| Walter de Coutances | |
|---|---|
 The front of Rouen Cathedral. The side doors date from the 12th century, and probably existed in Coutances lifetime. |
|
| Denomination | Catholic |
| Senior posting | |
| See | Archdiocese of Rouen |
| Title | Archbishop of Rouen |
| Period in office | 1184–1207 |
| Predecessor | Rotrou |
| Successor | Robert III Poulain |
| Religious career | |
| Priestly ordination | 11 June 1183 |
| Previous bishoprics | Bishop of Lincoln |
| Previous post | Archdeacon of Oxford |
| Personal | |
| Date of death | 16 November 1207 |
Walter de Coutances (or Walter of Coutances[1] or Walter of Rouen[2]) (died 16 November 1207) was a medieval English Bishop of Lincoln and Archbishop of Rouen. He began his royal service in the government of Henry II, serving as a vice-chancellor. He also accumulated a number of ecclesiastical offices, becoming successively canon of Rouen Cathedral, treasurer of Rouen, and Archdeacon of Oxford. King Henry sent him on a number of diplomatic missions, and finally rewarded him with the Bishopric of Lincoln in 1183. He did not remain at Lincoln long, for he was translated to the archbishopric of Rouen in late 1184.
When Richard I, King Henry's son, became king in 1189, Coutances absolved the new king for Richard's rebellion against his father and invested Richard as Duke of Normandy. Coutances then accompanied Richard to Sicily as the king began the Third Crusade, but events in England required the king to send the archbishop back to England to mediate between William Longchamp, the justiciar that Richard had left in charge of the kingdom, and Prince John, Richard's younger brother. Coutances returned to England and managed to secure a peace between Longchamp and John, but further actions by Longchamp led to the justiciar's expulsion from England and Coutances taking up the office of justiciar, but without the formal title ever being used by him. He retained the office until late 1193, when he was summoned to Germany by the king, who was then in captivity there. Coutances became a hostage for the final payment of Richard's ransom when the king was released in February 1194.
After his return from Germany, Coutances took no further part in English government, instead becoming involved in Norman affairs. One of these was a dispute with Richard over the ownership of Andali, an archiepiscopal manor that Richard desired as fortress. Eventually the archbishop surrendered it to the king in return for two other manors and the seaport of Dieppe. Richard went on to build the castle of Château-Gaillard on the former archiepiscopal manor. After Richard's death, Coutances invested Prince John as Duke of Normandy, but was forced to pay 2100 angevin pounds to secure contested rights from the new king. After John lost control of Normandy in 1204, the archbishop did not resist the new government of King Philip II of France. Coutances died in November 1207 and was buried in his cathedral.
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Coutances was born in Cornwall.[3] His parents were Reinfeld and Gonilla, and a brother was Roger fitzReinfrid,[4][notes 1] a layman and royal justice during the reign of King Henry II of England.[6] Although the medieval chronicler and churchman Gerald of Wales related that Coutances was descended from Trojan heroes that escaped the Sack of Troy and ended up in Cornwall, this was an invention by Gerald, who liked Coutances because Coutances had befriended Gerald. Instead, Coutances' family was of the knightly class, and probably was originally from Normandy.[7]
Coutances was usually given the title of magister, which signified that he had received an education in a school. Most likely, he attended the schools of Paris. Gerald of Wales said that he was dedicated to learning and considered Coutances to be a talented courtier.[4]
Coutances started his career as a clerk to King Henry II of England in the royal chamber.[8] He probably owed his original position to his brother, who was already in royal service.[4] Coutances may have been associated with the Beaumont family faction at court before beginning work for the king, but this is not certain.[9]
Coutances held a canonry in Rouen Cathedral by 1169.[3] During the 1170s, a group of royal clerks rose to prominence; among the group was Coutances along with Walter Map, Ralph Diceto, John of Oxford, Richard of Ilchester, and Geoffrey Ridel.[10] Coutances was the chaplain to Henry the Young King, eldest living son of King Henry, but when the younger Henry rebelled against his father in 1173, Coutances left the younger Henry's service and returned to King Henry's service.[11] He became Archdeacon of Oxford perhaps by 1173, certainly by 14 March 1176.[12] He was named vice-chancellor when Ralph de Warneville became Chancellor of England,[4] which occurred in 1173.[13]
In 1176 and 1177, King Henry sent Coutances on diplomatic missions to Flanders and the French royal court.[4] Arnulf of Lisieux, the Bishop of Lisieux, alleged that Henry allowed Coutances to use all the administrative machinery of Normandy in order to drive Arnulf from his diocese, in order that Coutances might become bishop there.[14] This happened in early 1178, but the only real evidence for this action on Coutances' part is from the correspondence of Arnulf, and as Coutances was back in England by July 1178, it does not appear that Coutances' attempt was long in duration.[15]
On his return to England, Coutances was given custody of the abbeys of Wilton and Ramsey, which were in royal custody pending election of new abbots.[4] This meant that Coutances collected the revenues of the abbeys in the name of the king, who had the regalian right to that income.[16] In 1180, Coutances was sent to France by the king again on another diplomatic mission.[9] In February 1182, Coutances witnessed the will of King Henry II, made before the king traveled to Normandy.[17]
Coutances was elected to the see of Lincoln on 8 May 1183,[18] selected by King Henry over three other candidates.[4] He was ordained a priest on 11 June 1183[4] and consecrated bishop on 3 July 1183[18] at Angers by Richard of Dover, the Archbishop of Canterbury.[4] He was enthroned at Lincoln Cathedral on 11 December 1183.[19]
While at Lincoln, Coutances took part in the election of Baldwin of Exeter as the new Archbishop of Canterbury, which took place at a council held at Westminster in 1184. Writing about Coutances' time at Lincoln, Gerald of Wales accused the bishop of increasing the debt of the diocese of Lincoln and of squandering its resources.[4] Coutances also helped the schools in the city of Lincoln, acting as the patron for scholars such as John of Tynemouth and Simon of Southwell.[20]
On 17 November 1184 he was translated to the diocese of Rouen, becoming Archbishop of Rouen.[18][19] The original election to Rouen had taken place in the summer, with King Henry initially rejecting the Rouen cathedral chapter's nominees and putting forth three English bishops as the royal candidates. The king also indicated that he preferred Coutances be elected. The pope then confirmed the choice of Coutances in November. Coutances hesitated about the translation to Rouen, as the see there was poorer than Lincoln, but was of a higher status, being an archbishopric instead of a bishopric. The medieval chronicler William of Newburgh wrote that eventually Coutances' ambition won out over his greed, and he agreed to the translation.[4] Coutances remained in Henry's service, however, and continued to be at the royal court often. During the last 10 years of Henry's reign, only Ranulf de Glanville witnessed more royal charters, and only Wiliam de Humez, the constable, equaled the 16 charters that Coutances witnessed.[21]
In the later part of 1186, after the death of King Henry's son Geoffrey II, Duke of Brittany, King Philip II of France demanded that Geoffrey's daughters be placed in the French king's custody, as well as the duchy of Brittany, which Geoffrey had ruled in right of his wife, be surrendered into French royal custody. Coutances was one of the negotiators sent by King Henry to secure a settlement, but the negotiators had to settle for a temporary truce.[22] In January 1188, Coutances took the cross, pledging to go on Crusade along with King Henry and King Philip of France.[4]
At Whitsun in 1189, Coutances was a member of a commission appointed by the papal legate John of Anagni to arbitrate the dispute between King Henry II of England and his son, Richard, who was supported by King Philip II of France. Henry and Richard's conflict stemmed from the desire of Richard to secure his inheritance to the throne of England, which he believed his father was trying to give to Richard's youngest brother John. The commission met near Le Mans, and Richard and Philip insisted that Richard should be married to Philip's sister Alice, that Henry name Richard as Henry's heir, and that Richard's youngest brother John should go on crusade with Richard. Henry rejected these terms, and neither Philip nor Richard would negotiate, even under the legate's threat of an interdict on France.[23]
Shortly after Richard took the throne, he sought absolution for his sins in rebelling against his father from Baldwin of Exeter, the Archbishop of Canterbury and Coutances. The two archbishop's granted this right after Richard entered Normandy, at Sees.[24] Coutances also invested Richard as Duke of Normandy, the ceremony taking place at Rouen. Coutances then accompanied the king to England, where the archbishop participated in the coronation of Richard,[4] which took place on 3 September 1189.[25]
In 1189, Coutances held an ecclesiastical synod that legislated, among other things, that the clergy should not hold secular offices, even though Coutances himself had held and continued to hold secular office.[26] On 9 November 1189, Richard appointed Coutances to a commission to decide the dispute between Baldwin of Exeter and the monks of his cathedral chapter over Baldwin's plan to create a church dedicated to Thomas Becket, the murdered Archbishop of Canterbury, and to staff this church not with monks, but canons.[27] The monks of Canterbury Cathedral objected to this plan, fearing that it was part of a plot to transfer the right of election from the monastic cathedral chapter to the new church's canons.[28] Along with Coutances, the other members of Richard's commission were Hugh de Puiset the Bishop of Durham, Godfrey de Lucy the Bishop of Winchester, Hubert Walter, the Bishop of Salisbury, Peter de Leia the Bishop of St David's, Richard fitzNigel the Bishop-elect of London, William Longchamp the Bishop-elect of Ely and some abbots. The commission traveled to Canterbury, and on 29 November 1189, managed to secure a compromise between the parties, which lasted until Hubert Walter, by then Archbishop of Canterbury, revived the plan. In the compromise, Baldwin agreed to give up the idea of a new monastic foundation around Canterbury and the monks agreed to submit to the archbishop's authority.[27]
When Richard left England in late 1189, the archbishop accompanied him to Normandy and then to Sicily, where Richard began the Third Crusade. In October 1190, Coutances was one of the negotiators between the city of Messina and the crusaders, and later was a guarantor of the peace treaty between Tancred, the King of Sicily and King Richard. The archbishop was also appointed to be one of the treasurers of the crusading army.[4]
While Richard still in Sicily, word reached the king of the disputes between William Longchamp, who Richard had left in England, and John, Richard's younger brother. On 2 April 1191, Richard sent Coutances back from Sicily to England, and the archbishop landed in England on 27 June, after a short side-trip to Rome.[29] Coutances received a release from his crusading vow, and returned to England in the company of Richard's mother, Queen Eleanor of Aquitaine.[4] Coutances had a number of royal documents authorizing him to settle the disputes, and on 28 July a settlement was reached that left Longchamp in control, although John still retained enough power to make Longchamp's grip on the government somewhat insecure. In September, however, Longchamp imprisoned Richard's bastard half-brother, Geoffrey, Archbishop of York, who was attempting to return to England after having been banished by the king. This imprisonment brought forth memories of the murder of Thomas Becket almost 20 years earlier, and Geoffrey was quickly released. Longchamp was brought to a council, headed by Coutances and a number of the clerical and lay lords of England, which took place on 5 October 1191 at Lodden Bridge on the Thames River. At the council, Longchamp was deposed and exiled, largely because Coutances had a royal document ordering the magnates to obey Coutances' if the archbishop's advice was resisted by Longchamp, which Longchamp had done.[29] Although the medieval chronicler Richard of Devizes accused Coutances of duplicity, and of trying to play both sides against the other, the evidence suggests that Coutances was genuinely trying to solve the dispute in the king's interest. Longchamp fled to Normandy, where Coutances excommunicated him.[4]
After Longchamp's exile, Coutances was named head of a council of regency, which sometimes is equated to the post of Chief Justiciar, although he never referred to himself as such nor is he titled that in any official document.[30] Most modern historians, however, name him as justiciar.[4][31][32] He held that power until around 25 December 1193, when Hubert Walter was appointed Justiciar.[30]
Coutances had long experience in the chancery, but little experience with judicial matters. Most of his efforts while in the justiciarship were centred on raising Richard's ransom, not on judicial matters. As evidence of this emphasis on raising money, Coutances sent out few itinerant justices during his time in power. Six groups of justices were sent out in 1192, but in 1193 none were sent out, and even the justices based in Westminster held few sessions.[31] Of those justices appointed, like his predecessor in the justiciarship, Coutances used justices from a wide range of backgrounds, and many of the justices sent out on itinerent rounds were local to the areas they were sent to, rather than the increasingly professional justices used under Coutances' successor Hubert Walter. At this point, the justiciarship was less connected to justice and was more closely tied to the Exchequer, or treasury of England, and most of the power in the office derived from its control of the Exchequer.[33]
A new note in Coutances' administration was his custom of issuing writs not in his own name, as had previously been the practice, but in the king's name. The archbishop also stressed that his decisions were made with the advice and consent of many of the leading nobles of the realm, as well as the the barons of the Exchequer. This was a reaction against Longchamp's authoritarian method of government.[34]
The archbishop also supervised the election of a new Archbishop of Canterbury, as Baldwin of Exeter had died while on Crusade in 1190. Although both Longchamp and Coutances were considered as possible candidates and rivals for the see, the cathedral chapter of Canterbury elected the Bishop of Bath, Reginald fitz Jocelin in November 1191, but Reginald died a month later and the see remained vacant until March 1193 when Hubert Walter, who was the king's candidate, was elected.[4]
During 1191, the citizens of the city of London managed to acquire from Coutances and Prince John the recognition that the city was self-governing.[35] In February 1193, Coutances summoned a council to Oxford, which dealt with problems of administration and defense after the recently received news of Richard's captivity in Germany. The council also took oaths of fealty.[36] Prince John, however, hearing that Richard was in captivity, immediately went to France and swore homage to King Philip for Richard's lands, and then returned to England and raised a rebellion. Coutances proceeded to besiege Windsor Castle, which was held by Prince John's men. When John heard that Richard was going to be freed, he left England and went to France.[37]
In February 1194, Coutances was in Germany, at the court of the German emperor, along with Longchamp, who brought letters to Richard, still in captivity. On 4 February, Coutances became a hostage to the German emperor for the payment of the rest of Richard's ransom, and the king was released.[38] The king never paid the final installment of his ransom, and the archbishop had to pay 10,000 marks in order to be released.[4] From this point on, Coutances no longer was involved with English politics or government, and spent the rest of his career involved in Norman affairs.[39] His record of charter witnessing bears this out, as Coutances had been among those who witnessed the most English charters of the king during the period 1189–1194, but after 1194 he no longer was one of the most common witnesses to royal charters in England.[40]
Coutances returned to Normandy and in December 1195, Coutances attempted to secure compensation for the losses his archdiocese had sustained in the warfare between King Richard and King Phillip. He sought compensation from both kings, but obtained no satisfaction and felt so ill-treated by the kings that he abandoned his see.[41] Both the English and the French kings had required clergymen to guarantee the January 1196 Treaty of Louviers that the two kings arranged for themselves, with Richard nominating Coutances as the his surety, or guarantor that the conditions of the treaty would be fulfilled. Part of the treaty laid out that if the archbishop laid an interdict or excommunicated anyone in the lands of King Philip or any subject of King Richard in the archdiocese of Rouen, that the archiepiscopal manor of Andali should be forfeit to either king until after a special tribunal had determined if the archbishop's punishment was valid.[42]
When Coutances returned to his diocese in July 1196, he found that the king had seized the manor of Andali independently of the treaty provisions, and when the archbishop refused to relinquish it to the king, Richard began to fortify the manor. He also built a castle there, which is now Chateau-Gaillard. On 7 November 1196, Coutances set out to Rome, to protest the seizure to the pope. Richard sent a royal embassy also, and eventually a settlement was reached. The archbishop was ordered to remove the interdict he had placed on the duchy, and the archbishop received in return for the manor, two other manors and the seaport of Dieppe.[41] The various lands that Coutances' received in exchange for Andali were worth £1405 a year.[43] This episode marked the end of Coutances service to the Angevin kings, with the archbishop concentrating for the rest of his life on protecting and guarding the archiepiscopal properties and rights.[4]
When Richard died on 6 April 1199,[25] the archbishop invested Richard's youngest brother John as duke of Normandy on 25 April 1199. At the ceremony, John pledged to protect the Norman church, and soon afterwards confirmed the grant of Dieppe and the other manors to the archdiocese. However, John contested the right of the archbishop to some jurisdictional rights as well as forest rights, forcing Coutances to pay 2100 angevin pounds in order to secure most of the contested rights. In May 1200, Coutances was involved in the peace treaty of Le Goulet between King John and King Philip of France, but took no active part in the Angevin defense of Normandy.[4]
In September 1201, one of Coutances suffragan bishops, Lisiard, the Bishop of Sees died. When the cathedral chapter attempted to elect one of their own members as the next bishop, King John objected. After the election of one of the chapter, Coutances refused to consent to the election, and the chapter divided into two parties, one favouring the original chapter member elected, the other party another choice. Both parties appealed to the papacy, who eventually approved of the election of the Archdeacon of Sees, Silvester. But Coutances, who had the right to consecrate the bishop, refused to do so, because the king's choice had been disregarded. Pope Innocent III then ordered another Norman archbishop to consecrate Silvester, but the king refused to allow Silvester to take possession of his see. This led Innocent to order Normandy laid under an interdict, but eventually Silvester was allowed to take possession of Sees.[44]
In May 1202, Pope Innocent III wrote to Coutances, urging him to impose religious punishments on any rebels against King John's rule in the duchy of Normandy.[45] When John lost the duchy of Normandy in 1204, Coutances did not resist the government of King Philip II of France,[46] although he did not make his complete peace with Philip until March 1207.[47] In 1206–1207, Coutances, along with his suffragan bishops, petitioned Philip for special legal procedures relating to patronage, which Philip granted.[48]
Although Coutances was absent from Rouen for most of the period between 1190 to 1194, he remained an active archbishop. He secured the continued immunity of clergy from secular jurisdiction, and supervised the administration of the archdiocese. He began the custom of keeping records in registers of episcopal judgements, starting around 1200. He also appointed the first officials of Rouen. He also oversaw the rebuilding of Rouen Cathedral, which had begun in 1155. He restarted the building after a fire in 1200.[4] He evidently had excellent relations with his cathedral chapter, as they remembered him as "a magnificent benefactor of the church of Rouen".[49]
Coutances died on 16 November 1207 and was buried at Rouen Cathedral. His personal possessions were inventoried after his death, and included a large number of jewels and vestments. He also owned a large library, including not just religious works but legal texts on canon law and works of classical authors such as Juvenal and Ovid.[4]
Coutances' nephew was John of Coutances who became Archdeacon of Oxford and Dean of Rouen under Walter's influence. John later became Bishop of Worcester.[50][notes 2] Other nephews were William, successively a canon at Lincoln Cathedral and an archdeacon at Rouen, and Richard, also an archdeacon at Rouen.[3]
The historian John Gillingham called Coutances "one of the great fixers" of his time.[52] Two other historians have argued that it was probably Coutances' judgement and stability that caused the king to trust him.[53] The medieval poet John de Hanville dedicated a satirical poem on the tribulations of a poor scholar to Coutances.[54]
| Political offices | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by William Longchamp |
Chief Justiciar de facto 1191–1193 |
Succeeded by Hubert Walter |
| Catholic Church titles | ||
| Preceded by Geoffrey Plantagenet |
Bishop of Lincoln 1183–1184 |
Succeeded by Hugh of Avalon |
| Preceded by Rotrou |
Archbishop of Rouen 1184–1207 |
Succeeded by Robert III Poulain |
   | British History Online Bishops of Lincoln - Bishops | British History Online |
| | British History Online Archdeacons of Oxford - Archdeacons - Oxford | British History Online |
| | British History Online Bishops of Worcester - WORCESTER - Bishops | British History Online |
| | The Norman Empire and the Secular Clergy, 1066-1204 - JSTOR: An Error Occurred Setting Your User Cookie |
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