will be a storm.- Russian Victories index 18 January 2010 8:45 UTC russian-victories.ru [Source type: Original source]
^ Between the February and October revolutions in 1917, Russian cinema reflected urgent new themes, as in The Revolutionary.- Russian (Soviet) and East European Cinema: Media Resources Center UCB 1 February 2010 4:04 UTC lib.berkeley.edu [Source type: General]
^ Shows changing conditions in Russia as seen by a young peasant who lived through the upheaval in St. Petersburg that culminated in the revolution of 1917.- Russian (Soviet) and East European Cinema: Media Resources Center UCB 1 February 2010 4:04 UTC lib.berkeley.edu [Source type: General]
The
tsarist autocracy was replaced by the
Provisional Government, whose leaders intended to conduct elections to
Russian Constituent Assembly and to continue participating on the side of the
Entente in World War I.
.^ I never would have believed that this country could fall so low in such a short time, but it's not the same country I used to be proud to live in.- CNN Political Ticker: All politics, all the time Blog Archive - Huckabee: Washington State vote like the Soviet Union « - Blogs from CNN.com 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC politicalticker.blogs.cnn.com [Source type: Original source]
^ At the same time it pointed out that this work for the Jewish population would prove useful to the world at large also.
^ It has fought with unvarying courage for civil rights for the Jews, and has at the same time fearlessly exposed Jewish national defects as well as the failings of certain social groups.
The
Bolsheviks, led by
Vladimir Lenin, pushed for
socialist revolution in the Soviets and on the streets.
.^ Between the February and October revolutions in 1917, Russian cinema reflected urgent new themes, as in The Revolutionary.- Russian (Soviet) and East European Cinema: Media Resources Center UCB 1 February 2010 4:04 UTC lib.berkeley.edu [Source type: General]
^ They descend upon W. and S. Russia in the beginning of October, and are felt on the Caucasus about the middle of November.
^ Smith, Clarence J. The Russian Struggle for World Power, 1914-1917: A Study of Russian Foreign Policy During World War I .- Library of Congress / Federal Research Division / CountryStudies / Area Handbook Series/ Soviet Union / Bibliography 25 January 2010 17:19 UTC lcweb2.loc.gov [Source type: Academic]
In December, the Bolsheviks signed an
armistice with the
Central Powers. But, by February 1918, fighting had resumed.
.^ If the Ukraine were inducted into NATO, they would be signing a treaty that says "If any member is invaded by another country, all of the other members will go to war to defend it."- Sarah Palin: Russian offense augurs war: The Swamp 28 January 2010 0:46 UTC www.swamppolitics.com [Source type: General]
.^ Compare these figures with the cruel fate of the Soviet POWs: out of a total of 4,559,000 Russian prisoners-of-war 3,300,000 died in German captivity.- Russian Victories index 18 January 2010 8:45 UTC russian-victories.ru [Source type: Original source]
^ Issue 3, p212-218, 7p UC users only Youngblood, Denise J. "A war remembered: Soviet films of the Great Patriotic War."- Russian (Soviet) and East European Cinema: Media Resources Center UCB 1 February 2010 4:04 UTC lib.berkeley.edu [Source type: General]
^ The infant Soviet regime faced large 'White' armies of anti-Communist Russians, Anarchist mutineers, break-away nationalist minorities and invading armies of most of the major powers of the First World War.- Russian Victories index 18 January 2010 8:45 UTC russian-victories.ru [Source type: Original source]
.^ In foreign affairs Nicholas II. likewise continued the policy of his predecessor, with certain modifications suggested by the change of circumstances.
^ It should be clearly understood and remembered that many, if not all, of the White Generals were those traitors who forced Emperor Nicholas II to abdicate in February 1917.- Russian Victories index 18 January 2010 8:45 UTC russian-victories.ru [Source type: Original source]
^ A love story between two Poles at the end of World War II portraying the destructive effects of war on the human spirit.- Russian (Soviet) and East European Cinema: Media Resources Center UCB 1 February 2010 4:04 UTC lib.berkeley.edu [Source type: General]
.^ In these circumstances the tsar was induced to accept a compromise, and signed in 1667 the treaty of Andrussovo, by which the territory in dispute was partitioned and the middle course of the Dnieper became the frontier between Russia and Poland.
^ During this period the relations between the two governments and the two countries became much more cordial.
^ If Russia invades either Poland or the Ukraine, we will have no other choice BUT to take action militarily.- Sarah Palin: Russian offense augurs war: The Swamp 28 January 2010 0:46 UTC www.swamppolitics.com [Source type: General]
.^ Finland's Relations with the Soviet Union, 1944-1984 .- Library of Congress / Federal Research Division / CountryStudies / Area Handbook Series/ Soviet Union / Bibliography 25 January 2010 17:19 UTC lcweb2.loc.gov [Source type: Academic]
^ Former Soviet republics Ladispoli, Italy Soviet Union -- Politics and government -- 1953-1985 .- Guide to the Records of Action for Soviet Jewry, undated, 1943, 1964-1994 *I-487 1 February 2010 4:04 UTC findingaids.cjh.org [Source type: Reference]
^ Politburo: Leading Organs of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and Leading Organs of the Republics .- Library of Congress / Federal Research Division / CountryStudies / Area Handbook Series/ Soviet Union / Bibliography 25 January 2010 17:19 UTC lcweb2.loc.gov [Source type: Academic]
Early relationship with Nationalist China
However, Sun's efforts to obtain aid from the
Western democracies were ignored. In 1921, Sun turned to the Soviet Union.
.^ "Soviet Party Leadership Endorses Sweeping Economic Restructuring," Washington Post , June 27, 1987, A24.- Library of Congress / Federal Research Division / CountryStudies / Area Handbook Series/ Soviet Union / Bibliography 25 January 2010 17:19 UTC lcweb2.loc.gov [Source type: Academic]
^ "The Language Policy of the Soviet Communist Party: Comments and Observations," East European Quarterly , 21, June 1987, 231-57.- Library of Congress / Federal Research Division / CountryStudies / Area Handbook Series/ Soviet Union / Bibliography 25 January 2010 17:19 UTC lcweb2.loc.gov [Source type: Academic]
^ Communist Party of the Soviet Union.- Library of Congress / Federal Research Division / CountryStudies / Area Handbook Series/ Soviet Union / Bibliography 25 January 2010 17:19 UTC lcweb2.loc.gov [Source type: Academic]
The USSR hoped for Communist consolidation, but were prepared for either side to emerge victorious.
.^ Alexius had been twice married and had left several children by each of his wives, and, as generally happened in such cases, a struggle for power ensued between the two rival families.
Unification of the Soviet Republics
.^ We used to live in brotherly concord with all of our non-Russian neighbours within the Russian Empire, as well as within the Soviet Union.- Russian Victories index 18 January 2010 8:45 UTC russian-victories.ru [Source type: Original source]
^ The subseries contains trip information and trip reports by official delegations and groups that visited the Soviet Union.- Guide to the Records of Action for Soviet Jewry, undated, 1943, 1964-1994 *I-487 1 February 2010 4:04 UTC findingaids.cjh.org [Source type: Reference]
^ February 11th, 2008 1:27 pm ET Huckabee compared the declaration of victory to the old Soviet Union.- CNN Political Ticker: All politics, all the time Blog Archive - Huckabee: Washington State vote like the Soviet Union « - Blogs from CNN.com 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC politicalticker.blogs.cnn.com [Source type: Original source]
[3] These two documents were confirmed by the 1st
Congress of Soviets of the USSR and signed by heads of delegations
[4] –
Mikhail Kalinin, Mikha Tskhakaya,
Mikhail Frunze and
Grigory Petrovsky,
Aleksandr Chervyakov[5] respectively on December 30, 1922.
On February 1, 1924, the USSR was recognized by the
British Empire.
.^ We used to live in brotherly concord with all of our non-Russian neighbours within the Russian Empire, as well as within the Soviet Union.- Russian Victories index 18 January 2010 8:45 UTC russian-victories.ru [Source type: Original source]
^ I drink primarily to the health of the Russian people because it is the most outstanding of all the nations that constitute the Soviet Union.- Russian Victories index 18 January 2010 8:45 UTC russian-victories.ru [Source type: Original source]
^ I drink to the health of the Russian people, because, during this war, it has earned universal recognition as the guiding force of the Soviet Union among all the peoples of our country.- Russian Victories index 18 January 2010 8:45 UTC russian-victories.ru [Source type: Original source]
.^ Until the country had completely recovered from the exhaustion of the Crimean War the government remained in the back ground of European politics.
^ They have also peopled large parts of the government of Stavropol and of N. Caucasia.
^ From the governments of Vyatka and Vladimir large numbers of bricklayers, carpenters and Other handicraftsmen migrate temporarily to the S. governments every year, and similarly plasterers and painters from the government of Moscow.
.^ Based on the novel by Henryk Sienkiewicz, it is set in 17th century Poland when Poland was the largest, the most democratic, and the most tolerant country in Europe.- Russian (Soviet) and East European Cinema: Media Resources Center UCB 1 February 2010 4:04 UTC lib.berkeley.edu [Source type: General]
^ One of the most serious mistakes of German propaganda on the Eastern Front was the legend of the "Soviet Sub-Humans".- Russian Victories index 18 January 2010 8:45 UTC russian-victories.ru [Source type: Original source]
^ Film is notable as it is regarded as an accurate portrayal of this period of Soviet history and constitutes one of the first attempts to create a film based upon contemporary Soviet "everyday life".- Russian (Soviet) and East European Cinema: Media Resources Center UCB 1 February 2010 4:04 UTC lib.berkeley.edu [Source type: General]
.^ Basic Directions for the Economic and Social Development of the USSR for 1986-1990 and for the Period to the Year 2000 .- Library of Congress / Federal Research Division / CountryStudies / Area Handbook Series/ Soviet Union / Bibliography 25 January 2010 17:19 UTC lcweb2.loc.gov [Source type: Academic]
^ It is covered with a thick sheet of black earth, a kind of loess, mixed with 5 to 15% of humus , due to the decomposition of an herbaceous vegetation, which developed luxuriantly during the Lacustrine period on a continent relatively dry even at that epoch.
^ Guidelines for the Economic and Social Development of the USSR for 1986-1990 and the Period to the Year 2000 .- Library of Congress / Federal Research Division / CountryStudies / Area Handbook Series/ Soviet Union / Bibliography 25 January 2010 17:19 UTC lcweb2.loc.gov [Source type: Academic]
It included construction of a network of 30 regional
power plants, including ten large
hydroelectric power plants, and numerous electric-powered large industrial enterprises.
[6] The Plan became the prototype for subsequent
Five-Year Plans and was basically fulfilled by 1931.
[7]
Stalin's rule
.^ We Russians had a lot to do within the borders of our Homeland, including Collectivization and Industrialization, which were absolutely necessary in order to secure the revival and development of our country, and the preparations for the military defense of the USSR. The ruins of the Christ the Saviour Cathedral in Moscow, blown up by the Bolshevik Destructivists in 1931.- Russian Victories index 18 January 2010 8:45 UTC russian-victories.ru [Source type: Original source]
Organized religion was suppressed in the Soviet Union.
.^ Three years ago Hitler publicly stated that his task included the dismemberment of the Soviet Union and the severance from it of the Caucasus, the Ukraine, Byelorussia, the Baltic and other regions.- Russian Victories index 18 January 2010 8:45 UTC russian-victories.ru [Source type: Original source]
^ Film is notable as it is regarded as an accurate portrayal of this period of Soviet history and constitutes one of the first attempts to create a film based upon contemporary Soviet "everyday life".- Russian (Soviet) and East European Cinema: Media Resources Center UCB 1 February 2010 4:04 UTC lib.berkeley.edu [Source type: General]
^ In the Soviet Union of 1936 revolutionary hero, Colonel Kotov, is spending an idyllic summer in his dacha with his wife and their 6 year old daughter.- Russian (Soviet) and East European Cinema: Media Resources Center UCB 1 February 2010 4:04 UTC lib.berkeley.edu [Source type: General]
[8] .^ That is a far cry from Lincoln's mournful, painful and conflicted quote, admitting that the sins of the nation as a whole in permitting slavery made even the horrors of the Civil War just punishment enough from the almighty.- Sarah Palin: Russian offense augurs war: The Swamp 28 January 2010 0:46 UTC www.swamppolitics.com [Source type: General]
^ Compare these figures with the cruel fate of the Soviet POWs: out of a total of 4,559,000 Russian prisoners-of-war 3,300,000 died in German captivity.- Russian Victories index 18 January 2010 8:45 UTC russian-victories.ru [Source type: Original source]
^ The real question is why Palin would want Georgia, a nation in the midst of a civil war, to join NATO? .- Sarah Palin: Russian offense augurs war: The Swamp 28 January 2010 0:46 UTC www.swamppolitics.com [Source type: General]
.^ I think we might need secessionist parties in other areas of the country, namely Democratic areas, because she is warmongering, and it is foolish, and some of us don't need that.- Sarah Palin: Russian offense augurs war: The Swamp 28 January 2010 0:46 UTC www.swamppolitics.com [Source type: General]
^ It was believed that the Jewish question, if indeed there really was one, was in reality only a part of the general Russian problem; that the fortunes of the Jews would be modified only with a change in the fortunes of the Russian people; and that therefore it was necessary to work with the latter in endeavoring to realize the common Russian aims.
^ Because the Soviet Union was really a great Family of Nations.- Russian Victories index 18 January 2010 8:45 UTC russian-victories.ru [Source type: Original source]
.^ The Soviet Economy: Toward the year 2000 .- Library of Congress / Federal Research Division / CountryStudies / Area Handbook Series/ Soviet Union / Bibliography 25 January 2010 17:19 UTC lcweb2.loc.gov [Source type: Academic]
^ The Soviet Leader, Marshal Joseph Stalin, summoned Metropolitan Sergius Stragorodsky, the head of the Moscow Patriarchate, and Metropolitan Aleksey Simansky of Leningrad and promised them that everything Metropolitan Elias Karam of the Lebanon Hills had conveyed would be fulfilled.- Russian Victories index 18 January 2010 8:45 UTC russian-victories.ru [Source type: Original source]
^ Putin has been peeling back democracy in Russia for many years and the conflict in Georgia is a land/power grab.- CNN Political Ticker: All politics, all the time Blog Archive - McCain: Putin wants ‘to restore the old Russian empire’ « - Blogs from CNN.com 18 January 2010 8:45 UTC politicalticker.blogs.cnn.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ Stalin's Successors: Leadership, Stability, and Change in the Soviet Union .- Library of Congress / Federal Research Division / CountryStudies / Area Handbook Series/ Soviet Union / Bibliography 25 January 2010 17:19 UTC lcweb2.loc.gov [Source type: Academic]
^ The Soviet Union, with Stalin's leadership, made an extraordinary recovery from unparalleled devastation.- Russian Victories index 18 January 2010 8:45 UTC russian-victories.ru [Source type: Original source]
^ Communist Party of the Soviet Union.- Library of Congress / Federal Research Division / CountryStudies / Area Handbook Series/ Soviet Union / Bibliography 25 January 2010 17:19 UTC lcweb2.loc.gov [Source type: Academic]
Lenin had appointed Stalin to be the head of the Workers' and Peasants' Inspectorate, known by the acronym
Rabkrin, which gave Stalin considerable power.
.^ We used to live in brotherly concord with all of our non-Russian neighbours within the Russian Empire, as well as within the Soviet Union.- Russian Victories index 18 January 2010 8:45 UTC russian-victories.ru [Source type: Original source]
^ Hukabee was going to loose anyway, the rules exist to maintain order and to keep away the spectre of "election rigging, " that did indeed happen in totalitarian countries such as the mentioned Soviet Union.- CNN Political Ticker: All politics, all the time Blog Archive - Huckabee: Washington State vote like the Soviet Union « - Blogs from CNN.com 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC politicalticker.blogs.cnn.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Under Stalin's rule our beloved country Russia became a superpower!- Russian Victories index 18 January 2010 8:45 UTC russian-victories.ru [Source type: Original source]
In October 1927, Grigory Zinoviev and
Leon Trotsky were expelled from the
Central Committee and forced into exile.
.^ "Geographic Aspects of the New Soviet Five-Year Plan, 1986-90," Soviet Geography , 27, No.- Library of Congress / Federal Research Division / CountryStudies / Area Handbook Series/ Soviet Union / Bibliography 25 January 2010 17:19 UTC lcweb2.loc.gov [Source type: Academic]
^ This lyrical sound and musical documentary celebrates the enthusiasm with which the peasants and miners of the Don River basin in Russia fulfilled their first five-year plan quotas following the October Revolution.- Russian (Soviet) and East European Cinema: Media Resources Center UCB 1 February 2010 4:04 UTC lib.berkeley.edu [Source type: General]
^ Elek, Peter S. "Soviet Capital Strategy and Performance During the Eleventh Five-Year Plan: Past, Present, and Prospective."- Library of Congress / Federal Research Division / CountryStudies / Area Handbook Series/ Soviet Union / Bibliography 25 January 2010 17:19 UTC lcweb2.loc.gov [Source type: Academic]
.^ The overwhelming majority of the Russian people within and without the Party supported Stalin's constructive-positivist drive with his very progressive slogan "Socialism in One Country!"- Russian Victories index 18 January 2010 8:45 UTC russian-victories.ru [Source type: Original source]
.^ The Axis states were supported by all the manpower, industry and resources of almost all Continental Europe, North Africa, and South-East Asia under their control.- Russian Victories index 18 January 2010 8:45 UTC russian-victories.ru [Source type: Original source]
^ They at once began to conquer the surrounding country in all directions, and before two centuries had passed they had established themselves firmly at Kiev on the Dnieper, invaded.
^ A tale in which peasant settlements were forcibly reorganized into state affliated collective farms.- Russian (Soviet) and East European Cinema: Media Resources Center UCB 1 February 2010 4:04 UTC lib.berkeley.edu [Source type: General]
.^ Among the many criminals freed from the Soviet gulags in 1953 are two political prisoners, the middle-aged Kopalych and the young Luzga.- Russian (Soviet) and East European Cinema: Media Resources Center UCB 1 February 2010 4:04 UTC lib.berkeley.edu [Source type: General]
^ Many accounts allege that the Soviets sent all their returned POW's to the Gulag, if they didn't shoot them for treason.- Russian Victories index 18 January 2010 8:45 UTC russian-victories.ru [Source type: Original source]
^ There were an additional estimated 3.0 million famine deaths in the USSR not under German occupation.- Russian Victories index 18 January 2010 8:45 UTC russian-victories.ru [Source type: Original source]
.^ The subseries consist of the wide range of information related to the Refuseniks and prisoners of conscience, Soviet politics, American-Soviet relations, materials on the boycott of the Moscow Olympics (1980) and more.- Guide to the Records of Action for Soviet Jewry, undated, 1943, 1964-1994 *I-487 1 February 2010 4:04 UTC findingaids.cjh.org [Source type: Reference]
^ To save as many lives as possible, thousands of leaflets issued by the Red Army Command (like this one shown below) were suggesting that the Germans should surrender.- Russian Victories index 18 January 2010 8:45 UTC russian-victories.ru [Source type: Original source]
^ According to the Novgorodian annalists as many as 1500 persons were sometimes put to death in a single day.
Social upheaval continued in the mid-1930s.
.^ Yaroslav, surnamed the Great, a man of commanding personality , was the last grand-prince who upheld vigorously the old system.
^ Before Stalin concenrated the state power in his hands in the late 1930s, the enemies of the Russian people the so-called "Lenin's Guard" or the "Old Bolsheviks" had managed to inflict a great damage to the country's economy, and caused the Christian people much of grief.- Russian Victories index 18 January 2010 8:45 UTC russian-victories.ru [Source type: Original source]
^ Based on Eisenstein's memoirs, this autobiographical film reflects the inner world of the great Russian film director during the tragic years of two Russian revolutions and the Stalin terror.- Russian (Soviet) and East European Cinema: Media Resources Center UCB 1 February 2010 4:04 UTC lib.berkeley.edu [Source type: General]
.^ Despite the large production of wood, the Soviet Union never had highly developed wood-products industries.- UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS 24 January 2010 10:46 UTC www.history.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ By the end of the war, the Soviet Union was recognized as one of the great powers of the world.- UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS 24 January 2010 10:46 UTC www.history.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The Soviet Union was the world's largest country.- UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS 24 January 2010 10:46 UTC history-world.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
The 1930s
.^ An early silent satirical film produced in the Soviet Union which points up the social consequences of the Soviet housing shortage.- Russian (Soviet) and East European Cinema: Media Resources Center UCB 1 February 2010 4:04 UTC lib.berkeley.edu [Source type: General]
^ Statements of World and Community Leaders on the Plight of Jews in the Soviet Union .- Guide to the Records of Action for Soviet Jewry, undated, 1943, 1964-1994 *I-487 1 February 2010 4:04 UTC findingaids.cjh.org [Source type: Reference]
.^ And now, at a time when relations between the United States and Russia have been strained by the Bush administration's designs on a missile defense shield in Poland and by Russia's incursion into neighboring Georgia, it seems that McCain's running mate has another message for Russia.- Sarah Palin: Russian offense augurs war: The Swamp 28 January 2010 0:46 UTC www.swamppolitics.com [Source type: General]
^ "United States-Soviet Relations: Current Trends."- Library of Congress / Federal Research Division / CountryStudies / Area Handbook Series/ Soviet Union / Bibliography 25 January 2010 17:19 UTC lcweb2.loc.gov [Source type: Academic]
.^ "The Interplay of Religious Policy and Nationalities Policy in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe."- Library of Congress / Federal Research Division / CountryStudies / Area Handbook Series/ Soviet Union / Bibliography 25 January 2010 17:19 UTC lcweb2.loc.gov [Source type: Academic]
^ Because the Soviet Union was really a great Family of Nations.- Russian Victories index 18 January 2010 8:45 UTC russian-victories.ru [Source type: Original source]
^ I drink primarily to the health of the Russian people because it is the most outstanding of all the nations that constitute the Soviet Union.- Russian Victories index 18 January 2010 8:45 UTC russian-victories.ru [Source type: Original source]
After the
Spanish Civil War broke out in 1936, the USSR actively supported the
Republican forces against the
Nationalists. The Nationalists were supported by
Fascist Italy and
Nazi Germany.
.^ "Key Soviet Official Urges New Rights for Religious Believers," Washington Post , December 23, 1988, A12.- Library of Congress / Federal Research Division / CountryStudies / Area Handbook Series/ Soviet Union / Bibliography 25 January 2010 17:19 UTC lcweb2.loc.gov [Source type: Academic]
.^ One man, one vote is THE most fundamental right we share in our Constitutional democracy.- CNN Political Ticker: All politics, all the time Blog Archive - Huckabee: Washington State vote like the Soviet Union « - Blogs from CNN.com 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC politicalticker.blogs.cnn.com [Source type: Original source]
The constitution was seen as a personal triumph for Stalin, who on this occasion was described by
Pravda as "genius of the new world, the wisest man of the epoch, the great leader of communism." By contrast, western historians and historians from former Soviet occupied countries have seen the constitution as a meaningless propaganda document.
The late 1930s saw a shift towards the
Axis powers. In 1938 and 1939, armed forces of the USSR won several decisive victories during
border clashes with the armed forces of the
Japanese Empire.
.^ The two best customers of Russia are Germany, which takes 23.3% of her total exports, and the United Kingdom , which takes 22.9%.
^ The countries from which Russia buys most extensively are Germany (34%), the United Kingdom (152) and the United States (92).
^ He strengthened the cordial understanding with France by a formal agreement, the terms of which were not divulged, but he never encouraged the French government in any aggressive designs, and he maintained friendly relations with Germany.
World War II
.^ The Soviet to Axis loss ratio was 1.3:1 and the USSR outproduced Germany in every weapons system throughout the war.- Russian Victories index 18 January 2010 8:45 UTC russian-victories.ru [Source type: Original source]
.^ They first entered Poland from Germany during the era of the crusades , and soon spread through Lithuania, Courland, the Ukraine, and, in the 18th century, Bessarabia.
^ Their chief abodes, however, continue to be Poland, the W. provinces of Lithuania, White and Little Russia, and Bessarabia.
^ Jones, Christopher D. Soviet Influence in Eastern Europe: Political Autonomy and the Warsaw Pact .- Library of Congress / Federal Research Division / CountryStudies / Area Handbook Series/ Soviet Union / Bibliography 25 January 2010 17:19 UTC lcweb2.loc.gov [Source type: Academic]
.^ Just look at the way they coerced and forced a few of the old Soviet Republics into being part of a CIS dominated by Russia.- CNN Political Ticker: All politics, all the time Blog Archive - McCain: Putin wants ‘to restore the old Russian empire’ « - Blogs from CNN.com 18 January 2010 8:45 UTC politicalticker.blogs.cnn.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Many families were ordered to leave Riga and Libau in 1893; and in the same year all the Jewish residents of Yalta were directed to leave that city.
^ When she rejects his advances he seeks revenge by trying to move a Nazi clerk into their home, forcing the couple to tell a lie that will change their lives forever.- Russian (Soviet) and East European Cinema: Media Resources Center UCB 1 February 2010 4:04 UTC lib.berkeley.edu [Source type: General]
.^ "Soviet Occupation of the Baltic States and Their Incorporation into the USSR: Political and Legal Aspects," East European Quarterly , 19, September 1985, 289- 304.- Library of Congress / Federal Research Division / CountryStudies / Area Handbook Series/ Soviet Union / Bibliography 25 January 2010 17:19 UTC lcweb2.loc.gov [Source type: Academic]
^ On national the 30th of July 1907 she signed a convention with position Japan of mutual respect for treaty and territorial of Russia.
^ Religion and the Soviet State: A Report on Religious Repression in the USSR on the Occasion of the Christian Millenium .- Library of Congress / Federal Research Division / CountryStudies / Area Handbook Series/ Soviet Union / Bibliography 25 January 2010 17:19 UTC lcweb2.loc.gov [Source type: Academic]
Although it has been debated whether the Soviet Union had the intention of invading Germany once it was strong enough,
[9] Germany itself broke the treaty and
invaded the Soviet Union on 22 June 1941 and started what was known in the USSR as the "
Great Patriotic War." The
Red Army stopped the initial German offensive during the
Battle of Moscow.
.^ He was taking part in the Battle of Stalingrad as an artillery captain (Hauptman) of the German Wehrmacht.- Russian Victories index 18 January 2010 8:45 UTC russian-victories.ru [Source type: Original source]
^ Such was their USUAL abhorrent practice, being especially rife in the occupied Belorussian, Ukrainian and Russian lands BEFORE the Stalingrad's derout of Germany in early 1943.- Russian Victories index 18 January 2010 8:45 UTC russian-victories.ru [Source type: Original source]
^ After the battle, the Soviets recovered 250,000 German, Romanian, and other corpses in and around Stalingrad.- Russian Victories index 18 January 2010 8:45 UTC russian-victories.ru [Source type: Original source]
.^ The victory over Nazi Germany was achieved through the lives of millions of Soviets, who for reasons that defy logic made the ultimate sacrifice .- Russian Victories index 18 January 2010 8:45 UTC russian-victories.ru [Source type: Original source]
^ Such was their USUAL abhorrent practice, being especially rife in the occupied Belorussian, Ukrainian and Russian lands BEFORE the Stalingrad's derout of Germany in early 1943.- Russian Victories index 18 January 2010 8:45 UTC russian-victories.ru [Source type: Original source]
^ Soviet Armed Forces Review (annuals 1977 through 1985).- Library of Congress / Federal Research Division / CountryStudies / Area Handbook Series/ Soviet Union / Bibliography 25 January 2010 17:19 UTC lcweb2.loc.gov [Source type: Academic]
.^ (Various issues of the following publication were also used in the preparation of this appendix: Joint Publications Research Service, Soviet Union: Military Affairs .- Library of Congress / Federal Research Division / CountryStudies / Area Handbook Series/ Soviet Union / Bibliography 25 January 2010 17:19 UTC lcweb2.loc.gov [Source type: Academic]
^ The murderous Civil War with huge casualties left the Soviets with a lasting mistrust of the outside world, which remained in force until the end of the regime 65 years later.- Russian Victories index 18 January 2010 8:45 UTC russian-victories.ru [Source type: Original source]
^ The exigencies of war against a common enemy, Nazi Germany, necessitated a rehabilitation of the Soviet Union in American eyes.- Russian Victories index 18 January 2010 8:45 UTC russian-victories.ru [Source type: Original source]
The Cold War
.^ A Cuban propaganda film first exhibited outside of Cuba and the Soviet Union in 1992.- Russian (Soviet) and East European Cinema: Media Resources Center UCB 1 February 2010 4:04 UTC lib.berkeley.edu [Source type: General]
^ Film is notable as it is regarded as an accurate portrayal of this period of Soviet history and constitutes one of the first attempts to create a film based upon contemporary Soviet "everyday life".- Russian (Soviet) and East European Cinema: Media Resources Center UCB 1 February 2010 4:04 UTC lib.berkeley.edu [Source type: General]
^ During the first part of the Glacial period Russia seems to have been covered by an immense ice- sheet , which extended also over central Germany , and of which the E. limits cannot yet be determined.
.^ He has in essence taken a democratic country and turned back into a communist country.- CNN Political Ticker: All politics, all the time Blog Archive - McCain: Putin wants ‘to restore the old Russian empire’ « - Blogs from CNN.com 18 January 2010 8:45 UTC politicalticker.blogs.cnn.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ MYTH IV: The mainstream Western narrative on the Eastern Front during the Second World War was formed by academic historians and is fundamentally fair and objective.- Russian Victories index 18 January 2010 8:45 UTC russian-victories.ru [Source type: Original source]
^ But isolated notices which found their way into the foreign press created a wave of indignation throughout Europe, and forced even Pobiedonostzev to make apologetic explanations.
.^ The exigencies of war against a common enemy, Nazi Germany, necessitated a rehabilitation of the Soviet Union in American eyes.- Russian Victories index 18 January 2010 8:45 UTC russian-victories.ru [Source type: Original source]
^ Three years ago Hitler publicly stated that his task included the dismemberment of the Soviet Union and the severance from it of the Caucasus, the Ukraine, Byelorussia, the Baltic and other regions.- Russian Victories index 18 January 2010 8:45 UTC russian-victories.ru [Source type: Original source]
^ I was in the Marines during the cold war and trained to fight a soviet army and then volunteered for combat in Desert Storm.- Sarah Palin: Russian offense augurs war: The Swamp 28 January 2010 0:46 UTC www.swamppolitics.com [Source type: General]
Post-Stalin period
.^ The Soviet Union, with Stalin's leadership, made an extraordinary recovery from unparalleled devastation.- Russian Victories index 18 January 2010 8:45 UTC russian-victories.ru [Source type: Original source]
^ Miller, Marshall L. "Between Moscow and Mecca: Ethnic Minorities in the Soviet Union," Armed Forces Journal International , 124, March 1987, 26-27.- Library of Congress / Federal Research Division / CountryStudies / Area Handbook Series/ Soviet Union / Bibliography 25 January 2010 17:19 UTC lcweb2.loc.gov [Source type: Academic]
^ "The Language Policy of the Soviet Communist Party: Comments and Observations," East European Quarterly , 21, June 1987, 231-57.- Library of Congress / Federal Research Division / CountryStudies / Area Handbook Series/ Soviet Union / Bibliography 25 January 2010 17:19 UTC lcweb2.loc.gov [Source type: Academic]
.^ From the mid 1920s through the 1930s, Joseph Stalin and his group of the "Constructivists" ( Patriots ) struggled fiercely within the Communist Party against the "Destructivists" ( Aliens ) who operated under the guidance of Leon Trotsky, a notorious enemy of everything Russian and Christian.- Russian Victories index 18 January 2010 8:45 UTC russian-victories.ru [Source type: Original source]
^ As is known, it was Stalin who began to revive the Russian Orthodox Church in the mid-1930s, despite the rabid opposition of the "Old Bolsheviks."- Russian Victories index 18 January 2010 8:45 UTC russian-victories.ru [Source type: Original source]
^ But evidently, not all readers are aware of the fact that it was NOT Stalin, but Nikita Khruschev, who introduced such an evil order, that it was Khruschev who attempted to suppress religion in Russia.- Russian Victories index 18 January 2010 8:45 UTC russian-victories.ru [Source type: Original source]
This was known as
de-Stalinization.
.^ It was WE who launched the first satellite the famous Sputnik in 1957!- Russian Victories index 18 January 2010 8:45 UTC russian-victories.ru [Source type: Original source]
^ I cannot but repeat it over and over again that the Stalingrad family shown above, as well as their neighbours and all the others, are the very same Russian people who, in the next 10 years' period of time, would restore our devastated country to life without any help from abroad (no "Marshall Plan", etc), and who would launch the first Sputnik in Space, and the first Cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin, having left behind the mightiest country in the world the United States of America.- Russian Victories index 18 January 2010 8:45 UTC russian-victories.ru [Source type: Original source]
^ I never would have believed that this country could fall so low in such a short time, but it's not the same country I used to be proud to live in.- CNN Political Ticker: All politics, all the time Blog Archive - Huckabee: Washington State vote like the Soviet Union « - Blogs from CNN.com 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC politicalticker.blogs.cnn.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ Soviet Foreign Policy in the 1980s .- Library of Congress / Federal Research Division / CountryStudies / Area Handbook Series/ Soviet Union / Bibliography 25 January 2010 17:19 UTC lcweb2.loc.gov [Source type: Academic]
^ Her personal evolution is interwoven with archival footage and propaganda films tracing the death throes of the Soviet Empire from the last years of the Brezhnev regime through Gorbachev's perestroika reforms to the first steps toward democracy under Boris Yeltsin.- Russian (Soviet) and East European Cinema: Media Resources Center UCB 1 February 2010 4:04 UTC lib.berkeley.edu [Source type: General]
^ Three years ago Hitler publicly stated that his task included the dismemberment of the Soviet Union and the severance from it of the Caucasus, the Ukraine, Byelorussia, the Baltic and other regions.- Russian Victories index 18 January 2010 8:45 UTC russian-victories.ru [Source type: Original source]
Khrushchev was retired from power in 1964.
.^ Commissioned by the Moscow Soviet as a documentary and information film for the citizens of Moscow prior to municipal elections, film is a tableau of Soviet life and achievements in the period of reconstruction following the Civil War of 1917-1921.- Russian (Soviet) and East European Cinema: Media Resources Center UCB 1 February 2010 4:04 UTC lib.berkeley.edu [Source type: General]
^ Film is notable as it is regarded as an accurate portrayal of this period of Soviet history and constitutes one of the first attempts to create a film based upon contemporary Soviet "everyday life".- Russian (Soviet) and East European Cinema: Media Resources Center UCB 1 February 2010 4:04 UTC lib.berkeley.edu [Source type: General]
^ A collection of short excerpts from newsreels and documentary films of Soviet life in the early 1920s made by Vertov and his "Kino-Eye" group.- Russian (Soviet) and East European Cinema: Media Resources Center UCB 1 February 2010 4:04 UTC lib.berkeley.edu [Source type: General]
.^ At the same time the military and financial requirements dislocated the local and central administration, and consequently a series of radical administrative reforms had to be undertaken.
^ Willerton, John P., Jr. "Patronage Networks and Coalition Building in the Brezhnev Era," Soviet Studies , 39, No.- Library of Congress / Federal Research Division / CountryStudies / Area Handbook Series/ Soviet Union / Bibliography 25 January 2010 17:19 UTC lcweb2.loc.gov [Source type: Academic]
^ The Soviet Far East Military Buildup: Nuclear Dilemmas and Asian Security .- Library of Congress / Federal Research Division / CountryStudies / Area Handbook Series/ Soviet Union / Bibliography 25 January 2010 17:19 UTC lcweb2.loc.gov [Source type: Academic]
In October 1977, at the Seventh (Special) Session of the
Supreme Soviet of the USSR Ninth Convocation, the third and last
Soviet Constitution, also known as the "Brezhnev Constitution," was unanimously adopted.
.^ I drink primarily to the health of the Russian people because it is the most outstanding of all the nations that constitute the Soviet Union.- Russian Victories index 18 January 2010 8:45 UTC russian-victories.ru [Source type: Original source]
^ Our beloved Holy Russia remains always one and the same Motherland of ours, disregarding whatever official name she might have borne during the centuries: either Kievan Rus, or Muscovite Principality, or Russian Tsardom, or Russian Empire, or the Union of the Soviet Socialist Republics, or finally the present-day Russian Federation.- Russian Victories index 18 January 2010 8:45 UTC russian-victories.ru [Source type: Original source]
^ In this way the fundamental laws were suspended not only in Poland but in St Petersburg and other parts of the empire during the greater part of the four years succeeding the grant of the constitution.
.^ Film is notable as it is regarded as an accurate portrayal of this period of Soviet history and constitutes one of the first attempts to create a film based upon contemporary Soviet "everyday life".- Russian (Soviet) and East European Cinema: Media Resources Center UCB 1 February 2010 4:04 UTC lib.berkeley.edu [Source type: General]
^ "The Language Policy of the Soviet Communist Party: Comments and Observations," East European Quarterly , 21, June 1987, 231-57.- Library of Congress / Federal Research Division / CountryStudies / Area Handbook Series/ Soviet Union / Bibliography 25 January 2010 17:19 UTC lcweb2.loc.gov [Source type: Academic]
^ Communist Party of the Soviet Union.- Library of Congress / Federal Research Division / CountryStudies / Area Handbook Series/ Soviet Union / Bibliography 25 January 2010 17:19 UTC lcweb2.loc.gov [Source type: Academic]
.^ In the 1980s the Soviet Union began to change.- UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS 24 January 2010 10:46 UTC history-world.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ By the time of Brezhnev's death in November 1982, the USSR was in headlong decline."
^ Soon after the German attack on the Soviet Union, the retreating Soviets had no time to care for their prisoners locked up in prisons in the Ukraine, so they were simply killed.- Massacres and Atrocities of WWII in Eastern Europe 24 January 2010 10:46 UTC members.iinet.net.au [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
The long period of Brezhnev's rule had come to be dubbed one of "standstill" , with an aging and ossified top political leadership.
.^ Following decades of repression, political favoritism, and bureaucratic and economic stagnation, the Soviet government after 1984 was given an injection of fresh, new leadership.- UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS 24 January 2010 10:46 UTC history-world.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ "Soviet Party Leadership Endorses Sweeping Economic Restructuring," Washington Post , June 27, 1987, A24.- Library of Congress / Federal Research Division / CountryStudies / Area Handbook Series/ Soviet Union / Bibliography 25 January 2010 17:19 UTC lcweb2.loc.gov [Source type: Academic]
^ From the very beginning, the new leadership that rose to power in May 1988 in Hungary considered the reduction of military spending to be the primary means of surviving the economic crisis.- Parallel History Project on Cooperative Security (PHP) - Hungary and the W'Pact: Introduction 19 January 2010 18:018 UTC www.php.isn.ethz.ch [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
Industry showed slow but steady gains during the 1970s. Agricultural development continued, but could not keep up with the growing consumption and the USSR had to import food products like grain.
.^ The wealth of Russia consisting mainly of raw produce, the trade of the country turns chiefly on the purchase of this for export, and on the sale of manufactured and imported goods I in exchange.
Moreover,
human welfare in the Soviet Union was keeping behind Western levels, after initially converging in the 1950s and 1960s. Even in absolute measurements, Soviet citizens were becoming less healthy between the 1960s and 1985: the crude death rate climbed from 6.9 per 1,000 in 1964 to 10.3 in 1980.
[12]
Reforms of Gorbachev and collapse of the Soviet Union
.^ Soviet Economic Development since 1917 .- Library of Congress / Federal Research Division / CountryStudies / Area Handbook Series/ Soviet Union / Bibliography 25 January 2010 17:19 UTC lcweb2.loc.gov [Source type: Academic]
^ The following year he was banished from the Soviet Union.- UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS 24 January 2010 10:46 UTC www.history.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Meanwhile, Soviet efforts to attract massive aid and investment from the industrialized world were hampered by investors’ concerns over the slow pace of economic reform and uncertainty about the nation’s political future.- UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS 24 January 2010 10:46 UTC www.history.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
Kenneth S. Deffeyes argued in
Beyond Oil that the Reagan administration encouraged
Saudi Arabia to lower the price of oil to the point where the Soviets could not make a profit from selling their oil, so that the USSR's
hard currency reserves became depleted.
[13]
.^ "Mikhail Gorbachev Takes Charge of the CMEA," Radio Free Europe, RAD Background Report [Munich], 146, December 20, 1985.- Library of Congress / Federal Research Division / CountryStudies / Area Handbook Series/ Soviet Union / Bibliography 25 January 2010 17:19 UTC lcweb2.loc.gov [Source type: Academic]
.^ For the first time in the history of Russia public opinion in the modern sense became a power in the state and influenced strongly the policy of the government.
.^ The exigencies of war against a common enemy, Nazi Germany, necessitated a rehabilitation of the Soviet Union in American eyes.- Russian Victories index 18 January 2010 8:45 UTC russian-victories.ru [Source type: Original source]
^ Three years ago Hitler publicly stated that his task included the dismemberment of the Soviet Union and the severance from it of the Caucasus, the Ukraine, Byelorussia, the Baltic and other regions.- Russian Victories index 18 January 2010 8:45 UTC russian-victories.ru [Source type: Original source]
^ I was in the Marines during the cold war and trained to fight a soviet army and then volunteered for combat in Desert Storm.- Sarah Palin: Russian offense augurs war: The Swamp 28 January 2010 0:46 UTC www.swamppolitics.com [Source type: General]
.^ The murderous Civil War with huge casualties left the Soviets with a lasting mistrust of the outside world, which remained in force until the end of the regime 65 years later.- Russian Victories index 18 January 2010 8:45 UTC russian-victories.ru [Source type: Original source]
^ The exigencies of war against a common enemy, Nazi Germany, necessitated a rehabilitation of the Soviet Union in American eyes.- Russian Victories index 18 January 2010 8:45 UTC russian-victories.ru [Source type: Original source]
^ DVD 8156 Goluboi ogonek (TV, 1981-1988) Selections from the 1980's arranged by year from the soviet television musical variety program Goluboi ogonek.- Russian (Soviet) and East European Cinema: Media Resources Center UCB 1 February 2010 4:04 UTC lib.berkeley.edu [Source type: General]
.^ Soviet Military Power, 1989 .- Library of Congress / Federal Research Division / CountryStudies / Area Handbook Series/ Soviet Union / Bibliography 25 January 2010 17:19 UTC lcweb2.loc.gov [Source type: Academic]
^ Soviet Military Power, 1987 .- Library of Congress / Federal Research Division / CountryStudies / Area Handbook Series/ Soviet Union / Bibliography 25 January 2010 17:19 UTC lcweb2.loc.gov [Source type: Academic]
^ (Various issues of the following publication were also used in the preparation of this appendix: Joint Publications Research Service, Soviet Union: Military Affairs .- Library of Congress / Federal Research Division / CountryStudies / Area Handbook Series/ Soviet Union / Bibliography 25 January 2010 17:19 UTC lcweb2.loc.gov [Source type: Academic]
.^ As Professor Dängler sees it, today's German rulers refer more willingly to the Berlin Wall and other crimes of East Germany than to SS and Wehrmacht atrocities in occupied Russian, Belorussian and Ukrainian areas.- Russian Victories index 18 January 2010 8:45 UTC russian-victories.ru [Source type: Original source]
^ Since the Iron Curtain has fallen and we have got free access to the immediate information from abroad, we have changed dramatically our stereotypes about the West.- Russian Victories index 18 January 2010 8:45 UTC russian-victories.ru [Source type: Original source]
^ Then, as usually in our thousand-year-long history, we kept chasing the sworn foes farther and farther west, until we had driven them right into their own hideous lair Berlin where the final blow was dealt to Nazism.- Russian Victories index 18 January 2010 8:45 UTC russian-victories.ru [Source type: Original source]
.^ Three years ago Hitler publicly stated that his task included the dismemberment of the Soviet Union and the severance from it of the Caucasus, the Ukraine, Byelorussia, the Baltic and other regions.- Russian Victories index 18 January 2010 8:45 UTC russian-victories.ru [Source type: Original source]
^ "Soviet Occupation of the Baltic States and Their Incorporation into the USSR: Political and Legal Aspects," East European Quarterly , 19, September 1985, 289- 304.- Library of Congress / Federal Research Division / CountryStudies / Area Handbook Series/ Soviet Union / Bibliography 25 January 2010 17:19 UTC lcweb2.loc.gov [Source type: Academic]
^ A large section of the administrative Series contains outgoing and incoming faxes that reflect the activities of the organization from mid-1980s to 1991, the collapse of the Soviet Union.- Guide to the Records of Action for Soviet Jewry, undated, 1943, 1964-1994 *I-487 1 February 2010 4:04 UTC findingaids.cjh.org [Source type: Reference]
[14] .^ This is more than errant voting machines.- CNN Political Ticker: All politics, all the time Blog Archive - Huckabee: Washington State vote like the Soviet Union « - Blogs from CNN.com 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC politicalticker.blogs.cnn.com [Source type: Original source]
^ (Delegate Votes) Keep plugging along, it seems to me your only reachable goal is to get more delegates than Romney, even though he quit at half time.........- CNN Political Ticker: All politics, all the time Blog Archive - Huckabee: Washington State vote like the Soviet Union « - Blogs from CNN.com 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC politicalticker.blogs.cnn.com [Source type: Original source]
^ If the Florida voters had voted in Seattle, Gore would have won with more votes than residents, living or dead.- CNN Political Ticker: All politics, all the time Blog Archive - Huckabee: Washington State vote like the Soviet Union « - Blogs from CNN.com 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC politicalticker.blogs.cnn.com [Source type: Original source]
[15] Many held their first free elections in the Soviet era for their own national legislatures in 1990. Many of these legislatures proceeded to produce legislation contradicting the Union laws in what was known as the "
War of Laws."
.^ After all, we Russians (as a distinct ethnos) constitute the overwhelming majority about 85 percent of the whole population of the Russian Federation.- Russian Victories index 18 January 2010 8:45 UTC russian-victories.ru [Source type: Original source]
^ In November 1992 the First World Congress of Finno-Ugrian peoples took place in the Komi Republic.- Minority Rights Group International : Russian Federation : Mari 11 January 2010 1:16 UTC www.minorityrights.org [Source type: General]
^ About this time occurred the first partition of Poland, resulting in the annexation to Russia of the White-Russian territory (1772), with its vast Jewish population.
Boris Yeltsin was elected the chairman of the Congress.
.^ With the resignation of Ignatiev (June 12, 1882) the number of immigrants from Russia decreased to 6,907; but in 1883-84 it again rose, to 15,122.
^ "To defend the sovereignty and territorial integrity of Russia and its allies, military forces will be used, including preventively, including with the use of nuclear weapons, " four-star General Baluyevsky said.- Russian Victories index 18 January 2010 8:45 UTC russian-victories.ru [Source type: Original source]
.^ The Commissioner for Human Rights in Moscow, Alexander Muzykantsk, outlined his proposal: "In recent years, Berlin became de facto the world capital of sexual minorities.- Alltop - Top Russia News 28 January 2010 0:46 UTC russia.alltop.com [Source type: General]
^ Moscow, the capital of Russia was also the capital of the USSR. Boris Yeltsin was elected president of Russia in 1991 when the USSR broke up and Russia became an independent country.- Soviet Union | Essays & Term Papers Online 24 January 2010 10:46 UTC onlineessays.com [Source type: Original source]
^ His real power, however, eroded rapidly, as elected presidents and legislatures in the constituent republics pursued an increasingly independent course.- UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS 24 January 2010 10:46 UTC www.history.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ On January 5, 2008 Georgia held a non-binding referendum on NATO membership with 77% voting in favor of joining the organization.- Sarah Palin: Russian offense augurs war: The Swamp 28 January 2010 0:46 UTC www.swamppolitics.com [Source type: General]
^ "USSR: Estimates and Projections of the Population by Major Nationality, 1979 to 2050."- Library of Congress / Federal Research Division / CountryStudies / Area Handbook Series/ Soviet Union / Bibliography 25 January 2010 17:19 UTC lcweb2.loc.gov [Source type: Academic]
.^ He embarks upon a new career as a filmmaker and begins to photograph anything that moves...including things the authorities would rather not have exposed.- Russian (Soviet) and East European Cinema: Media Resources Center UCB 1 February 2010 4:04 UTC lib.berkeley.edu [Source type: General]
^ She strongly stated that we will protect them, it would be our responsibiltiy, that's what the NATO treaty means, you agree to stand by the group allowed to join, Georgia was in the midst of trying to join.- Sarah Palin: Russian offense augurs war: The Swamp 28 January 2010 0:46 UTC www.swamppolitics.com [Source type: General]
^ By the 10th article of the treaty, moreover, Turkey acceded to the protocol of the 22nd of March 1829, by which the Powers had agreed to the erection of Greece into a tributary principality.
Yeltsin stands on a tank to defy the
August Coup in 1991.
.^ The two parties began to make false accusations against each other to the government.
^ He took precautions, however, against any of the dead or moribund principalities being resuscitated, and punished with merciless severity any attempt to resist or undermine his authority.
^ But notwithstanding these provisions the few Jewish students who attempted to avail themselves of the privileges were discriminated against.
.^ The folders are arranged alphabetically and contain personal and family information of refugees, most of who came to the U.S. by the end of the 1980s.- Guide to the Records of Action for Soviet Jewry, undated, 1943, 1964-1994 *I-487 1 February 2010 4:04 UTC findingaids.cjh.org [Source type: Reference]
.^ Putin's missile-defense proposal, however, appears to risk tipping the balancing act on Nagorno-Karabakh toward Azerbaijan.- The Rise of the Russian Empire: Russo-Armenian Relations - Page 14 - HyeClub Forum 18 January 2010 8:45 UTC forum.hyeclub.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ The first was Kosovo's declaration of independence in February and the new country's subsequent recognition by many Western states.- Sarah Palin: Russian offense augurs war: The Swamp 28 January 2010 0:46 UTC www.swamppolitics.com [Source type: General]
.^ The Cambridge encyclopedia of Russia and the soviet Union .- Library of Congress / Federal Research Division / CountryStudies / Area Handbook Series/ Soviet Union / Bibliography 25 January 2010 17:19 UTC lcweb2.loc.gov [Source type: Academic]
^ Three years ago Hitler publicly stated that his task included the dismemberment of the Soviet Union and the severance from it of the Caucasus, the Ukraine, Byelorussia, the Baltic and other regions.- Russian Victories index 18 January 2010 8:45 UTC russian-victories.ru [Source type: Original source]
^ A large section of the administrative Series contains outgoing and incoming faxes that reflect the activities of the organization from mid-1980s to 1991, the collapse of the Soviet Union.- Guide to the Records of Action for Soviet Jewry, undated, 1943, 1964-1994 *I-487 1 February 2010 4:04 UTC findingaids.cjh.org [Source type: Reference]
.^ We used to live in brotherly concord with all of our non-Russian neighbours within the Russian Empire, as well as within the Soviet Union.- Russian Victories index 18 January 2010 8:45 UTC russian-victories.ru [Source type: Original source]
^ Three years ago Hitler publicly stated that his task included the dismemberment of the Soviet Union and the severance from it of the Caucasus, the Ukraine, Byelorussia, the Baltic and other regions.- Russian Victories index 18 January 2010 8:45 UTC russian-victories.ru [Source type: Original source]
^ A large section of the administrative Series contains outgoing and incoming faxes that reflect the activities of the organization from mid-1980s to 1991, the collapse of the Soviet Union.- Guide to the Records of Action for Soviet Jewry, undated, 1943, 1964-1994 *I-487 1 February 2010 4:04 UTC findingaids.cjh.org [Source type: Reference]
On December 25, 1991, Gorbachev yielded to the inevitable and resigned as the president of the USSR, declaring the office extinct. He turned the powers that until then were vested in the presidency over to
Boris Yeltsin,
president of Russia.
.^ (Various issues of the following publication were also used in the preparation of this appendix: Joint Publications Research Service, Soviet Union: Military Affairs .- Library of Congress / Federal Research Division / CountryStudies / Area Handbook Series/ Soviet Union / Bibliography 25 January 2010 17:19 UTC lcweb2.loc.gov [Source type: Academic]
^ A small Armenian village faces tough times after the collapse of the Soviet Union.- Russian (Soviet) and East European Cinema: Media Resources Center UCB 1 February 2010 4:04 UTC lib.berkeley.edu [Source type: General]
^ August 12th, 2008 12:27 pm ET The Soviet Union has been plotting for years on a way to restore their glory days of Russian control.- CNN Political Ticker: All politics, all the time Blog Archive - McCain: Putin wants ‘to restore the old Russian empire’ « - Blogs from CNN.com 18 January 2010 8:45 UTC politicalticker.blogs.cnn.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ United States Code (USC): the official restatement of the general and permanent laws of the United States; title 39 USC contains laws relating to the USPS. United States Envelope Company: manufacturer of stamped envelopes.- AskPhil -- Stamp Collecting starts here. 25 January 2010 17:19 UTC www.askphil.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The collapse of the Soviet Union transformed Russia's education system and caused a general exodus from Russia's academic and journalism professions.- Russian Federation Press, Media, TV, Radio, Newspapers 23 September 2009 1:45 UTC www.pressreference.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ By decrees of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, issued between August 1 and August 8, the three states were annexed as Union republics.- UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS 24 January 2010 10:46 UTC www.history.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ As for whether we are or ought to be the "world police" I think many Presidents, Bill Clinton included, have already forced us into that role.- Sarah Palin: Russian offense augurs war: The Swamp 28 January 2010 0:46 UTC www.swamppolitics.com [Source type: General]
^ A German military cemetery, one out of a great many those discovered in the vicinity of Moscow after the Soviet counteroffensive in December 1941.- Russian Victories index 18 January 2010 8:45 UTC russian-victories.ru [Source type: Original source]
^ The subseries contains publications on the cases of individual Soviet Refuseniks received from the organizations operating outside of the United States.- Guide to the Records of Action for Soviet Jewry, undated, 1943, 1964-1994 *I-487 1 February 2010 4:04 UTC findingaids.cjh.org [Source type: Reference]
Politics
The
Moscow Kremlin, the official residence of the government of the USSR.
.^ The Soviet Union was the world's largest country.- UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS 24 January 2010 10:46 UTC history-world.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Describes trends and most important issues regarding forced displacement in the countries of the former Soviet Union, including Russia.- Features - Material on Russian Federation Law in English: Updated | LLRX.com 23 September 2009 1:45 UTC www.llrx.com [Source type: Original source]
^ He also pledged full retaliation against the Soviet Union if even one missile is fired from Cuba toward any country in the Western Hemisphere.- Soviet Union | Essays & Term Papers Online 24 January 2010 10:46 UTC onlineessays.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ The Soviet Union, with Stalin's leadership, made an extraordinary recovery from unparalleled devastation.- Russian Victories index 18 January 2010 8:45 UTC russian-victories.ru [Source type: Original source]
^ This decision made by the state's party chairman was and will always be in my mind an act of total hipocracy toward's the democratic system that we as Americans choose to live.- CNN Political Ticker: All politics, all the time Blog Archive - Huckabee: Washington State vote like the Soviet Union « - Blogs from CNN.com 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC politicalticker.blogs.cnn.com [Source type: Original source]
^ CNN Political Ticker: All politics, all the time Blog Archive - Huckabee: Washington State vote like the Soviet Union « - Blogs from CNN.com Not from the U.S.?- CNN Political Ticker: All politics, all the time Blog Archive - Huckabee: Washington State vote like the Soviet Union « - Blogs from CNN.com 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC politicalticker.blogs.cnn.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ The importance of these incidents, which are very characteristic of political life in the tsardom of Muscovy, will appear in the sequel.
^ Until the late 1980s, the Soviet press, like Soviet radio and television, almost invariably reflected government views.- UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS 24 January 2010 10:46 UTC www.history.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Government changes introduced by Gorbachev in the late 1980s greatly expanded the president’s authority over domestic and foreign affairs.- UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS 24 January 2010 10:46 UTC www.history.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ The Constitution provides citizens with the right to change their government, and citizens exercise this right in practice.- Russia 28 January 2010 0:46 UTC www.state.gov [Source type: Original source]
^ Moreover, the only joint declaration concerning the country's foreign orientation that was endorsed by all the opposition organizations over the course of the political transition was point No.- Parallel History Project on Cooperative Security (PHP) - Hungary and the W'Pact: Introduction 19 January 2010 18:018 UTC www.php.isn.ethz.ch [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Documents through archival films, stills, interviews and readings, Poland's struggles to establish a government following the ratification of the new Polish constitution in 1921, and shows how political infighting led to the establishment of a military regime based on right-wing totalitarianism and officially sanctioned anti-Semitism.- Eastern Europe: History and Politics: Media Resources Center, UC Berkeley 19 January 2010 18:018 UTC www.lib.berkeley.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ "Report of the Congress of USSR People's Deputies Credentials Commission.- Library of Congress / Federal Research Division / CountryStudies / Area Handbook Series/ Soviet Union / Bibliography 25 January 2010 17:19 UTC lcweb2.loc.gov [Source type: Academic]
^ Vanneman, P. The Supreme Soviet: Politics and Legislative Process .- Library of Congress / Federal Research Division / CountryStudies / Area Handbook Series/ Soviet Union / Bibliography 25 January 2010 17:19 UTC lcweb2.loc.gov [Source type: Academic]
^ "USSR SS Resolution `On the Organization of Work to Fulfill the Instructions Given to the USSR SS by the Congress of USSR People's Deputies'."- Library of Congress / Federal Research Division / CountryStudies / Area Handbook Series/ Soviet Union / Bibliography 25 January 2010 17:19 UTC lcweb2.loc.gov [Source type: Academic]
.^ When the minister of the interior, M. Goremykin, who had succeeded Witte at the head of the government, met these preposterous demands with a flat refusal, the House voted, on the motion of M. Kuzmin-Karaviev, for an appeal to the 1 Pogrom = pillage, destruction.
^ This council consists of all the ministers and of the heads of the principal administrations.
^ If by a two-thirds majority the action of a minister be arraigned, the president of the Imperial Council lays the case before the emperor, who decides.
.^ The Council of Ministers, headed by a premier, oversaw government operations.- UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS 24 January 2010 10:46 UTC www.history.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The Council of Ministers was the chief executive body of Soviet government.- UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS 24 January 2010 10:46 UTC history-world.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The complexity of this structure probably influenced the decisions of the joint session of the Central Committee, the Council of Ministers and the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet, which two hours prior to Stalin's death appointed Georgy Malenkov (s.a.
.^ The system established by the law of 1864 is remarkable in that it set up two wholly separate orders of tribunals, each having their own courts of appeal and coming in contact only in the senate, as the supreme court of cassation.
^ At the head of the government is the emperor, 4 whose power is limited only by the provisions of the fundamental laws of the empire.
^ It is the supreme court of cassation (see Judicial System, below); an audit office, a high court of justice for all political offences; one of its departments fulfils the functions of a heralds' college.
.^ In 1893 district committees for the management of the peasants' affairs, similar to those in the purely Russian governments, were introduced into this part of the empire.
^ While the administration yesterday recalled the days of Soviet empire, the Russians suggested that invaders and occupiers of Iraq lacked the moral authority to offer criticism.- CNN Political Ticker: All politics, all the time Blog Archive - McCain: Putin wants ‘to restore the old Russian empire’ « - Blogs from CNN.com 18 January 2010 8:45 UTC politicalticker.blogs.cnn.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Crimean War, the gradual weakening of the Sultan's authority, and the increase of Russian influence among the minor Slav nationalities; in Asia, the gradual but cautious expansion of Russian domination.
.^ If the HSWP falls as a governing party, this would be equivalent with a political transition, a different political system.- Parallel History Project on Cooperative Security (PHP) - Hungary and the W'Pact: Introduction 19 January 2010 18:018 UTC www.php.isn.ethz.ch [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The Constitution provides for freedom of religion and the Government generally respects this right in practice; however, in some cases the authorities imposed restrictions on certain groups.- Russia Country International Religious Freedom Report 2005 19 September 2009 0:36 UTC moscow.usembassy.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Tzar Paul however failed to grasp the difference between mechanical drills amd what was really practicable in combat.- Russian Army : Napoleonic Wars : History : Recruitment : Organization : Discipline 18 January 2010 8:45 UTC napoleonistyka.atspace.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ Many, many other splinter governments.- Russia 28 January 2010 0:46 UTC my.raex.com [Source type: Academic]
^ Until the late 1980s, the Soviet press, like Soviet radio and television, almost invariably reflected government views.- UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS 24 January 2010 10:46 UTC www.history.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Government changes introduced by Gorbachev in the late 1980s greatly expanded the president’s authority over domestic and foreign affairs.- UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS 24 January 2010 10:46 UTC www.history.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ On 1 May 1957 the British government ultimately decided to send V. A. Kamensky, the Soviet trade representative in London, a letter formally refusing the Soviet request, which was delivered on 21 May.- Cold War International History Project : Publications : Cold War International History Project Working Paper Series 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.wilsoncenter.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ In order to be able to conduct a Hungarian foreign policy that would also meet the requirements of this new international situation, government centralization was implemented.- Parallel History Project on Cooperative Security (PHP) - Hungary and the W'Pact: Introduction 19 January 2010 18:018 UTC www.php.isn.ethz.ch [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
The government merely ratified the party's decisions to lend them an aura of legitimacy.
.^ But the Russian people did not do that, for they were confident that the policy their government was pursuing was correct; and they made sacrifices in order to ensure the defeat of Germany.- Russian Victories index 18 January 2010 8:45 UTC russian-victories.ru [Source type: Original source]
^ Both education and culture in the Soviet Union were placed under direct government control and were used to foster the goals of national and Communist party policy.- UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS 24 January 2010 10:46 UTC www.history.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ Meanwhile, Obama likely decided that he is not currently in a position to enter in to negotiations with foreign governments, but his fundamental principles include "preferring diplomacy to aggression" and "not excluding parties from negotiations".- CNN Political Ticker: All politics, all the time Blog Archive - McCain: Putin wants ‘to restore the old Russian empire’ « - Blogs from CNN.com 18 January 2010 8:45 UTC politicalticker.blogs.cnn.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ In the twelve central governments they grow, on the average, sufficient rye- bread for only 200 days in the year - often for only.
^ It placed the latter in a position of isolation, owing to which they were compelled to develop an internal organization of their own.
.^ Select "Materials of Government Agencies" for Reports from various governmental departments, ministries, the Security Council and the President's Office.- Features - Material on Russian Federation Law in English: Updated | LLRX.com 23 September 2009 1:45 UTC www.llrx.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Russian Foreign Investment Promotion Centre ( http://fipc.ru/fipc/investment.ru/.home.html ) Official government body under the auspices of the Ministry of the Economy.- Features - Material on Russian Federation Law in English: Updated | LLRX.com 23 September 2009 1:45 UTC www.llrx.com [Source type: Original source]
^ The Presidium approved or ratified legislation proposed by the ministries and central administrations of government.- UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS 24 January 2010 10:46 UTC history-world.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ Daniil Granin on the Difference Between Soviet and Western Literature Comments by Granin at a 1971 round-table discussion on the character of Soviet art.- SovLit.com - Soviet Literature Summarized 24 January 2010 10:46 UTC www.sovlit.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Tourism gradually became a major source of foreign exchange for the Soviet Union, and despite political differences with many Western countries, the Soviet government developed procedures to cater to this activity.- UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS 24 January 2010 10:46 UTC www.history.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The Soviets built that dam, so in some way, the Egyptian people can thank them for avoiding war, and sparing so many Egyptian lives these last 36 years.- The Volokh Conspiracy - The USSR's Role in the Middle East Goes Down the Memory Hole: 25 January 2010 17:19 UTC volokh.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ The promulgation of this truncated constitution was greeted by a furious agitation, culminating in September in a general strike, rightly described as the most remarkable political phenomenon of modern times.
^ Rather it it a political affiliation demonstrating set piece - current winner: Russia...- Putin wants a new Russian empire - Telegraph 18 January 2010 8:45 UTC www.telegraph.co.uk [Source type: Original source]
^ In this epoch of "great reforms," inspired by general political and progressive ideals, the Jews had no active enemies, neither had they real friends.
The Constitution was long and detailed, giving technical specifications for individual organs of government.
.^ This gentle drama manages to get in some political points, including well-placed jibes about the development of a "model socialist state" in Czechoslovakia after the war.- Russian (Soviet) and East European Cinema: Media Resources Center UCB 1 February 2010 4:04 UTC lib.berkeley.edu [Source type: General]
^ Foreign Policy in World Politics .- Library of Congress / Federal Research Division / CountryStudies / Area Handbook Series/ Soviet Union / Bibliography 25 January 2010 17:19 UTC lcweb2.loc.gov [Source type: Academic]
.^ A wave of democratization swept throughout Europe, and at the same time East Germany’s communist leadership was slowly but surely becoming ousted from power.- Soviet Union | Essays & Term Papers Online 24 January 2010 10:46 UTC onlineessays.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Egypt was well aware of how radical the Gaza population was and did not want them having an easier time linking up with the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt.- The Volokh Conspiracy - The USSR's Role in the Middle East Goes Down the Memory Hole: 25 January 2010 17:19 UTC volokh.com [Source type: Original source]
^ This could be brought about by radical changes within the leadership of the Russian Federation or by a collapse of the communist "partocracy" within Dagestan.- WRITENET Country Papers - The Russian Federation: Dagestan (Nov 95) 11 January 2010 1:16 UTC www.turkiye.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ The Council of Ministers, headed by a premier, oversaw government operations.- UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS 24 January 2010 10:46 UTC www.history.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ After proclaiming itself the repository of governmental authority, the congress immediately issued decrees calling for the withdrawal of Russia from World War I, for the nationalization of all land, and for the formation of a Council of People’s Commissars to act as the executive branch of government.- UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS 24 January 2010 10:46 UTC www.history.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Chairmen of the Council of Ministers 31 Mar 1940 - 1940 I.P. Babkin (acting) (b.- Russian S.F.S.R. Autonomous Republics 19 September 2009 0:35 UTC www.worldstatesmen.org [Source type: Academic]
Its most important duties lay in the administration of the economy.
.^ Van den Berg, Ger P. "The Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union," Review of Socialist Law [Leiden], 6, No.- Library of Congress / Federal Research Division / CountryStudies / Area Handbook Series/ Soviet Union / Bibliography 25 January 2010 17:19 UTC lcweb2.loc.gov [Source type: Academic]
.^ By contrast, Moscow had grown more spontaneously, and its many large gardens and old churches made it seem more rural, religious, and 'Russian' than St.Petersburg.- Russian Army : Napoleonic Wars : History : Recruitment : Organization : Discipline 18 January 2010 8:45 UTC napoleonistyka.atspace.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The Council of Ministers had its own Presidium of a dozen or more members, comparable in size and function to the Politburo on the party side.- UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS 24 January 2010 10:46 UTC history-world.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The Council of Ministers of the USSR has the right, in matters within the jurisdiction of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, to suspend execution of decisions and ordinances of the Councils of Minister of Union Republics, and to rescind acts of ministries and state committees of the USSR, and of the other bodies subordinate to it.- Constitution of the United States of America 25 January 2010 17:19 UTC www.saxetshows.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ This council consists of all the ministers and of the heads of the principal administrations.
^ A confrontation between two heads, one shaped out of vegetables and one shaped out of kitchen utensils, leads to a new head made of chopped-up food.- Russian (Soviet) and East European Cinema: Media Resources Center UCB 1 February 2010 4:04 UTC lib.berkeley.edu [Source type: General]
^ The principal ecclesiastical authority is the Holy Synod, the head of which, the Procurator, is one of the council of ministers and exercises very wide powers in ecclesiastical matters.
.^ Soviet Union , 1988 .- SOVIET UNION, 1917-1991 � UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS (USSR) 1 February 2010 4:04 UTC www.reagan.utexas.edu [Source type: Reference]
^ Deputies are the plenipotentiary representatives of the people in the Soviets of People's Deputies.- Constitution of the United States of America 25 January 2010 17:19 UTC www.saxetshows.com [Source type: Original source]
^ The expenses involved in holding elections to Soviets of People's Deputies shall be met by the state.- Constitution of the United States of America 25 January 2010 17:19 UTC www.saxetshows.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ The Supreme Soviet, the lower house, was a parliament made up of 400 to 450 members, who were selected from the members of the Congress of People's Deputies.- UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS 24 January 2010 10:46 UTC history-world.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ One chamber, the Soviet of the Union, was a body whose 750 deputies were elected on the basis of one representative for every 375,000 people.- UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS 24 January 2010 10:46 UTC history-world.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ USSR-Congress-Supreme Soviet Contacts 1986 .- SOVIET UNION, 1917-1991 � UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS (USSR) 1 February 2010 4:04 UTC www.reagan.utexas.edu [Source type: Reference]
.^ It was the only party with its own politburo.- Why Jews left the Soviet Union - Why the West Betrays Russians 23 September 2009 4:25 UTC mailstar.net [Source type: Original source]
^ Formerly being under the rule of Stalin, with strict centralization where it was only the highest party levels that made any and all decisions who ruled by decree and enforced with terror, the Soviet people and economy was stagnating.- Soviet Union | Essays & Term Papers Online 24 January 2010 10:46 UTC onlineessays.com [Source type: Original source]
^ The complexity of this structure probably influenced the decisions of the joint session of the Central Committee, the Council of Ministers and the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet, which two hours prior to Stalin's death appointed Georgy Malenkov (s.a.
.^ The chief executive of the Presidium of the Council of Ministers was called the chairman, or premier.- UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS 24 January 2010 10:46 UTC history-world.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Ministers previously screened by the party were proposed to the Supreme Soviet by the chairman of the Council of Ministers through the Presidium.- UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS 24 January 2010 10:46 UTC history-world.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ By the law of the 18th of October (November i) 1905, to assist the emperor in the supreme administration a Council of Ministers ( Sovyet Ministrov ) was created, under a ministerresident the first a earance of a rime P, PP P minister in Russia.
.^ The Supreme Soviet, the lower house, was a parliament made up of 400 to 450 members, who were selected from the members of the Congress of People's Deputies.- UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS 24 January 2010 10:46 UTC history-world.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ These authorities are supposed to be fair and rational in their decision making, but many times they are arbitrary and sometimes despotic.- UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS 24 January 2010 10:46 UTC history-world.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ In September the Congress of People's Deputies approved a sweeping transfer of power to a State Council, a transitional executive authority composed of President Mikhail Gorbachev and leaders of the ten participating republics.- UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS 24 January 2010 10:46 UTC history-world.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
Judicial system
The judiciary was not independent from the other branches of government.
.^ On May 11, 1963, Penkovsky appeared before the Soviet Supreme Court in Moscow, where he was declared guilty of treason and sentenced to be shot to death.- Ebon1.html 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.biomindsuperpowers.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Amplified Mind Power Research In The Former SovietUnion 24 January 2010 10:46 UTC www.angelfire.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The system established by the law of 1864 is remarkable in that it set up two wholly separate orders of tribunals, each having their own courts of appeal and coming in contact only in the senate, as the supreme court of cassation.
^ Russian authorities and courts chose a flexible interpretation of these laws without the protections for which journalists had hoped.- Russian Federation Press, Media, TV, Radio, Newspapers 23 September 2009 1:45 UTC www.pressreference.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ The legal system in Russia is based on the civil law system and also the judicial review of legislative acts.- Russia - Economic analysis of government's policies, investment climate and political risk. 28 January 2010 0:46 UTC www.mkeever.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ The exigencies of war against a common enemy, Nazi Germany, necessitated a rehabilitation of the Soviet Union in American eyes.- Russian Victories index 18 January 2010 8:45 UTC russian-victories.ru [Source type: Original source]
^ The system established by the law of 1864 is remarkable in that it set up two wholly separate orders of tribunals, each having their own courts of appeal and coming in contact only in the senate, as the supreme court of cassation.
^ Before WW2, many Americans had deeply ambivalent attitudes towards the Soviet Union.- Russian Victories index 18 January 2010 8:45 UTC russian-victories.ru [Source type: Original source]
.^ Indeed it is estimated that there are more than 12,000,000 Dissenters in Great Russia alone.
^ In some cases both ceremonies in two countries were held on the same day, stressing the solidarity.- Guide to the Records of Action for Soviet Jewry, undated, 1943, 1964-1994 *I-487 1 February 2010 4:04 UTC findingaids.cjh.org [Source type: Reference]
^ Indeed: It is "common knowledge" in the West that the Russians have always been and remain to be dark barbarians, coarse and more than a little mad.- Russian Victories index 18 January 2010 8:45 UTC russian-victories.ru [Source type: Original source]
[16][17]
The Soviet state
.^ An early silent satirical film produced in the Soviet Union which points up the social consequences of the Soviet housing shortage.- Russian (Soviet) and East European Cinema: Media Resources Center UCB 1 February 2010 4:04 UTC lib.berkeley.edu [Source type: General]
^ It emerged as a member organization of the Union of Council for Soviet Jews (UCSJ), on the basis of the New England Student Struggle for Soviet Jewry (NESSSJ).- Guide to the Records of Action for Soviet Jewry, undated, 1943, 1964-1994 *I-487 1 February 2010 4:04 UTC findingaids.cjh.org [Source type: Reference]
^ (Report presented to United States Congress, 102d, 1st Session, Joint Economic Committee, Subcommittee on Technology and National Security.- Library of Congress / Federal Research Division / CountryStudies / Area Handbook Series/ Soviet Union / Bibliography 25 January 2010 17:19 UTC lcweb2.loc.gov [Source type: Academic]
.^ The Government of the People's Republic of China considers Hong Kong a Chinese territory and believes it should be united with China.- Cold War International History Project : Publications : Cold War International History Project Working Paper Series 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.wilsoncenter.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The baste operational unit of IA-PVO is the division made up normally of three regiments.- AIR DEFENSE OF THE SINO-SOVIET BLOC, 1950-1960 (NIE 11-5-55) - CIA document 19 January 2010 18:018 UTC www.faqs.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The large Adminis- territorial units of administration created by Peter the trative Great were broken up into so-called " governments " reforms.
.^ It is so interesting that, in the wake of the Georgian conflict, Russia and the US/NATO have nimbly switched positions regarding the rights of national minorities to secede from recognized states.
^ CoE-FCNM - Council of Europe - Secretariat of the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities .- Russian Federation | ecoi.net - European Country of Origin Information Network 11 January 2010 1:16 UTC www.ecoi.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Russian Federation | ecoi.net - European Country of Origin Information Network 11 January 2010 1:16 UTC www.ecoi.net [Source type: Academic]
^ Council of Europe - Secretariat of the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities (CoE-FCNM) .- Russian Federation | ecoi.net - European Country of Origin Information Network 11 January 2010 1:16 UTC www.ecoi.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
- Russian Federation | ecoi.net - European Country of Origin Information Network 11 January 2010 1:16 UTC www.ecoi.net [Source type: Academic]
.^ The Soviet Union had its own telecommunications satellites.- UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS 24 January 2010 10:46 UTC history-world.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The Russian Revolution all power to the Soviets!- Eastern Europe: History and Politics: Media Resources Center, UC Berkeley 19 January 2010 18:018 UTC www.lib.berkeley.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Each of the union republics and autonomous republics had its own constitution, legislature, and judicial institutions.- UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS 24 January 2010 10:46 UTC www.history.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ They were all Communist Party supporters.- Jew Watch - Jewish Occupied Governments - USSR - Jews and Communism 25 January 2010 17:19 UTC www.jewwatch.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Party abbreviation: RSDLP = Russian Social Democratic Workers' Party (communist) .
^ All of these were heavily subsidized by the Communist Party or the Soviet state and were remarkably cheap and popular—or at least widely read, if not popular in the Western sense.- Russian Federation Press, Media, TV, Radio, Newspapers 23 September 2009 1:45 UTC www.pressreference.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ The State Bank issued notes, controlled currency circulation, and executed the government’s financial credit policy.- UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS 24 January 2010 10:46 UTC www.history.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Although a degree of local autonomy was granted to each republic, a tight control over foreign affairs, defense, and economic planning was reserved to the central Soviet government.- UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS 24 January 2010 10:46 UTC www.history.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ In all, 323 people have died, he said, declining to explain why the number is lower than the one given by the republic's government.
.^ Strictly speaking, the title is inapplicable, there being no collective official name for the two chambers.
.^ (Various issues of the following publication were also used in the preparation of this appendix: Joint Publications Research Service, Soviet Union: Military Affairs .- Library of Congress / Federal Research Division / CountryStudies / Area Handbook Series/ Soviet Union / Bibliography 25 January 2010 17:19 UTC lcweb2.loc.gov [Source type: Academic]
^ Because the Soviet Union was really a great Family of Nations.- Russian Victories index 18 January 2010 8:45 UTC russian-victories.ru [Source type: Original source]
^ When the Great Patriotic War ended in 1945, there were in the Soviet Union 25 million absolutely homeless people who had to take shelter in dug-outs.- Russian Victories index 18 January 2010 8:45 UTC russian-victories.ru [Source type: Original source]
Leaders
.^ A Cuban propaganda film first exhibited outside of Cuba and the Soviet Union in 1992.- Russian (Soviet) and East European Cinema: Media Resources Center UCB 1 February 2010 4:04 UTC lib.berkeley.edu [Source type: General]
^ "Social Change in the Soviet Union and Social Structure of the CPSU." Pages 299-311 in Hans-Joachim Veen (ed.- Library of Congress / Federal Research Division / CountryStudies / Area Handbook Series/ Soviet Union / Bibliography 25 January 2010 17:19 UTC lcweb2.loc.gov [Source type: Academic]
^ Statements of World and Community Leaders on the Plight of Jews in the Soviet Union .- Guide to the Records of Action for Soviet Jewry, undated, 1943, 1964-1994 *I-487 1 February 2010 4:04 UTC findingaids.cjh.org [Source type: Reference]
.^ The head of the government is appointed by the president with approval of the State Duma.- Russia: geography, history, population, economy, and statistics 28 January 2010 0:46 UTC www.womenrussia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The Council of Ministers, headed by a premier, oversaw government operations.- UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS 24 January 2010 10:46 UTC www.history.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The chief executive of the Presidium of the Council of Ministers was called the chairman, or premier.- UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS 24 January 2010 10:46 UTC history-world.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ The party charter adopted by the 12th party conference in Aug 1922 prescribed to elect the Secretariat of three members, but it did not include a clause on post of General Secretary.
^ General Secretary Mikhail Gorbachev promised a vast array of perestroika (restructuring) that in his words was "absolutely essential" if the Soviet Union was to remain competitive in the world economy.- UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS 24 January 2010 10:46 UTC history-world.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union was not even necessarily part of the government, but few doubted that he was the person ruling the country.
The last leader of the Soviet Union was Mikhail Gorbachev, serving from 1985 until late December 1991.
- List of Soviet Premiers
- (Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR (1923–1946); Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR (1946–1990); Prime Minister of the USSR (1991))
- List of Soviet Heads of state
- (Chairman of the Central Executive Committee of the All-Russian Congress of Soviets (1917–1922); Chairman of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR (1922–1938); Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR (1938–1989); Chairman of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR (1989–1990); President of the Soviet Union (1990–1991))
Foreign relations after World War II
Map of
Comecon (1986) which includes the Soviet Union and its allies.
members members who did not participate associates observers
.^ We used to live in brotherly concord with all of our non-Russian neighbours within the Russian Empire, as well as within the Soviet Union.- Russian Victories index 18 January 2010 8:45 UTC russian-victories.ru [Source type: Original source]
^ The subseries contains trip information and trip reports by official delegations and groups that visited the Soviet Union.- Guide to the Records of Action for Soviet Jewry, undated, 1943, 1964-1994 *I-487 1 February 2010 4:04 UTC findingaids.cjh.org [Source type: Reference]
^ Because the Soviet Union was really a great Family of Nations.- Russian Victories index 18 January 2010 8:45 UTC russian-victories.ru [Source type: Original source]
.^ By the end of the war, the Soviet Union was recognized as one of the great powers of the world.- UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS 24 January 2010 10:46 UTC www.history.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The Soviet Union was the world's largest country.- UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS 24 January 2010 10:46 UTC history-world.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The end of World War II. Soviet Union lost about 27 million people in the war, received vast territories of Kuril islands, Southern Sakhalin, Kenigsberg, Zakarpatie and others.- Russia: geography, history, population, economy, and statistics 28 January 2010 0:46 UTC www.womenrussia.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ This tragicomedy examines the collapse of the Soviet Union through the goofball misadventures of one Russian soldier stranded in East Berlin after the fall of the wall.- Russian (Soviet) and East European Cinema: Media Resources Center UCB 1 February 2010 4:04 UTC lib.berkeley.edu [Source type: General]
^ As we know, tough-worded UN Security Council resolutions have solved tens of problems throughout the last few decades and clearly there is no better alternative.- Sarah Palin: Russian offense augurs war: The Swamp 28 January 2010 0:46 UTC www.swamppolitics.com [Source type: General]
^ ASJ gathered a large database on Refuseniks and prisoners of conscience in the Soviet Union that contains information on Refuseniks, prisoners and their family members.- Guide to the Records of Action for Soviet Jewry, undated, 1943, 1964-1994 *I-487 1 February 2010 4:04 UTC findingaids.cjh.org [Source type: Reference]
.^ Depicts a small group of gypsies escaping the German army during World War II. The group is fleeing south from Poland through Czechoslovakia and Hungary.- Russian (Soviet) and East European Cinema: Media Resources Center UCB 1 February 2010 4:04 UTC lib.berkeley.edu [Source type: General]
^ Elderly residents of an old apartment house in Hungary which is about to be destroyed recall their lives, dreams and nightmares as they reminisce about their traumatic memories of living through World War II. 97 min.- Russian (Soviet) and East European Cinema: Media Resources Center UCB 1 February 2010 4:04 UTC lib.berkeley.edu [Source type: General]
^ Hukabee was going to loose anyway, the rules exist to maintain order and to keep away the spectre of "election rigging, " that did indeed happen in totalitarian countries such as the mentioned Soviet Union.- CNN Political Ticker: All politics, all the time Blog Archive - Huckabee: Washington State vote like the Soviet Union « - Blogs from CNN.com 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC politicalticker.blogs.cnn.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ So Soviet Union helped to crush Hitler.- Damn Interesting • In Soviet Russia, Lake Contaminates You 24 January 2010 10:46 UTC www.damninteresting.com [Source type: Original source]
^ The following year he was banished from the Soviet Union.- UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS 24 January 2010 10:46 UTC www.history.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ And this action paid big dividends, as the USSR’s uncaring, unfeeling governmental machine took over Eastern Europe, plunging that region into years of despotism and stagnation.- Damn Interesting • In Soviet Russia, Lake Contaminates You 24 January 2010 10:46 UTC www.damninteresting.com [Source type: Original source]
It overtook the
British Empire as a global superpower, both in a military sense and its ability to expand its influence beyond its borders.
.^ It is more than technically and economically feasible; and it's cheaper than conventional war, and preferable to nuclear war.- Sarah Palin: Russian offense augurs war: The Swamp 28 January 2010 0:46 UTC www.swamppolitics.com [Source type: General]
^ Organized as they are into a kind of community for mutual protection and mutual help, they soon become masters of the trade wherever they penetrate.
^ Pages 259-95 in United States, Congress, 97th, 1st Session, Joint Economic Committee, East European Economic Assessment .- Library of Congress / Federal Research Division / CountryStudies / Area Handbook Series/ Soviet Union / Bibliography 25 January 2010 17:19 UTC lcweb2.loc.gov [Source type: Academic]
.^ The Warsaw Pact: Political Purpose and Military Means .- Library of Congress / Federal Research Division / CountryStudies / Area Handbook Series/ Soviet Union / Bibliography 25 January 2010 17:19 UTC lcweb2.loc.gov [Source type: Academic]
^ "Warsaw Pact/CMEA Military-Economic Trends," Problems of Communism , 36, No.- Library of Congress / Federal Research Division / CountryStudies / Area Handbook Series/ Soviet Union / Bibliography 25 January 2010 17:19 UTC lcweb2.loc.gov [Source type: Academic]
[18].^ In all civil cases involving less than 30 roubles, and in criminal cases punishable by no more than three days' arrest, his judgment is final.
^ All civil cases involving less than z oo roubles value were within their competence, and more important cases by consent of the parties.
^ All I ask is that one study what is probably the correct truth, rather than the truth that ones gut tells them.- Sarah Palin: Russian offense augurs war: The Swamp 28 January 2010 0:46 UTC www.swamppolitics.com [Source type: General]
[19] .^ The system of limitations relating to the Jews which had developed in preceding reigns, and which considered them, because they were non-Christians, as the natural exploiters of Christians, assumed under Nicholas I. peculiarly pronounced characteristics.
^ It is but natural that the general causes influencing the economic life of the United States should modify the extent of Russian immigration.
^ The Multilateral Economic Cooperation of Socialist States: A Collection of Documents .- Library of Congress / Federal Research Division / CountryStudies / Area Handbook Series/ Soviet Union / Bibliography 25 January 2010 17:19 UTC lcweb2.loc.gov [Source type: Academic]
[18]
.^ "Soviet Occupation of the Baltic States and Their Incorporation into the USSR: Political and Legal Aspects," East European Quarterly , 19, September 1985, 289- 304.- Library of Congress / Federal Research Division / CountryStudies / Area Handbook Series/ Soviet Union / Bibliography 25 January 2010 17:19 UTC lcweb2.loc.gov [Source type: Academic]
^ Before the Eastern menace had been entirely removed the ambitious Moscow princes had begun to look with envious eyes beyond their western frontier.
^ Pages 259-95 in United States, Congress, 97th, 1st Session, Joint Economic Committee, East European Economic Assessment .- Library of Congress / Federal Research Division / CountryStudies / Area Handbook Series/ Soviet Union / Bibliography 25 January 2010 17:19 UTC lcweb2.loc.gov [Source type: Academic]
.^ "The Hungarian Crisis of 1956: The Soviet Decision."- Library of Congress / Federal Research Division / CountryStudies / Area Handbook Series/ Soviet Union / Bibliography 25 January 2010 17:19 UTC lcweb2.loc.gov [Source type: Academic]
In the late 1950s, a confrontation with China regarding the USSR's rapprochement with
the West and what
Mao perceived as Khrushchev's
revisionism led to the
Sino-Soviet split.
.^ And finally - I would also like to point out that the last time Alaska and Russia were connected was during the Ice Age!- Sarah Palin: Russian offense augurs war: The Swamp 28 January 2010 0:46 UTC www.swamppolitics.com [Source type: General]
^ They try to live a relatively normal life, and even find time to play the piano.- Russian (Soviet) and East European Cinema: Media Resources Center UCB 1 February 2010 4:04 UTC lib.berkeley.edu [Source type: General]
^ During this period the relations between the two governments and the two countries became much more cordial.
.^ When in the following reigns the condition of the Jews was improved, they no longer possessed the representative institution which might have served them a useful purpose in securing certain reforms.
^ February 11, 2008 Huckabee: Washington State vote like the Soviet Union Posted: February 11th, 2008 12:30 PM ET .- CNN Political Ticker: All politics, all the time Blog Archive - Huckabee: Washington State vote like the Soviet Union « - Blogs from CNN.com 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC politicalticker.blogs.cnn.com [Source type: Original source]
^ CNN Political Ticker: All politics, all the time Blog Archive - Huckabee: Washington State vote like the Soviet Union « - Blogs from CNN.com Not from the U.S.?- CNN Political Ticker: All politics, all the time Blog Archive - Huckabee: Washington State vote like the Soviet Union « - Blogs from CNN.com 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC politicalticker.blogs.cnn.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ Used abroad: stamps used outside the issuing country; usually means a stamp posted and cancelled at an office established by a postal administration in a foreign country.- AskPhil -- Stamp Collecting starts here. 25 January 2010 17:19 UTC www.askphil.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ We have military bases in over 100 countries around the world and want to put up missile defense shields in Europe, and we are the only country to have used nuclear weapons.- CNN Political Ticker: All politics, all the time Blog Archive - McCain: Putin wants ‘to restore the old Russian empire’ « - Blogs from CNN.com 18 January 2010 8:45 UTC politicalticker.blogs.cnn.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ Russia и Russian также оказываются выражения Soviet-style, Soviet-style regime, etc.- Печать страницы - Ещё одна Кондопога 25 September 2009 1:01 UTC forums.lipetsk.ru [Source type: Academic]
^ A small Armenian village faces tough times after the collapse of the Soviet Union.- Russian (Soviet) and East European Cinema: Media Resources Center UCB 1 February 2010 4:04 UTC lib.berkeley.edu [Source type: General]
^ In: The cinema of Russia and the former Soviet Union / edited by Birgit Beumers ; [preface by Sergei Bodrov].- Russian (Soviet) and East European Cinema: Media Resources Center UCB 1 February 2010 4:04 UTC lib.berkeley.edu [Source type: General]
The KGB was not without substantial oversight.
.^ "Will the Soviet Union Survive until 1994?"- Library of Congress / Federal Research Division / CountryStudies / Area Handbook Series/ Soviet Union / Bibliography 25 January 2010 17:19 UTC lcweb2.loc.gov [Source type: Academic]
^ (Various issues of the following publication were also used in the preparation of this appendix: Joint Publications Research Service, Soviet Union: Military Affairs .- Library of Congress / Federal Research Division / CountryStudies / Area Handbook Series/ Soviet Union / Bibliography 25 January 2010 17:19 UTC lcweb2.loc.gov [Source type: Academic]
^ CNN Political Ticker: All politics, all the time Blog Archive - Huckabee: Washington State vote like the Soviet Union « - Blogs from CNN.com Not from the U.S.?- CNN Political Ticker: All politics, all the time Blog Archive - Huckabee: Washington State vote like the Soviet Union « - Blogs from CNN.com 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC politicalticker.blogs.cnn.com [Source type: Original source]
The GRU continues to operate in Russia today, with resources estimated by some to exceed those of the SVR.
[18][19].^ The subseries contains publications on the cases of individual Soviet Refuseniks received from the organizations operating outside of the United States.- Guide to the Records of Action for Soviet Jewry, undated, 1943, 1964-1994 *I-487 1 February 2010 4:04 UTC findingaids.cjh.org [Source type: Reference]
^ The four American klezmer musicians were eventually deported from the Soviet Union by the Soviet authorities for conducting a joint concert with the Phantom Orchestra.- Guide to the Records of Action for Soviet Jewry, undated, 1943, 1964-1994 *I-487 1 February 2010 4:04 UTC findingaids.cjh.org [Source type: Reference]
It perceived its own involvement as essential to the solution of any major international problem.
.^ It is no longer America's way or the highway.- Sarah Palin: Russian offense augurs war: The Swamp 28 January 2010 0:46 UTC www.swamppolitics.com [Source type: General]
^ The cold war is over but some Americans are still stuck in it which is why we've lost our way.- Sarah Palin: Russian offense augurs war: The Swamp 28 January 2010 0:46 UTC www.swamppolitics.com [Source type: General]
^ Here new principalities were founded and new agglomerations of principalities came into existence, some of them having a grand prince who no longer professed allegiance to Kiev.
.^ The policy of Nicholas II., while no less oppressive, was more evasive.
^ All civil cases involving less than z oo roubles value were within their competence, and more important cases by consent of the parties.
^ Two important classes in Russia stood more or less outside the competence of the above systems: the clergy and the peasants.
.^ "Unrest in the World of Soviet Islam," Third World Quarterly [London], 10, April 1988, 770-86.- Library of Congress / Federal Research Division / CountryStudies / Area Handbook Series/ Soviet Union / Bibliography 25 January 2010 17:19 UTC lcweb2.loc.gov [Source type: Academic]
^ We sound like a third world nation waiting for the next dictator to overthrow the government.- CNN Political Ticker: All politics, all the time Blog Archive - Huckabee: Washington State vote like the Soviet Union « - Blogs from CNN.com 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC politicalticker.blogs.cnn.com [Source type: Original source]
^ I hope other states will not do something like this especially Texas that already asked Huckabee to drop out.- CNN Political Ticker: All politics, all the time Blog Archive - Huckabee: Washington State vote like the Soviet Union « - Blogs from CNN.com 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC politicalticker.blogs.cnn.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ With Russia essentially taking control of Serbia's energy sector, they have get a military presence there and make Serbia an outpost for Russian geo-strategic interests.- The Rise of the Russian Empire: Russo-Armenian Relations - Page 84 - HyeClub Forum 18 January 2010 8:45 UTC forum.hyeclub.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The Soviet Union not only loomed large on world maps but it also had the Earth's second (or third) largest economy and competed effectively for military superiority.- UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS 24 January 2010 10:46 UTC history-world.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Best known was the State V. I. Lenin Library of the USSR, located in Moscow, which housed more than 30 million volumes in some 250 languages—one of the largest library collections in the world.- UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS 24 January 2010 10:46 UTC www.history.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ The Soviet Union was the world's largest country.- UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS 24 January 2010 10:46 UTC history-world.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ (Various issues of the following publication were also used in the preparation of this appendix: Joint Publications Research Service, Soviet Union: Military Affairs .- Library of Congress / Federal Research Division / CountryStudies / Area Handbook Series/ Soviet Union / Bibliography 25 January 2010 17:19 UTC lcweb2.loc.gov [Source type: Academic]
^ The Soviet Union was a world leader in dairy farming, annually producing about 106.1 million metric tons of milk, 1.8 million metric tons of butter, and 4.7 million metric tons of eggs.- UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS 24 January 2010 10:46 UTC www.history.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ Soviet Foreign Policy in the 1980s .- Library of Congress / Federal Research Division / CountryStudies / Area Handbook Series/ Soviet Union / Bibliography 25 January 2010 17:19 UTC lcweb2.loc.gov [Source type: Academic]
^ One reason being that all Gentile East European immigrants were strongly anti-Communists.- Jew Watch - Jewish Occupied Governments - USSR - Jews and Communism 25 January 2010 17:19 UTC www.jewwatch.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Despite these limitations, Soviet shipping and fishing encompassed all the seas.- UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS 24 January 2010 10:46 UTC www.history.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ Soviet Foreign Policy in the 1980s .- Library of Congress / Federal Research Division / CountryStudies / Area Handbook Series/ Soviet Union / Bibliography 25 January 2010 17:19 UTC lcweb2.loc.gov [Source type: Academic]
^ In February 1990, with the Soviet economy rapidly deteriorating, the Communist party agreed to give up its monopoly on political power.- UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS 24 January 2010 10:46 UTC www.history.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ All of these were heavily subsidized by the Communist Party or the Soviet state and were remarkably cheap and popular—or at least widely read, if not popular in the Western sense.- Russian Federation Press, Media, TV, Radio, Newspapers 23 September 2009 1:45 UTC www.pressreference.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ It controlled the Soviet satellite nations of Eastern Europe.- UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS 24 January 2010 10:46 UTC history-world.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Soviet Foreign Policy in the 1980s .- Library of Congress / Federal Research Division / CountryStudies / Area Handbook Series/ Soviet Union / Bibliography 25 January 2010 17:19 UTC lcweb2.loc.gov [Source type: Academic]
^ Soviet NSSD (National Security Study Directive) [NSSD 11-82] II .- SOVIET UNION, 1917-1991 � UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS (USSR) 1 February 2010 4:04 UTC www.reagan.utexas.edu [Source type: Reference]
.^ The United States and the western alliance.- Eastern Europe: History and Politics: Media Resources Center, UC Berkeley 19 January 2010 18:018 UTC www.lib.berkeley.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Soviet Foreign Policy in the 1980s .- Library of Congress / Federal Research Division / CountryStudies / Area Handbook Series/ Soviet Union / Bibliography 25 January 2010 17:19 UTC lcweb2.loc.gov [Source type: Academic]
^ Recounts the story of Stalin's attempt to take control of Germany and Western Europe in the aftermath of World War II. Soviet agents and communist officials tell of their efforts to seize political power in the war-torn European states, a goal frustrated by Western resolve and Stalin's own ruthless methods.- Eastern Europe: History and Politics: Media Resources Center, UC Berkeley 19 January 2010 18:018 UTC www.lib.berkeley.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
Soviet troops withdrawing from Afghanistan in 1988
.^ The Soviet Economy: Toward the year 2000 .- Library of Congress / Federal Research Division / CountryStudies / Area Handbook Series/ Soviet Union / Bibliography 25 January 2010 17:19 UTC lcweb2.loc.gov [Source type: Academic]
^ Soviet Foreign Policy in the 1980s .- Library of Congress / Federal Research Division / CountryStudies / Area Handbook Series/ Soviet Union / Bibliography 25 January 2010 17:19 UTC lcweb2.loc.gov [Source type: Academic]
^ I was in the Marines during the cold war and trained to fight a soviet army and then volunteered for combat in Desert Storm.- Sarah Palin: Russian offense augurs war: The Swamp 28 January 2010 0:46 UTC www.swamppolitics.com [Source type: General]
.^ (Various issues of the following publication were also used in the preparation of this appendix: Joint Publications Research Service, Soviet Union: Military Affairs .- Library of Congress / Federal Research Division / CountryStudies / Area Handbook Series/ Soviet Union / Bibliography 25 January 2010 17:19 UTC lcweb2.loc.gov [Source type: Academic]
^ She strongly stated that we will protect them, it would be our responsibiltiy, that's what the NATO treaty means, you agree to stand by the group allowed to join, Georgia was in the midst of trying to join.- Sarah Palin: Russian offense augurs war: The Swamp 28 January 2010 0:46 UTC www.swamppolitics.com [Source type: General]
^ "Soviet Occupation of the Baltic States and Their Incorporation into the USSR: Political and Legal Aspects," East European Quarterly , 19, September 1985, 289- 304.- Library of Congress / Federal Research Division / CountryStudies / Area Handbook Series/ Soviet Union / Bibliography 25 January 2010 17:19 UTC lcweb2.loc.gov [Source type: Academic]
.^ His orders were, however, of no avail.
^ ASJ was actively gathering information on the Soviet Jews, Refuseniks and prisoners directly through visiting them or their families in the Soviet Union and using for the trips both ASJM activists and Western tourists not associated with the Movement.- Guide to the Records of Action for Soviet Jewry, undated, 1943, 1964-1994 *I-487 1 February 2010 4:04 UTC findingaids.cjh.org [Source type: Reference]
^ Ivan himself was favorably disposed toward the new religious movement, and for political reasons made no attempt to suppress it.
.^ A large section of the administrative Series contains outgoing and incoming faxes that reflect the activities of the organization from mid-1980s to 1991, the collapse of the Soviet Union.- Guide to the Records of Action for Soviet Jewry, undated, 1943, 1964-1994 *I-487 1 February 2010 4:04 UTC findingaids.cjh.org [Source type: Reference]
^ Antisemitism Bar mitzvah Bat mitzvah Emigration and immigration Human rights International law Jews, Soviet Political activists Prisoners -- Legal status, laws, etc.- Guide to the Records of Action for Soviet Jewry, undated, 1943, 1964-1994 *I-487 1 February 2010 4:04 UTC findingaids.cjh.org [Source type: Reference]
^ In: The cinema of Russia and the former Soviet Union / edited by Birgit Beumers ; [preface by Sergei Bodrov].- Russian (Soviet) and East European Cinema: Media Resources Center UCB 1 February 2010 4:04 UTC lib.berkeley.edu [Source type: General]
.^ At the end of the article we read that Schiff "used his financial influence to keep Russia from the money markets of the U.S." Also note that Schiff controlled all of the railroads in the U.S. and "suppressed ruinous competition."- Jew Watch - Jewish Occupied Governments - USSR - Jews and Communism 25 January 2010 17:19 UTC www.jewwatch.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Foreign Jews not having right of residence may not own real property in the Pale; and if they inherit any, it must be sold within six months of the notification of the inheritance.
^ Thousands of revolutionary soviets (councils) had sprung up all over Russia.- UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS 24 January 2010 10:46 UTC history-world.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ The main organizations for gathering and reporting news in the early 1990s were TASS, the official Soviet telegraph agency; Novosti, which had semiofficial status; and the independent agency Interfax.- UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS 24 January 2010 10:46 UTC www.history.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Agreement on the Establishment of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) ( http://theRussiaSite.org/legal/laws/CISagreement.html ) Unofficial translation by John Fowler.- GlobaLex - Material on Russian Federation Law in English: Selection of Sources 11 January 2010 1:16 UTC www.nyulawglobal.org [Source type: Original source]
^ Republics of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics Note : Although the U.S.S.R. was "Soviet Socialist" from its founding, all the republics began as "Socialist Soviet" and did not change to the other order until various dates in 1937.
.^ Former Soviet republics Ladispoli, Italy Soviet Union -- Politics and government -- 1953-1985 .- Guide to the Records of Action for Soviet Jewry, undated, 1943, 1964-1994 *I-487 1 February 2010 4:04 UTC findingaids.cjh.org [Source type: Reference]
)
.^ The Cambridge encyclopedia of Russia and the soviet Union .- Library of Congress / Federal Research Division / CountryStudies / Area Handbook Series/ Soviet Union / Bibliography 25 January 2010 17:19 UTC lcweb2.loc.gov [Source type: Academic]
^ Both the horses of the Cossacks and the bityug race of S. Russia are fine animals, and those of the Kirghiz, though not big, are famous for their endurance.
^ Thus while the Catholic clergy was the mainstay of the anti-Jewish forces, the king remained at least in semblance the defender of the Jews (see Jew.
[21]
Republics
Soviet Union administrative divisions, 1989
.^ Library of Congress / Federal Research Division / Country Studies / Area Handbook Series/ Soviet Union / Bibliography Bibliography -- Soviet Union .- Library of Congress / Federal Research Division / CountryStudies / Area Handbook Series/ Soviet Union / Bibliography 25 January 2010 17:19 UTC lcweb2.loc.gov [Source type: Academic]
^ Van den Berg, Ger P. "The Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union," Review of Socialist Law [Leiden], 6, No.- Library of Congress / Federal Research Division / CountryStudies / Area Handbook Series/ Soviet Union / Bibliography 25 January 2010 17:19 UTC lcweb2.loc.gov [Source type: Academic]
^ Politburo: Leading Organs of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and Leading Organs of the Republics .- Library of Congress / Federal Research Division / CountryStudies / Area Handbook Series/ Soviet Union / Bibliography 25 January 2010 17:19 UTC lcweb2.loc.gov [Source type: Academic]
.^ The Grand Duke of Moscow, Ivan III. (1462-1505) was the first Muscovite prince to abolish the feudal organization and to establish a centralized government.
^ Between the February and October revolutions in 1917, Russian cinema reflected urgent new themes, as in The Revolutionary.- Russian (Soviet) and East European Cinema: Media Resources Center UCB 1 February 2010 4:04 UTC lib.berkeley.edu [Source type: General]
^ The empire is governed on the immutable basis of laws issued according to the established order "), argued that the emperor himself could only act within the limits of the order established by those laws.
.^ Russian film producer Grigori Alexandrov's attempt at importing American musical comedy into Soviet film.- Russian (Soviet) and East European Cinema: Media Resources Center UCB 1 February 2010 4:04 UTC lib.berkeley.edu [Source type: General]
^ The four American klezmer musicians were eventually deported from the Soviet Union by the Soviet authorities for conducting a joint concert with the Phantom Orchestra.- Guide to the Records of Action for Soviet Jewry, undated, 1943, 1964-1994 *I-487 1 February 2010 4:04 UTC findingaids.cjh.org [Source type: Reference]
^ Former Soviet republics Ladispoli, Italy Soviet Union -- Politics and government -- 1953-1985 .- Guide to the Records of Action for Soviet Jewry, undated, 1943, 1964-1994 *I-487 1 February 2010 4:04 UTC findingaids.cjh.org [Source type: Reference]
.^ The Soviet Union doesn't exist anymore.- CNN Political Ticker: All politics, all the time Blog Archive - Huckabee: Washington State vote like the Soviet Union « - Blogs from CNN.com 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC politicalticker.blogs.cnn.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Social Trends in the Soviet Union from 1950 New York: St. Martin's Press, 1987.- Library of Congress / Federal Research Division / CountryStudies / Area Handbook Series/ Soviet Union / Bibliography 25 January 2010 17:19 UTC lcweb2.loc.gov [Source type: Academic]
^ It emerged as a member organization of the Union of Council for Soviet Jews (UCSJ), on the basis of the New England Student Struggle for Soviet Jewry (NESSSJ).- Guide to the Records of Action for Soviet Jewry, undated, 1943, 1964-1994 *I-487 1 February 2010 4:04 UTC findingaids.cjh.org [Source type: Reference]
The criteria for establishing new republics were as follows:
- to be located on the periphery of the Soviet Union so as to be able to exercise their right to secession;
- be economically strong enough to survive on their own upon secession; and
- be named after the dominant ethnic group which should consist of at least one million people.
.^ As of May 2002, there was almost no censorship of any kind on foreign correspondents or on foreign news bureaus.- Russian Federation Press, Media, TV, Radio, Newspapers 23 September 2009 1:45 UTC www.pressreference.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ In November seven of the republics agreed to form a new Union of Sovereign States, but it remained a shell.- UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS 24 January 2010 10:46 UTC history-world.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The system is broken down and no longer Democratic in nature and no longer like any Republic that is recognizable.- CNN Political Ticker: All politics, all the time Blog Archive - Huckabee: Washington State vote like the Soviet Union « - Blogs from CNN.com 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC politicalticker.blogs.cnn.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ "Will the Soviet Union Survive until 1994?"- Library of Congress / Federal Research Division / CountryStudies / Area Handbook Series/ Soviet Union / Bibliography 25 January 2010 17:19 UTC lcweb2.loc.gov [Source type: Academic]
^ A large section of the administrative Series contains outgoing and incoming faxes that reflect the activities of the organization from mid-1980s to 1991, the collapse of the Soviet Union.- Guide to the Records of Action for Soviet Jewry, undated, 1943, 1964-1994 *I-487 1 February 2010 4:04 UTC findingaids.cjh.org [Source type: Reference]
^ The " Cadets," it is true, lost many seats both to the Socialists and to the extreme Right, but they held the balance of the House, of which the Octobrists and the Right together only constituted one-fifth, and their leader, M. Golovin, was elected president of the House.
.^ On the other hand, some went so far as to demand the expulsion of the Jews from the country, while still others wished to curtail their commercial rights.
^ The first was Kosovo's declaration of independence in February and the new country's subsequent recognition by many Western states.- Sarah Palin: Russian offense augurs war: The Swamp 28 January 2010 0:46 UTC www.swamppolitics.com [Source type: General]
.^ Eastward to the W slopes of the Urals, pines are still common, but firs predominate, and in some regions almost pure stands of birch exist.- UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS 24 January 2010 10:46 UTC www.history.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ "Steps to Combat Infant Mortality in Central Asian Republics," Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, Radio Liberty Research Bulletin [Munich], July 14, 1987, 1-3.- Library of Congress / Federal Research Division / CountryStudies / Area Handbook Series/ Soviet Union / Bibliography 25 January 2010 17:19 UTC lcweb2.loc.gov [Source type: Academic]
Economy
.^ Pages 663-77 in United States Congress, 86th, 1st Session, Joint Economic Committee, Soviet Economy in a Time of Change .- Library of Congress / Federal Research Division / CountryStudies / Area Handbook Series/ Soviet Union / Bibliography 25 January 2010 17:19 UTC lcweb2.loc.gov [Source type: Academic]
^ Pages 135-51 in United States, Congress, 95th, 1st Session, Joint Economic Committee, East European Economies Post-Helsinki .- Library of Congress / Federal Research Division / CountryStudies / Area Handbook Series/ Soviet Union / Bibliography 25 January 2010 17:19 UTC lcweb2.loc.gov [Source type: Academic]
[22] .^ A Cuban propaganda film first exhibited outside of Cuba and the Soviet Union in 1992.- Russian (Soviet) and East European Cinema: Media Resources Center UCB 1 February 2010 4:04 UTC lib.berkeley.edu [Source type: General]
It was based on a system of
state ownership and managed through
Gosplan (the State Planning Commission),
Gosbank (the State Bank) and the
Gossnab (State Commission for Materials and Equipment Supply).
.^ "Geographic Aspects of the New Soviet Five-Year Plan, 1986-90," Soviet Geography , 27, No.- Library of Congress / Federal Research Division / CountryStudies / Area Handbook Series/ Soviet Union / Bibliography 25 January 2010 17:19 UTC lcweb2.loc.gov [Source type: Academic]
^ This lyrical sound and musical documentary celebrates the enthusiasm with which the peasants and miners of the Don River basin in Russia fulfilled their first five-year plan quotas following the October Revolution.- Russian (Soviet) and East European Cinema: Media Resources Center UCB 1 February 2010 4:04 UTC lib.berkeley.edu [Source type: General]
^ Elek, Peter S. "Soviet Capital Strategy and Performance During the Eleventh Five-Year Plan: Past, Present, and Prospective."- Library of Congress / Federal Research Division / CountryStudies / Area Handbook Series/ Soviet Union / Bibliography 25 January 2010 17:19 UTC lcweb2.loc.gov [Source type: Academic]
.^ The peculiar feature of Russian industry is the development out of the domestic petty handicrafts of central Russia of a semifactory on a large scale.
^ This was owing to the fact that large numbers of the men engaged in agricultural pursuits during the summer temporarily move every year into the large industrial centres for the winter.
.^ "Soviet Occupation of the Baltic States and Their Incorporation into the USSR: Political and Legal Aspects," East European Quarterly , 19, September 1985, 289- 304.- Library of Congress / Federal Research Division / CountryStudies / Area Handbook Series/ Soviet Union / Bibliography 25 January 2010 17:19 UTC lcweb2.loc.gov [Source type: Academic]
^ "Soviet Agriculture: A State Secret," Current History , 83, October 1984, 323-26, 338-39.- Library of Congress / Federal Research Division / CountryStudies / Area Handbook Series/ Soviet Union / Bibliography 25 January 2010 17:19 UTC lcweb2.loc.gov [Source type: Academic]
^ CNN Political Ticker: All politics, all the time Blog Archive - Huckabee: Washington State vote like the Soviet Union « - Blogs from CNN.com Not from the U.S.?- CNN Political Ticker: All politics, all the time Blog Archive - Huckabee: Washington State vote like the Soviet Union « - Blogs from CNN.com 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC politicalticker.blogs.cnn.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ He took precautions, however, against any of the dead or moribund principalities being resuscitated, and punished with merciless severity any attempt to resist or undermine his authority.
^ The zemski sobor, which had played a considerable part in the struggle of the tsars against the great boyars in the 17th century, had met but once since the days of Peter the Great.
Comparison between USSR and US economies (1989)
according to 1990 CIA World Factbook[22] |
|
USSR |
US |
| GDP (1989 – million $) |
2,659,500 |
5,233,300 |
| Population (July 1990) |
290,938,469 |
250,410,000 |
| GDP Per Capita ($) |
9,211 |
21,082 |
| Labour force (1989) |
152,300,000 |
125,557,000 |
.^ Weickhardt, George G. "The Soviet Military-Industrial Complex and Economic Reform," Soviet Economy , 2, No.- Library of Congress / Federal Research Division / CountryStudies / Area Handbook Series/ Soviet Union / Bibliography 25 January 2010 17:19 UTC lcweb2.loc.gov [Source type: Academic]
.^ "Discipline and Growth in the Soviet Economy," Problems of Communism , 34, No.- Library of Congress / Federal Research Division / CountryStudies / Area Handbook Series/ Soviet Union / Bibliography 25 January 2010 17:19 UTC lcweb2.loc.gov [Source type: Academic]
^ Campbell, Robert W. "Satellite Communications in the USSR," Soviet Economy , 1, No.- Library of Congress / Federal Research Division / CountryStudies / Area Handbook Series/ Soviet Union / Bibliography 25 January 2010 17:19 UTC lcweb2.loc.gov [Source type: Academic]
^ "The Soviet Economy: Alternative Views," Atlantic Community Quarterly , 24, No.- Library of Congress / Federal Research Division / CountryStudies / Area Handbook Series/ Soviet Union / Bibliography 25 January 2010 17:19 UTC lcweb2.loc.gov [Source type: Academic]
.^ Congress, 86th, 1st Session, Joint Economic committee, Soviet Economy in a Time of Change .- Library of Congress / Federal Research Division / CountryStudies / Area Handbook Series/ Soviet Union / Bibliography 25 January 2010 17:19 UTC lcweb2.loc.gov [Source type: Academic]
^ Pages 663-77 in United States Congress, 86th, 1st Session, Joint Economic Committee, Soviet Economy in a Time of Change .- Library of Congress / Federal Research Division / CountryStudies / Area Handbook Series/ Soviet Union / Bibliography 25 January 2010 17:19 UTC lcweb2.loc.gov [Source type: Academic]
^ Top-Level Administration of the Soviet Economy: A Partial View .- Library of Congress / Federal Research Division / CountryStudies / Area Handbook Series/ Soviet Union / Bibliography 25 January 2010 17:19 UTC lcweb2.loc.gov [Source type: Academic]
.^ Congress, 86th, 1st Session, Joint Economic committee, Soviet Economy in a Time of Change .- Library of Congress / Federal Research Division / CountryStudies / Area Handbook Series/ Soviet Union / Bibliography 25 January 2010 17:19 UTC lcweb2.loc.gov [Source type: Academic]
^ This disproportionate number of Jewish artisans in cities with large Jewish populations was due to the economic and legal disabilities of the Jews in the Pale of Settlement.
^ Pages 663-77 in United States Congress, 86th, 1st Session, Joint Economic Committee, Soviet Economy in a Time of Change .- Library of Congress / Federal Research Division / CountryStudies / Area Handbook Series/ Soviet Union / Bibliography 25 January 2010 17:19 UTC lcweb2.loc.gov [Source type: Academic]
.^ Some of the other comments have spoken to the caucus process and other things I have read lead me to believe that he caucus process is just to open to manipulation.- CNN Political Ticker: All politics, all the time Blog Archive - Huckabee: Washington State vote like the Soviet Union « - Blogs from CNN.com 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC politicalticker.blogs.cnn.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ The wealth of Russia consisting mainly of raw produce, the trade of the country turns chiefly on the purchase of this for export, and on the sale of manufactured and imported goods I in exchange.
^ On the W. side of that sea the S. frontier touches the Danube for some 120 m.; on the E. side of the same sea it zigzags from the Black Sea to the Caspian, utilizing the river Aras (Araxes) for part of the distance.
.^ "Three Obstacles, Two Leaders, and One Problem," Far East Economic Review , March 24, 1988, 56-57.- Library of Congress / Federal Research Division / CountryStudies / Area Handbook Series/ Soviet Union / Bibliography 25 January 2010 17:19 UTC lcweb2.loc.gov [Source type: Academic]
^ Schroeder, Gertrude E. "Anatomy of Gorbachev's Economic Reform," Soviet Economy , 3, No.- Library of Congress / Federal Research Division / CountryStudies / Area Handbook Series/ Soviet Union / Bibliography 25 January 2010 17:19 UTC lcweb2.loc.gov [Source type: Academic]
^ "Gorbachev's Double Burden: Economic Reform and Growth Acceleration," Millennium , 16, No.- Library of Congress / Federal Research Division / CountryStudies / Area Handbook Series/ Soviet Union / Bibliography 25 January 2010 17:19 UTC lcweb2.loc.gov [Source type: Academic]
.^ Growing tension with Ingush over the status of the land they had lost in 1944 led the Supreme Soviet of North Ossetia to suspend the citizenship rights of Ingush in September 1990.- Minority Rights Group International : Russian Federation : Ossetians 11 January 2010 1:16 UTC www.minorityrights.org [Source type: General]
.^ If Huck's support is from SE Wash and East of Seattle and some district in Eastern WA, then these delegates will be reduced in number at the county convention, and further reduced in number at the state convention.- CNN Political Ticker: All politics, all the time Blog Archive - Huckabee: Washington State vote like the Soviet Union « - Blogs from CNN.com 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC politicalticker.blogs.cnn.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ The Jews in the Soviet Union since 1917 .- Library of Congress / Federal Research Division / CountryStudies / Area Handbook Series/ Soviet Union / Bibliography 25 January 2010 17:19 UTC lcweb2.loc.gov [Source type: Academic]
^ In: The cinema of Russia and the former Soviet Union / edited by Birgit Beumers ; [preface by Sergei Bodrov].- Russian (Soviet) and East European Cinema: Media Resources Center UCB 1 February 2010 4:04 UTC lib.berkeley.edu [Source type: General]
^ CNN Political Ticker: All politics, all the time Blog Archive - Huckabee: Washington State vote like the Soviet Union « - Blogs from CNN.com Not from the U.S.?- CNN Political Ticker: All politics, all the time Blog Archive - Huckabee: Washington State vote like the Soviet Union « - Blogs from CNN.com 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC politicalticker.blogs.cnn.com [Source type: Original source]
Geography
.^ "Eastern European and Soviet Fuel Trade, 1970-1985."- Library of Congress / Federal Research Division / CountryStudies / Area Handbook Series/ Soviet Union / Bibliography 25 January 2010 17:19 UTC lcweb2.loc.gov [Source type: Academic]
^ Eastern and Western Europe videography Bibliography of books and articles on Soviet and East European Cinema .- Russian (Soviet) and East European Cinema: Media Resources Center UCB 1 February 2010 4:04 UTC lib.berkeley.edu [Source type: General]
^ "The Interplay of Religious Policy and Nationalities Policy in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe."- Library of Congress / Federal Research Division / CountryStudies / Area Handbook Series/ Soviet Union / Bibliography 25 January 2010 17:19 UTC lcweb2.loc.gov [Source type: Academic]
.^ In the forest region S. of the tundras, which extends over an area of more than 500,000 sq.
Because of the sheer size of the state, the
climate varied greatly from
subtropical and
continental to
subarctic and
polar.
.^ The forests are composed of the birch, oak and other deciduous trees, the soil is dry, and the woodlands are divided by green prairies.
.^ "Soviet Calculus of Nuclear War," Soviet Union, Special Issue, 10, Pts.- Library of Congress / Federal Research Division / CountryStudies / Area Handbook Series/ Soviet Union / Bibliography 25 January 2010 17:19 UTC lcweb2.loc.gov [Source type: Academic]
^ "Soviet Calculus of Nuclear War," Soviet Union , Special Issue, 10, Pts.- Library of Congress / Federal Research Division / CountryStudies / Area Handbook Series/ Soviet Union / Bibliography 25 January 2010 17:19 UTC lcweb2.loc.gov [Source type: Academic]
.^ About 100,000 tons of tobacco are grown annually in the S. Flax and hemp occupy considerable acreages in central and N.W. Russia.
.^ To be honest, I never thought in a million years someone would compare us to the Soviet Union.- CNN Political Ticker: All politics, all the time Blog Archive - Huckabee: Washington State vote like the Soviet Union « - Blogs from CNN.com 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC politicalticker.blogs.cnn.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Pages 259-95 in United States, Congress, 97th, 1st Session, Joint Economic Committee, East European Economic Assessment .- Library of Congress / Federal Research Division / CountryStudies / Area Handbook Series/ Soviet Union / Bibliography 25 January 2010 17:19 UTC lcweb2.loc.gov [Source type: Academic]
^ CNN Political Ticker: All politics, all the time Blog Archive - Huckabee: Washington State vote like the Soviet Union « - Blogs from CNN.com Not from the U.S.?- CNN Political Ticker: All politics, all the time Blog Archive - Huckabee: Washington State vote like the Soviet Union « - Blogs from CNN.com 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC politicalticker.blogs.cnn.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ The Cambridge encyclopedia of Russia and the soviet Union .- Library of Congress / Federal Research Division / CountryStudies / Area Handbook Series/ Soviet Union / Bibliography 25 January 2010 17:19 UTC lcweb2.loc.gov [Source type: Academic]
^ In: The cinema of Russia and the former Soviet Union / edited by Birgit Beumers ; [preface by Sergei Bodrov].- Russian (Soviet) and East European Cinema: Media Resources Center UCB 1 February 2010 4:04 UTC lib.berkeley.edu [Source type: General]
^ The next country to feel the expansive tendencies of Russia was Poland, which had now very little Poland.
Population and society
Geographic location of various ethnic groups within the Soviet Union in 1941
This map shows the 1974 geographic location of various ethnic groups within the Soviet Union
.^ In geographic extent the Soviet Union was the largest country in the world.- UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS 24 January 2010 10:46 UTC www.history.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Although the Soviet Union contained more than 100 different ethnic groups, most were very small.- UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS 24 January 2010 10:46 UTC history-world.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The Soviet Union had more permanent opera and ballet companies than any other country.- UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS 24 January 2010 10:46 UTC history-world.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ At present, the population is estimated at 2 million.- WRITENET Country Papers - The Russian Federation: Dagestan (Nov 95) 11 January 2010 1:16 UTC www.turkiye.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Until September 1991 the USSR consisted of 15 soviet socialist republics (SSRs), constituted on the basis of the predominant nationality of their populations.- UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS 24 January 2010 10:46 UTC www.history.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Despite a total population almost four times smaller, the Soviet Union had an urban population almost the size of China's--192 million.- UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS 24 January 2010 10:46 UTC history-world.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ (Various issues of the following publication were also used in the preparation of this appendix: Joint Publications Research Service, Soviet Union: Military Affairs .- Library of Congress / Federal Research Division / CountryStudies / Area Handbook Series/ Soviet Union / Bibliography 25 January 2010 17:19 UTC lcweb2.loc.gov [Source type: Academic]
^ "Panel on the Soviet Union in the Year 2000," Soviet Geography , No.- Library of Congress / Federal Research Division / CountryStudies / Area Handbook Series/ Soviet Union / Bibliography 25 January 2010 17:19 UTC lcweb2.loc.gov [Source type: Academic]
^ "The Soviet Union Seventy Years after the Revolution," Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, Radio Liberty Research Bulletin [Munich], October 21, 1987, 1-5.- Library of Congress / Federal Research Division / CountryStudies / Area Handbook Series/ Soviet Union / Bibliography 25 January 2010 17:19 UTC lcweb2.loc.gov [Source type: Academic]
.^ Russian Federation OVERVIEW Country Data MINORITIES Adygey Altai Avars Bashkirs Buryats Chechens Chukchi Chuvash Cossacks Dargins Dolgan Evenk Jews Ingush Kabards and Balkars Kalmyks Karachay and Cherkess Karelians Khakass Khants and Mansi Komi KomiPermyaks Koryaks Kumyks Lezgins Mari Meskhetians or Meskhetian Turks Mordovans Nenets Nogai Ossetians Roma Russian or Volga Germans Tatars Tuvans Udmurts Ukrainians, Belarusians and Kazakhs Yakuts RESOURCES Minority Based & Advocacy Organizations Sources and Further Reading top of page powered by the webbler © MRG 2005 :: Contact us :: Sitemap :: Accessibility .- Minority Rights Group International : Russian Federation : Ossetians 11 January 2010 1:16 UTC www.minorityrights.org [Source type: General]
^ The Esths and all other Western Finns, the Germans and the Swedes are Protestant .
^ Little and Great Russians, Rumanians, Bulgarians, Germans, Greeks, Frenchmen, Poles, Tatars and Jews are mingled together and scattered about in small colonies, especially in Bessarabia.
.^ Decorated for bravery as a volunteer in the Soviet army during the second world war, Kalashnikova, now 78, was accused of treason in 1941 because she had survived a German ambush.- Jew Watch - Jewish Occupied Governments - USSR - Jews and Communism 25 January 2010 17:19 UTC www.jewwatch.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Veronica eventually succumbs to the seduction of Boris' cousin, Mark, but subsequently redeems herself by nursing the wounded amidst the terrible suffering of the Russian civilian population during World War II. 91 min.- Russian (Soviet) and East European Cinema: Media Resources Center UCB 1 February 2010 4:04 UTC lib.berkeley.edu [Source type: General]
^ From Russian archive material witness probably the bloodiest battle of World War II. Over 40 Belorussian and 1st Ukranian Army cameramen contributed footage to this remarkable documentary.- Eastern Europe: History and Politics: Media Resources Center, UC Berkeley 19 January 2010 18:018 UTC www.lib.berkeley.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[23]
Nationalities
.^ Looks at the causes and social consequences of the Russian Revolution of 1917, which destroyed the Tsarist autocracy and led to the creation of the Soviet Union.- Eastern Europe: History and Politics: Media Resources Center, UC Berkeley 19 January 2010 18:018 UTC www.lib.berkeley.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ Stalin determined to force Ukraine's millions of independent farmers - called kulaks - into collectivized Soviet agriculture, and to crush Ukraine's growing spirit of nationalism.- Jew Watch - Jewish Occupied Governments - USSR - Jews and Communism 25 January 2010 17:19 UTC www.jewwatch.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Soviets granted the rights of equality and self-determination to all the numerous national groups inhabiting the territory of the former Russian Empire.- UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS 24 January 2010 10:46 UTC www.history.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ It is to the glory of the Jewish Socialist Bund in Russia that the question of nationalism, which in the minds of the Socialists of the older generation was synonymous with oppression and subjection, was forced into the foreground.- Jew Watch - Jewish Occupied Governments - USSR - Jews and Communism 25 January 2010 17:19 UTC www.jewwatch.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ The curriculum of the Riga school as outlined by its founders included, among other subjects, reading, penmanship, grammar, and history (Russian).
^ In the larger colonies a two-room school should be opened, one room for general subjects, as Bible, Hebrew, German, Russian, arithmetic, and penmanship, and the other for complementary studies, as geography, Russian history, drawing, and agriculture.
^ Nevertheless he found it expedient to leave unchanged the religious legislation framed by his father, Aleksei, which contained many restrictions of the rights of non-Christian subjects of the empire.
.^ His administrative authority was confined to his own principality, but when territorial disputes arose between two or more of his relations, his paternal influence was exercised in the interests of peace and justice.
^ In consequence of this, the rivers of Russia have been from remote antiquity the principal channels of trade and migration , and have contributed much more to the elaboration of national unity than any political institutions.
^ More than once they raided and pillaged in wholesale fashion the territory they were supposed to protect.
.^ On the other hand, in the six years, 1892-97, the excess of Russian emigration over immigration was 207,353, as compared with an excess of foreign immigration over emigration of only 136,740.
^ It is also worth remembering that 15 years ago there was pressure in some quarters in the West for the break-up of Yugoslavia (or at least the break-away to the West of Croatia and Slovenia).- Stephen Cohen: The breakup of the Soviet Union ended Russia's march to democracy | Comment is free | The Guardian 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC www.guardian.co.uk [Source type: Original source]
^ But the later events of the eventful year went uniformly against the Russians.- The Glory of the Russian Empire MOD (BETA released!) - Total War Center Forums 18 January 2010 8:45 UTC www.twcenter.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ Because the Soviet Union was really a great Family of Nations.- Russian Victories index 18 January 2010 8:45 UTC russian-victories.ru [Source type: Original source]
^ The following year he was banished from the Soviet Union.- UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS 24 January 2010 10:46 UTC www.history.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ As late as 1985, in the first year of "perestroika" a group of American Jewish musicians from the Klezmer Conservatory Band was detained by the Soviets and expelled from the Soviet Union for just performing in a home concert together with a group of Refusenik and dissident musicians in the city of Tbilisi.- Guide to the Records of Action for Soviet Jewry, undated, 1943, 1964-1994 *I-487 1 February 2010 4:04 UTC findingaids.cjh.org [Source type: Reference]
.^ In 1893 district committees for the management of the peasants' affairs, similar to those in the purely Russian governments, were introduced into this part of the empire.
^ Russian film producer Grigori Alexandrov's attempt at importing American musical comedy into Soviet film.- Russian (Soviet) and East European Cinema: Media Resources Center UCB 1 February 2010 4:04 UTC lib.berkeley.edu [Source type: General]
^ "Soviet Occupation of the Baltic States and Their Incorporation into the USSR: Political and Legal Aspects," East European Quarterly , 19, September 1985, 289- 304.- Library of Congress / Federal Research Division / CountryStudies / Area Handbook Series/ Soviet Union / Bibliography 25 January 2010 17:19 UTC lcweb2.loc.gov [Source type: Academic]
.^ Soviet censuses listed 114 languages and more than 300 linguistic and dialectical denominations spoken within the Soviet Union.- UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS 24 January 2010 10:46 UTC www.history.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The Leningrad area, with its skilled labor force, held more than 5 percent of Soviet manufacturing, including electronics, instruments, diversified machinery, textiles, and wood products.- UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS 24 January 2010 10:46 UTC history-world.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ (Ultimately, 152 German divisions were unleashed in Barbarossa against what were actually more than 300 Soviet divisions).- Russian Victories index 18 January 2010 8:45 UTC russian-victories.ru [Source type: Original source]
.^ The violence of minor officials increased, and the situation was rendered more critical by the conversion of many towns and townlets into villages, and by the expulsion of the Jews therefrom.
^ Crimean War, the gradual weakening of the Sultan's authority, and the increase of Russian influence among the minor Slav nationalities; in Asia, the gradual but cautious expansion of Russian domination.
^ The minister of public instruction adopted this plan with slight modifications, excluding German as unnecessary, and increasing the attention given to the Russian language.
.^ Studies in the modern Russian language ; 7.
^ Instruction was in Russian or in the Soviet Union’s many other languages.- UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS 24 January 2010 10:46 UTC www.history.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Studies in Russian and Soviet Cinema , vol.- Russian (Soviet) and East European Cinema: Media Resources Center UCB 1 February 2010 4:04 UTC lib.berkeley.edu [Source type: General]
.^ In addition to the Russians themselves, millions of non-Russian people—particularly those scattered and assimilated (that is, Russified), such as the Jews—also claimed Russian as their mother tongue.- UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS 24 January 2010 10:46 UTC www.history.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The Soviet government helped many smaller ethnic groups develop their own alphabets and vocabularies; however, the government, through educational policies, ensured the widespread use of the Russian language.- UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS 24 January 2010 10:46 UTC www.history.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The nation continues to be culturally diverse, with many religious and ethnic groups, three major languages, and two official alphabets.- Eastern Europe: History and Politics: Media Resources Center, UC Berkeley 19 January 2010 18:018 UTC www.lib.berkeley.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[25]
.^ It mainly focuses on the development of Lak culture and national identity.- WRITENET Country Papers - The Russian Federation: Dagestan (Nov 95) 11 January 2010 1:16 UTC www.turkiye.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ "National identity, cultural authority, and the post-Soviet blockbuster: Nikita Mikhalkov and Aleksei Balabanov."- Russian (Soviet) and East European Cinema: Media Resources Center UCB 1 February 2010 4:04 UTC lib.berkeley.edu [Source type: General]
^ Thanks to its social and judicial autonomy, Polish Jewish life was enabled to develop freely along the lines of national and religious tradition.
.^ Another movement directly traceable to the repressive legislation in Russia was the growth of nationalism among the Russian Jews, resulting in agricultural colonization in Palestine, and in the organization of Zionist societies ( see Agricultural Colonies ; Alexander III., Alexandrovich ; Ignatiev ; May Laws ; Moscow ).
.^ The country’s larger museums and architectural restorations were state supported, but some smaller collections, particularly in rural areas, were the result of volunteer work by enthusiasts and clubs.- UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS 24 January 2010 10:46 UTC www.history.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ We used to live in brotherly concord with all of our non-Russian neighbours within the Russian Empire, as well as within the Soviet Union.- Russian Victories index 18 January 2010 8:45 UTC russian-victories.ru [Source type: Original source]
^ One topic request was regarding the review of US policy towards the Soviet Union initiated by Secretary of State George Shultz, and National Security Advisor Robert Bud McFarlane in late 1983 and early 1984.- SOVIET UNION, 1917-1991 � UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS (USSR) 1 February 2010 4:04 UTC www.reagan.utexas.edu [Source type: Reference]
[26]
.^ "Policy Towards Unofficial Religious Groups under Gorbachev," Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, Radio Liberty Research Bulletin [Munich], March 31, 1988, 1- 8.- Library of Congress / Federal Research Division / CountryStudies / Area Handbook Series/ Soviet Union / Bibliography 25 January 2010 17:19 UTC lcweb2.loc.gov [Source type: Academic]
.^ As a consequence this central Russian industry, even when supported by very high protective duties, is only able to produce for the home market and the markets of the adjacent territories in Asia which are under Russian political control.
^ The Soviet Regional Dilemma: Planning, People, and Natural Resources .- Library of Congress / Federal Research Division / CountryStudies / Area Handbook Series/ Soviet Union / Bibliography 25 January 2010 17:19 UTC lcweb2.loc.gov [Source type: Academic]
^ Nationality Group Survival in Multi- Ethnic States: Shifting Support Patterns in the Sovie Baltic Region .- Library of Congress / Federal Research Division / CountryStudies / Area Handbook Series/ Soviet Union / Bibliography 25 January 2010 17:19 UTC lcweb2.loc.gov [Source type: Academic]
Religious groups
.^ (Various issues of the following publication were also used in the preparation of this appendix: Joint Publications Research Service, Soviet Union: Military Affairs .- Library of Congress / Federal Research Division / CountryStudies / Area Handbook Series/ Soviet Union / Bibliography 25 January 2010 17:19 UTC lcweb2.loc.gov [Source type: Academic]
^ The subseries contains trip information and trip reports by official delegations and groups that visited the Soviet Union.- Guide to the Records of Action for Soviet Jewry, undated, 1943, 1964-1994 *I-487 1 February 2010 4:04 UTC findingaids.cjh.org [Source type: Reference]
^ Its president, M. Khomiakov, had been one of the founders of the " Union of 17 October," but even the Octobrists formed but a third of the House and were compelled to act with the reactionaries of the Right; and the vice-president, Prince Volkonsky, was a member of the Union of the Russian People.
Christianity and
Islam had the most believers. The
state was separated from church by the Decree of Council of People's Comissars on January 23, 1918.
.^ The USSR issued no statistics on religious affiliation; rough estimates suggest that about half the total Soviet population adhered to some religious faith.- UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS 24 January 2010 10:46 UTC www.history.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ At the time of its dissolution in 1991, the Soviet Union was, after China and India, the third most populous country in the world.- UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS 24 January 2010 10:46 UTC www.history.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ "Population Trends of Soviet Cities, 1970-1984," Soviet Geography , No.- Library of Congress / Federal Research Division / CountryStudies / Area Handbook Series/ Soviet Union / Bibliography 25 January 2010 17:19 UTC lcweb2.loc.gov [Source type: Academic]
.^ Most of its members were also high-ranking officials in the Communist party and most were members of the Central Committee.- UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS 24 January 2010 10:46 UTC history-world.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The Minister for Nationalities of Dagestan, Magomedsadykh Gysaev, expressed his concern over this group of about 70,000 people and declared that his Government wants them to leave the republic.- WRITENET Country Papers - The Russian Federation: Dagestan (Nov 95) 11 January 2010 1:16 UTC www.turkiye.net [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ In theory power flowed upward from the broad base, but in reality only high-level party officials made the major decisions.- UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS 24 January 2010 10:46 UTC history-world.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
Official figures on the number of religious believers in the Soviet Union were not available in 1989.
.^ All Russians, with the exception of a number of White Russians who belong to the United Greek Church (see Roman Catholic Church ), profess the Orthodox Greek faith or belong to one or other of the numberless dissident sects.
^ The number of loan associations is as follows: see table In the separate provinces of Northwest Russia there are: see table In the other sections of Western Russia there are: see table see Number of Loan Associations, with Their Annual Incomes .
^ Perhaps the most remarkable fact about this sect is that it is secret, and that its members ostensibly belong to the Orthodox Church.
.^ In the face of the great danger the Russian Orthodox Church did not blame Stalin's government for the destruction of numerous churches and persecution of thousands of believers committed by the godless Trotskists.- Russian Victories index 18 January 2010 8:45 UTC russian-victories.ru [Source type: Original source]
^ Stalin insists that the governments of the Soviet Union's client states be pro-communist.- Eastern Europe: History and Politics: Media Resources Center, UC Berkeley 19 January 2010 18:018 UTC www.lib.berkeley.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Following Stalin's domination of Eastern Europe and the loss of China, American democracy falls victim to anti-communist hysteria, but survives it.- Eastern Europe: History and Politics: Media Resources Center, UC Berkeley 19 January 2010 18:018 UTC www.lib.berkeley.edu [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
Stalin is quoted as saying that "The Party cannot be neutral towards religion.
.^ This fed into deep-seated American attitudes, which were common to much of the West, of anti-semitism, antislavism, and cultural prejudices against the East in general.- Russian Victories index 18 January 2010 8:45 UTC russian-victories.ru [Source type: Original source]
^ The Reformation movement stimulated an anti-Jewish crusade by the Catholic clergy, who preached vehemently against all heretics—Lutherans, Calvinists, and Jews.
In
World War II, however, the repression against the
Russian Orthodox Church temporarily ceased as it was perceived as "instrument of patriotic unity" in the war against "the western
Teutonics." Repression against Russian Orthodox restarted from ca. 1946 onwards and more forcibly under
Nikita Khrushchev.
.^ The Jews in the Soviet Union since 1917 .- Library of Congress / Federal Research Division / CountryStudies / Area Handbook Series/ Soviet Union / Bibliography 25 January 2010 17:19 UTC lcweb2.loc.gov [Source type: Academic]
^ It should be mentioned, however, that among the clergy there were many who were friendly to the Jews.
^ There may have been some connection between the expulsion of the Jews from Lithuania by Alexander in 1495 and Ivan's attitude toward the Judaizing heresy.
.^ In the early seventies the mouthpiece of young and cultured Russia, the monthly "Otechestvenyya Zapiski," began to publish Grigori Bogrov's "Zapiski Yevreya," a story of Russian-Jewish life.
^ Jewish problem in Russia was apparently solved; but on the partition of Poland, Russia received the territory now known as "White Russia," and other provinces having a large Jewish population.
^ "The Soviet Far East, East Asia, and the Pacific--Strategic Dimensions."- Library of Congress / Federal Research Division / CountryStudies / Area Handbook Series/ Soviet Union / Bibliography 25 January 2010 17:19 UTC lcweb2.loc.gov [Source type: Academic]
The overwhelming majority of Muslims were
Sunni. The Azerbaijanis, who were
Shi'ah, were one major exception.
.^ The Cambridge encyclopedia of Russia and the soviet Union .- Library of Congress / Federal Research Division / CountryStudies / Area Handbook Series/ Soviet Union / Bibliography 25 January 2010 17:19 UTC lcweb2.loc.gov [Source type: Academic]
^ The number of loan associations is as follows: see table In the separate provinces of Northwest Russia there are: see table In the other sections of Western Russia there are: see table see Number of Loan Associations, with Their Annual Incomes .
^ Russia belongs to the same zoo-geographical region as central Europe and N. Asia, the same fauna extending in Siberia as far as the Yenisei and the Lena.
Other religions, which were practiced by a relatively small number of believers, included
Buddhism (mostly
Vajrayana) and
paganism (which was largely
shamanic), a religion based on spiritualism. The role of religion in the daily lives of Soviet citizens thus varied greatly, but was far less integral in city dwellers where Party control was optimum.
Culture
.^ To be honest, I never thought in a million years someone would compare us to the Soviet Union.- CNN Political Ticker: All politics, all the time Blog Archive - Huckabee: Washington State vote like the Soviet Union « - Blogs from CNN.com 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC politicalticker.blogs.cnn.com [Source type: Original source]
^ Before reaching the new order of things, the country had to pass through an internal crisis similar to that which followed the death of Ivan the Terrible, but not nearly so severe.
^ If there is one valid comparison to make regarding the Soviet Union's repressive and secretive face, it would be the existence of that prison in Guantanamo.- CNN Political Ticker: All politics, all the time Blog Archive - Huckabee: Washington State vote like the Soviet Union « - Blogs from CNN.com 28 January 2010 0:53 UTC politicalticker.blogs.cnn.com [Source type: Original source]
.^ The following year he was banished from the Soviet Union.- UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS 24 January 2010 10:46 UTC www.history.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The following year, however, Egypt ordered all Soviet military advisers out of the country.- UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS 24 January 2010 10:46 UTC www.history.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ First fifty years : Soviet Russia, 1917-67.
.^ We Russians do not like to shout or talk too loudly in the street because we respect the people around us, and we do not want them to be disturbed.- Russian Victories index 18 January 2010 8:45 UTC russian-victories.ru [Source type: Original source]
^ Kerensky wanted to continue the war against Germany, but the Russian people did not.- UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS 24 January 2010 10:46 UTC history-world.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
The government encouraged a variety of trends. In art and literature, numerous schools, some traditional and others radically experimental, proliferated. Communist writers
Maksim Gorky and
Vladimir Mayakovsky were active during this time. Film, as a means of influencing a largely illiterate society, received encouragement from the state; much of director
Sergei Eisenstein's best work dates from this period.
.^ On the other hand, additional heavy burdens were imposed by Nicholas' government on the Jews of Russia.
^ The ander II., repressive system of Nicholas, in which all other public 1855-81.
^ Berliner, Joseph S. Soviet Industry from Stalin to Gorbachev .- Library of Congress / Federal Research Division / CountryStudies / Area Handbook Series/ Soviet Union / Bibliography 25 January 2010 17:19 UTC lcweb2.loc.gov [Source type: Academic]
Mikhail Bulgakov's works). Many writers were imprisoned and killed.
[27] Also religious people were persecuted and either sent to Gulags or were murdered in their thousands
[28].
.^ After the outbreak of the war with Japan orders were issued by circular to discontinue the expulsions temporarily.
^ Red God of War: Soviet Artillery and Rocket Forces .- Library of Congress / Federal Research Division / CountryStudies / Area Handbook Series/ Soviet Union / Bibliography 25 January 2010 17:19 UTC lcweb2.loc.gov [Source type: Academic]
.^ In the face of the great danger the Russian Orthodox Church did not blame Stalin's government for the destruction of numerous churches and persecution of thousands of believers committed by the godless Trotskists.- Russian Victories index 18 January 2010 8:45 UTC russian-victories.ru [Source type: Original source]
^ Under this concept writers were required to participate fully and prominently in building socialism.- UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS 24 January 2010 10:46 UTC history-world.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ But of course, the most important of all exploits he performed was that Stalin revived the Russian Orthodox Church the true Soul of the Russian Nation.- Russian Victories index 18 January 2010 8:45 UTC russian-victories.ru [Source type: Original source]
Following the
Khrushchev Thaw of the late 1950s and early 1960s, censorship was diminished.
.^ He began war therefore in 1514 and at once captured Smolensk, but in the following year he was defeated, and the war dragged on during more than seven years , with varying successes and without any important result.
^ This best known of the Alexeieff & Parker films, critics have written, is "full of art and poetry" and "should be seen more than once for a full awareness of its artistry."- Russian (Soviet) and East European Cinema: Media Resources Center UCB 1 February 2010 4:04 UTC lib.berkeley.edu [Source type: General]
^ Experimental theater, including the works of producer-director Vsevolod Meyerhold and fellow constructivists, flourished through the early Soviet period.- UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS 24 January 2010 10:46 UTC history-world.org [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ That they are thus supplying a real demand is proved by the success which has been gained among the Russian reading public by writers upon Jewish life.
^ With his customary penetration he described the real cause of anti-Semitism and the soil on which it had developed, appealing to his readers to make themselves acquainted at first hand with Jewish life.
^ On the other hand, it will cooperate by all possible means in the improvement of the inner life of the Jews themselves and in the attainment of their social regeneration on Russian soil."
An underground dissident literature, known as
samizdat, developed during this late period. In architecture the Khrushchev era mostly focused on functional design as opposed to the highly decorated style of Stalin's epoch.
.^ The most acute expression of this reaction was the attitude of the government and its press toward the Jews.
[29]
See also
Notes
- ^ Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. Britannica.
- ^ Richard Sakwa The Rise and Fall of the Soviet Union, 1917–1991: 1917–1991. Routledge, 1999. ISBN 0415122902, 9780415122900. pp. 140–143.
- ^ Julian Towster. Political Power in the U.S.S.R., 1917–1947: The Theory and Structure of Government in the Soviet State Oxford Univ. Press, 1948. p. 106.
- ^ (Russian) Voted Unanimously for the Union.
- ^ (Russian) Creation of the USSR at Khronos.ru.
- ^ "70 Years of Gidroproekt and Hydroelectric Power in Russia". http://www.springerlink.com/content/h3677572g016338u/.
- ^ (Russian) On GOELRO Plan — at Kuzbassenergo.
- ^ The consolidation into a single-party regime took place during the first three and a half years after the revolution, which included the period of War Communism and an election in which multiple parties competed. See Leonard Schapiro, The Origin of the Communist Autocracy: Political Opposition in the Soviet State, First Phase 1917–1922. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1955, 1966.
- ^ (Russian) Mel'tiukhov, Mikhail. Upushchennyi shans Stalina: Sovetskii Soiuz i bor'ba za Evropu 1939–1941. Moscow: Veche, 2000. ISBN 5783811963.
- ^ Denunciation of the neutrality pact April 5, 1945. (Avalon Project at Yale University)
- ^ Soviet Declaration of War on Japan, August 8, 1945. (Avalon Project at Yale University)
- ^ W. Tompson, The Soviet Union under Brezhnev, (Edinburgh, 2003), p. 91.
- ^ Kenneth S. Deffeyes, Beyond Oil: The View from Hubbert's Peak.
- ^ The red blues — Soviet politics by Brian Crozier, National Review, June 25, 1990.
- ^ Origins of Moral-Ethical Crisis and Ways to Overcome it by V.A.Drozhin Honoured Lawyer of Russia.
- ^ http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/288956/inquisitorial-procedure
- ^ http://law.jrank.org/pages/7663/Inquisitorial-System.html
- ^ a b c "Main Intelligence Administration (GRU) Glavnoye Razvedovatel'noye Upravlenie – Russia / Soviet Intelligence Agencies". Fas.org. http://www.fas.org/irp/world/russia/gru/. Retrieved 2008-11-24.
- ^ a b "The SVR Russia’s Intelligence Service". Fas.org. http://www.fas.org/irp/world/russia/svr/c103-gb.htm. Retrieved 2008-11-24.
- ^ Country Profile: Russia Foreign & Commonwealth Office of the United Kingdom.
- ^ Memorandum of Understanding, AcqWeb, February 7, 2007.
- ^ a b "1990 CIA World Factbook". Central Intelligence Agency. http://www.umsl.edu/services/govdocs/wofact90/world12.txt. Retrieved 2008-03-09.
- ^ Barbara A. Anderson and Brian D. Silver, "Demographic Sources of the Changing Ethnic Composition of the Soviet Union," Population and Development Review 15 (December 1989): 609–656.
- ^ Rulers and Victims: The Russians in the Soviet Union, History Today
- ^ Barbara A. Anderson and Brian D. Silver. 1984. "Equality, Efficiency, and Politics in Soviet Bilingual Education Policy, 1934–1980," American Political Science Review 78 (December): 1019–1039.
- ^ Russians left behind in Central Asia, BBC News, November 23, 2005.
- ^ Rayfield 2004, pp. 317–320.
- ^ Rayfield 2004, pp. 121–122.
- ^ "Gorbachev, Mikhail." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2007. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 2 Oct. 2007 <http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9037405>. "Under his new policy of glasnost (“openness”), a major cultural thaw took place: freedoms of expression and of information were significantly expanded; the press and broadcasting were allowed unprecedented candour in their reportage and criticism; and the country's legacy of Stalinist totalitarian rule was eventually completely repudiated by the government."
Externals
References
.
Wikis
Misc
Союз Советских Социалистических Республик (help·info), tr. Soyuz Sovetskikh Sotsialisticheskikh Respublik, IPA [sɐˈjʊs sɐˈvʲeʦkʲɪx səʦɪəlʲɪˈstʲiʨɪskʲɪx rʲɪsˈpʊblʲɪk], abbreviated СССР, SSSR.^ 
This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the Library of Congress Country Studies.^ 
Search
