# Wave power: Wikis

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# Encyclopedia

Large storm waves pose a challenge to wave power development
Renewable energy

Wave power is the transport of energy by ocean surface waves, and the capture of that energy to do useful work — for example for electricity generation, water desalination, or the pumping of water (into reservoirs).

Wave power is distinct from the diurnal flux of tidal power and the steady gyre of ocean currents. Wave power generation is not currently a widely employed commercial technology although there have been attempts at using it since at least 1890.[1] The world's first commercial wave farm is based in Portugal,[2] at the Aguçadoura Wave Park, which consists of three 750 kilowatt Pelamis devices.[3]

## Physical concepts

When an object bobs up and down on a ripple in a pond, it experiences an elliptical trajectory.
Motion of a particle in an ocean wave.
A = At deep water. The orbital motion of fluid particles decreases rapidly with increasing depth below the surface.
B = At shallow water (ocean floor is now at B). The elliptical movement of a fluid particle flattens with decreasing depth.
1 = Propagation direction.
2 = Wave crest.
3 = Wave trough.

Waves are generated by wind passing over the surface of the sea. As long as the waves propagate slower than the wind speed just above the waves, there is an energy transfer from the wind to the waves. Both air pressure differences between the upwind and the lee side of a wave crest, as well as friction on the water surface by the wind, making the water to go into the shear stress causes the growth of the waves.[4]

Wave height is determined by wind speed, the duration of time the wind has been blowing, fetch (the distance over which the wind excites the waves) and by the depth and topography of the seafloor (which can focus or disperse the energy of the waves). A given wind speed has a matching practical limit over which time or distance will not produce larger waves. When this limit has been reached the sea is said to be "fully developed."

In general, larger waves are more powerful but wave power is also determined by wave speed, wavelength, and water density.

Oscillatory motion is highest at the surface and diminishes exponentially with depth. However, for standing waves (clapotis) near a reflecting coast, wave energy is also present as pressure oscillations at great depth, producing microseisms.[4] These pressure fluctuations at greater depth are too small to be interesting from the point of view of wave power.

The waves propagate on the ocean surface, and the wave energy is also transported horizontally with the group velocity. The mean transport rate of the wave energy through a vertical plane of unit width, parallel to a wave crest, is called the wave energy flux (or wave power, which must not be confused with the actual power generated by a wave power device).

### Wave power formula

In deep water where the water depth is larger than half the wavelength, the wave energy flux is

$P = \frac{\rho g^2}{64\pi} H_{m0}^2 T_{e} \approx \left(0.5 \frac{\text{kW}}{\text{m}^3 \cdot \text{s}} \right) H_{m0}^2\; T_{e},$

The above formula states that wave power is proportional to the wave period and to the square of the wave height. When the significant wave height is given in meters, and the wave period in seconds, the result is the wave power in kilowatts (kW) per meter of wavefront length.[5][6][7]

Example: Consider moderate ocean swells, in deep water, a few kilometers off a coastline, with a wave height of 3 meters and a wave period of 8 seconds. Using the formula to solve for power, we get

$P \approx 0.5 \frac{\text{kW}}{\text{m}^3 \cdot \text{s}} (3 \cdot \text{m})^2 (8 \cdot \text{s}) \approx 36 \frac{\text{kW}}{\text{m}},$

meaning there are 36 kilowatts of power potential per meter of coastline.

In major storms, the largest waves offshore are about 15 meters high and have a period of about 15 seconds. According to the above formula, such waves carry about 1.7 MW/m of power across each meter of wavefront.

An effective wave power device captures as much as possible of the wave energy flux. As a result the waves will be of lower height in the region behind the wave power device.

### Wave energy and wave energy flux

In a sea state, the average energy density per unit area of gravity waves on the water surface is proportional to the wave height squared, according to linear wave theory:[4][8]

$E=\frac{1}{16}\rho g H_{m0}^2,$ [A 1][9]

where E is the mean wave energy density per unit horizontal area (J/m2), the sum of kinetic and potential energy density per unit horizontal area. The potential energy density is equal to the kinetic energy,[4] both contributing half to the wave energy density E, as can be expected from the equipartition theorem. In ocean waves, surface tension effects are negligible for wavelengths above a few decimetres.

As the waves propagate, their energy is transported. The energy transport velocity is the group velocity. As a result, the wave energy flux, through a vertical plane of unit width perpendicular to the wave propagation direction, is equal to:[10][4]

$P = E\, c_g, \, \$

with cg the group velocity (m/s). Due to the dispersion relation for water waves under the action of gravity, the group velocity depends on the wavelength λ, or equivalently, on the wave period T. Further, the dispersion relation is a function of the water depth h. As a result, the group velocity behaves differently in the limits of deep and shallow water, and at intermediate depths:[4][8]

### Deep water characteristics and opportunities

Deep water corresponds with a water depth larger than half the wavelength, which is the common situation in the sea and ocean. In deep water, longer period waves propagate faster and transport their energy faster. The deep-water group velocity is half the phase velocity. In shallow water, for wavelengths larger than twenty times the water depth, as found quite often near the coast, the group velocity is equal to the phase velocity.[11]

The regularity of deep-water ocean swells, where "easy-to-predict long-wavelength oscillations" are typically seen, offers the opportunity for the development of energy harvesting technologies that are potentially less subject to physical damage by near-shore cresting waves.[12]

## History

The first known patent to utilise energy from ocean waves dates back to 1799 and was filed in Paris by Girard and his son.[13] An early application of wave power was a device constructed around 1910 by Bochaux-Praceique to light and power his house at Royan, near Bordeaux in France.[14] It appears that this was the first Oscillating Water Column type of wave energy device.[15] From 1855 to 1973 there were already 340 patents filed in the UK alone.[13]

Modern scientific pursuit of wave energy was however pioneered by Yoshio Masuda's experiments in the 1940s.[16] He has tested various concepts of wave energy devices at sea, with several hundred units used to power navigation lights. Among these was the concept of extracting power from the angular motion at the joints of an articulated raft, which was proposed in the 1950s by Masuda.[17]

A renewed interest in wave energy was motivated by the oil crisis in 1973. A number of university researchers reexamined the potential of generating energy from ocean waves, among whom notably were Stephen Salter from the University of Edinburgh, Kjell Budal and Johannes Falnes from Norwegian Institute of Technology (now merged into Norwegian University of Science and Technology), Michael E. McCormick from U. S. Naval Academy, David Evans from Bristol University, Michael French from University of Lancaster, John Newman and Chiang C. Mei from MIT.

In the 1980s, as the oil price went down, wave-energy funding was drastically reduced. Nevertheless, a few first-generation prototypes were tested at sea. More recently, following the issue of climate change, there is again a growing interest worldwide for renewable energy, including wave energy.[18]

## Modern technology

Wave power devices are generally categorized by the method used to capture the energy of the waves. They can also be categorized by location and power take-off system. Method types are point absorber or buoy; surfacing following or attenuator oriented parallel to the direction of wave propagation; terminator, oriented perpendicular to the direction of wave propagation; oscillating water column; and overtopping. Locations are shoreline, nearshore and offshore. Types of power take-off include: hydraulic ram, elastomeric hose pump, pump-to-shore, hydroelectric turbine, air turbine,[19] and linear electrical generator. Some of these designs incorporate parabolic reflectors as a means of increasing the wave energy at the point of capture. These capture systems use the rise and fall motion of waves to capture energy.[20] Once the wave energy is captured at a wave source, power must be carried to the point of use or to a connection to the electrical grid by transmission power cables.[21]

These are descriptions of some wave power systems:

The front of the Pelamis machine bursting through a wave at the Agucadoura Wave Park
Wave Dragon seen from reflector, prototype 1:4½
• In the United States, the Pacific Northwest Generating Cooperative is funding the building of a commercial wave-power park at Reedsport, Oregon.[22] The project will utilize the PowerBuoy technology Ocean Power Technologies which consists of modular, ocean-going buoys. The rising and falling of the waves moves hydraulic fluid with the buoy; this motion is used to spin a generator, and the electricity is transmitted to shore over a submerged transmission line. A 150 kW buoy has a diameter of 36 feet (11 m) and is 145 feet (44 m) tall, with approximately 30 feet of the unit rising above the ocean surface. Using a three-point mooring system, they are designed to be installed one to five miles (8 km) offshore in water 100 to 200 feet (60 m) deep.[23]
• An example of a surface following device is the Pelamis Wave Energy Converter. The sections of the device articulate with the movement of the waves, each resisting motion between it and the next section, creating pressurized oil to drive a hydraulic ram which drives a hydraulic motor.[24] The machine is long and narrow (snake-like) and points into the waves; it attenuates the waves, gathering more energy than its narrow profile suggests. Its articulating sections drive internal hydraulic generators (through the use of pumps and accumulators).
• With the Wave Dragon wave energy converter large "arms" focus waves up a ramp into an offshore reservoir. The water returns to the ocean by the force of gravity via hydroelectric generators.
• The Anaconda Wave Energy Converter is in the early stages of development by UK company Checkmate SeaEnergy.[25] The concept is a 200 metre long rubber tube which is tethered underwater. Passing waves will instigate a wave inside the tube, which will then propagates down its walls, driving a turbine at the far end.[26]
• The AquaBuOY is made by Finavera Renewables Inc. Energy transfer takes place by converting the vertical component of wave kinetic energy into pressurized seawater by means of two-stroke hose pumps. Pressurized seawater is directed into a conversion system consisting of a turbine driving an electrical generator. The power is transmitted to shore by means of a secure, undersea transmission line. A commercial wave power production facility utilizing the AquaBuOY technology is beginning initial construction in Portugal.[27] The company has 250 MW of projects planned or under development on the west coast of North America.[28] This technology seems to be on-hold as of February 2009. Finavera Renewables surrendered wave energy permits from FERC.[29]
• The SeaRaser, built by Alvin Smith, uses an entirely new technique (pumping) for gathering the wave energy.[30]
• A device called CETO, currently being tested off Fremantle, Western Australia,[31] consists of a single piston pump attached to the sea floor, with a float tethered to the piston. Waves cause the float to rise and fall, generating pressurized water, which is piped to an onshore facility to drive hydraulic generators or run reverse osmosis water desalination.[32]
• Another type of wave buoys, using special polymeres, is being developed by SRI [33]
• Wavebob is an Irish Company who have conducted some ocean trials.
• The Oyster wave energy converter is a hydro-electric wave energy device currently being developed by Aquamarine Power. The wave energy device captures the energy found in nearshore waves and converts it into clean usable electricity. The systems consists of a hinged mechanical flap connected to the seabed at around 10m depth. Each passing wave moves the flap which drives hydraulic pistons to deliver high pressure water via a pipeline to an onshore turbine which generates electricity. In November 2009, the first full-scale demonstrator Oyster began producing power when it was launched at the European Marine Energy Centre (EMEC) on Orkney.[34]
• Ocean Energy have developed the OE bouy which has completed (September 2009) a 2-year sea trial in one quarter scale form. The OE bouy has only one moving part.[35]
• The Lysekil Project is based on a concept with a direct driven linear generator placed on the seabed. The generator is connected to a buoy at the surface via a line. The movements of the buoy will drive the translator in the generator. The advantage of this setup is a less complex mechanical system with potentially a smaller need for maintenance. One drawback is a more complicated electrical system.[36][37]
• An Australian firm, Oceanlinx, is developing a deep-water technology to generate electricity from, ostensibly, easy-to-predict long-wavelength ocean swell oscillations. Oceanlinx recently began installation of a third and final demonstration-scale, grid-connected unit near Port Kembla, near Sydney, Australia, a 2.5 MWe system that is expected to go online in early 2010, when its power will be connected to the Australian grid. The companies much smaller first-generation prototype unit, in operation since 2006, is now being disassembled.[12]
• An Israeli firm, SDE ENERGY LTD., has developed a breakwater-based wave energy converter. This device is close to the shore and utilizes the vertical motion of buoys for creating an hydraulic pressure, which in turn operates the system's generators. S.D.E. is currently building a new 250 kWh model in the port of Jaffa, Tel Aviv and preparing to construct it's standing orders for a 100mWh power plants in the islands of Zanzibar and Kosrae, Micronesia.
• Another Australian company BioPower Systems uses the biomimicry of the floats of swaying sea plants in the presence of ocean waves in its BioWave system.

## Challenges

These are some of the challenges to deploying wave power devices:

• The device needs to capture a reasonable fraction of the wave energy in irregular waves, in a wide range of sea states.
• There is an extremely large fluctuation of power in the waves. The peak absorption capacity needs to be much (more than 10 times) larger than the mean power. For wave power the ratio is typically 4.
• The device has to efficiently convert wave motion into electricity. Generally speaking, wave power is available at low speed and high force, and the motion of forces is not in a single direction. Most readily-available electric generators operate at higher speeds, and most readily-available turbines require a constant, steady flow.
• The device has to be able to survive storm damage and saltwater corrosion. Likely sources of failure include seized bearings, broken welds, and snapped mooring lines. Hence, designers may create prototypes that are so overbuilt that materials costs prohibit affordable production.
• The total cost of electricity is high. Wave power will be competitive only when the total cost of generation is reduced (or the total cost of power generated from other sources increases). The total cost includes the primary converter, the power take-off system, the mooring system, installation & maintenance cost, and electricity delivery costs.
• There is a potential impact on the marine environment. Noise pollution, for example, could have negative impact if not monitored, although the noise and visible impact of each design varies greatly.[6]
• In terms of socio-economic challenges, wave farms can result in the displacement of commercial and recreational fishermen from productive fishing grounds, can change the pattern of beach sand nourishment, and may represent hazards to safe navigation.[38]
• In the US, development of wave farms is currently hindered by a maze of state and federal regulatory hurdles and limited R&D funding.
• Waves generate about 2,700 gigawatts of power. Of those 2,700 gigawatts, only about 500 gigawatts can be captured with the current technology.[20]

## Wave farms

The world's first commercial wave farm opened in 2008 at the Aguçadora Wave Park near Póvoa de Varzim in Portugal. It uses three Pelamis P-750 machines with a total installed capacity of 2.25MW.[3][39] However, in November the units were removed from the water, and in March 2009 the project was suspended indefinitely.[40] A second phase of the project planned to increase the installed capacity to 21MW using a further 25 Pelamis machines[41] is in doubt following Babcock's withdrawal from the project.

Funding for a 3MW wave farm in Scotland was announced on 20 February 2007 by the Scottish Executive, at a cost of over 4 million pounds, as part of a £13 million funding package for marine power in Scotland. The farm will be the world's largest, with a capacity of 3MW generated by four Pelamis machines.[42]

Funding has also been announced for the development of a Wave hub off the north coast of Cornwall, England. The Wave hub will act as giant extension cable, allowing arrays of wave energy generating devices to be connected to the electricity grid. The Wave hub will initially allow 20MW of capacity to be connected, with potential expansion to 40MW. Four device manufacturers have so far expressed interest in connecting to the Wave hub.[43][44]

The scientists have calculated that wave energy gathered at Wave Hub will be enough to power up to 7,500 households. Savings that the Cornwall wave power generator will bring are significant: about 300,000 tons of carbon dioxide in the next 25 years.[45]

A CETO wave farm off the coast of Western Australia has been operating to prove commercial viability and, after preliminary environmental approval, is poised for further development.[citation needed] see http://www.ceto.com.au/home.php

## Discussion of Salter's Duck

In response to the Oil Crisis, a number of researchers reexamined the potential of generating energy from ocean waves, among whom is Professor Stephen Salter of the University of Edinburgh, Scotland. His 1974 invention became known as Salter's Duck or Nodding Duck, although it was officially referred to as the Edinburgh Duck. In small scale controlled tests, the Duck's curved cam-like body can stop 90% of wave motion and can convert 90% of that to electricity.[46] The machine has never gone to sea.[citation needed]

According to sworn testimony before the House of Parliament, the UK Wave Energy program was shut down on 1982-03-19, in a closed meeting,[47] the details of which remain secret.

An analysis of Salter's Duck resulted in a miscalculation of the estimated cost of energy production by a factor of 10,[48] an error which was identified in 2008. Some wave power advocates believe that this error, combined with a general lack of enthusiasm for renewable energy in the 1980s (after oil prices fell), hindered the advancement of wave power technology.[49]

## Potential

Deep water wave power resources are truly enormous, between 1 TW and 10 TW, but it is not practical to capture all of this.[50] The useful worldwide resource has been estimated to be greater than 2 TW.[51][52] Locations with the most potential for wave power include the western seaboard of Europe, the northern coast of the UK, and the Pacific coastlines of North and South America, Southern Africa, Australia, and New Zealand. The north and south temperate zones have the best sites for capturing wave power. The prevailing westerlies in these zones blow strongest in winter. Waves are very predictable. The waves that are caused by winds can be predicted five days in advance. Tidal currents, caused by lunar positions, are known 100 years in advance. Water has a power density that is 832 times greater than air's power density. That means that large amounts of energy can be obtained from relatively small devices. For example, it would require a wind turbine three times its size to generate the same amount of power as a regular-sized underwater turbine.[53]

Tidal currents in the seas affect the wave heights. This translates to greater energy captured by a wave motor. Studies by the Journal of Coastal Research show that the maximum wave height occurs 50-60 min after the tidal current flooding. These tidal currents have a speed of 0.7 m/s.[54]

The UK has an estimated recoverable resource of between 50–90TWh of electricity a year, this is roughly 15–25% of the current UK electricity demand.[55]

## Patents

 CETO Wave Power European Ocean Energy Association European Marine Energy Centre

## Notes

1. ^ For a small-amplitude sinusoidal wave $\scriptstyle \eta=a\,\cos\, 2\pi\left(\frac{x}{\lambda}-\frac{t}{T}\right)$ with wave amplitude $\scriptstyle a,\,$ the wave energy density per unit horizontal area is $\scriptstyle E=\frac{1}{2}\rho g a^2,$ or $\scriptstyle E=\frac{1}{8}\rho g H^2$ using the wave height $\scriptstyle H\,=\,2\,a\,$ for sinusoidal waves. In terms of the variance of the surface elevation $\scriptstyle m_0=\sigma_\eta^2=\overline{(\eta-\bar\eta)^2}=\frac{1}{2}a^2,$ the energy density is $\scriptstyle E=\rho g m_0\,$. Turning to random waves, the last formulation of the wave energy equation in terms of $\scriptstyle m_0\,$ is also valid (Holthuijsen, 2007, p. 40), due to Parseval's theorem. Further, the significant wave height is defined as $\scriptstyle H_{m0}=4\sqrt{m_0}$, leading to the factor 116 in the wave energy density per unit horizontal area.
2. ^ For determining the group velocity the angular frequency ω is considered as a function of the wavenumber k, or equivalently, the period T as a function of the wavelength λ.

## References

1. ^ Christine Miller (August 2004). "Wave and Tidal Energy Experiments in San Francisco and Santa Cruz". Retrieved 2008-08-16.
2. ^ Emily Ford. "Wave power scientist enthused by green energy". London: The Times. Retrieved 2008-10-15.
3. ^ a b Alok Jha (25 September 2008). "Making waves: UK firm harnesses power of the sea ... in Portugal". The Guardian. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
4. ^ a b c d e f Phillips, O.M. (1977). The dynamics of the upper ocean (2nd edition ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0 521 29801 6.
5. ^
6. ^ a b
7. ^ http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Publications/2006/04/24110728/10
8. ^ a b Goda, Y. (2000). Random Seas and Design of Maritime Structures. World Scientific. ISBN 978 981 02 3256 6.
9. ^ Holthuijsen, Leo H. (2007). Waves in oceanic and coastal waters. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521860288.
10. ^ Reynolds, O. (1877). "On the rate of progression of groups of waves and the rate at which energy is transmitted by waves". Nature 16: 343–44.
Lord Rayleigh (J. W. Strutt) (1877). "On progressive waves". Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society 9: 21–26. doi:10.1112/plms/s1-9.1.21.  Reprinted as Appendix in: Theory of Sound 1, MacMillan, 2nd revised edition, 1894.
11. ^ R. G. Dean and R. A. Dalrymple (1991). Water wave mechanics for engineers and scientists. Advanced Series on Ocean Engineering. 2. World Scientific, Singapore. ISBN 978-9810204204.  See page 64–65.
12. ^ a b Adee, Sally (2009-10-21). "This Renewable Energy Source Is Swell BITHCES WAZ UP WIT YALLL". IEEE Spectrum Inside Technology. Retrieved 2009-10-22.
13. ^ a b Clément et al. (2002). "Wave energy in Europe: current status and perspectives". Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 6: 405–431.
14. ^
15. ^ Morris-Thomas et al. (2007). "An Investigation Into the Hydrodynamic Efficiency of an Oscillating Water Column". Journal of Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering 129: 273–278.
16. ^ "Wave Energy Research and Development at JAMSTEC". Retrieved 2009-12-18.
17. ^ Farley, F. J. M. and Rainey, R. C. T. (2006). "Radical design options for wave-profiling wave energy converters". International Workshop on Water Waves and Floating Bodies. Loughborough. Retrieved 2009-12-18.
18. ^ Falnes, J. (2007). "A review of wave-energy extraction". Marine Structures 20: 185–201.
19. ^ Embedded Shoreline Devices and Uses as Power Generation Sources Kimball, Kelly, November 2003
20. ^ a b McCormick, Michael E., and R. Cengiz Ertekin. Mechanical Engineering-CIME 131.5 (2009): 36. Expanded Academic ASAP. Web. 5 Oct. 2009.
21. ^ Underwater Cable an Alternative to Electrical Towers, Matthew L. Wald, New York Times, 2010-03-16, accessed 2010-03-18.
22. ^ "Agreement to Develop Wave Power Park in Oregon". www.renewableeneregyaccess.com. Retrieved 2008-10-15.
23. ^ "Reedsport OPT Wave Park FERC Project No. 12713 Application for a Major License". Federal Energy Regulatory Commission. Retrieved 2010-02-15.
24. ^ Jenny Haworth (24 September 2008). "If Portugal can rule the waves, why not Scotland?". The Scotsman. Retrieved 2008-10-09.
25. ^ Anaconda WEC
26. ^ Article about Anaconda on physics.org
27. ^ Wave Energy: Figueira da Foz, Portugal Finavera Renewables
28. ^ Wave Energy Device Deployed
29. ^ Finavera To Surrender Wave Energy Permits
30. ^ SeaRaser
31. ^ Stephen Cauchi (October 5, 2008). "New wave of power in renewable energy market". The Age. Retrieved 2008-10-10.
32. ^ "CETO Overview". carnegiecorp.com.au. Retrieved 2008-11-03.
33. ^ SRI Demonstrates Ocean Wave-Powered Generator off California Coast, SRI International, 08.12.2008
34. ^ http://www.aquamarinepower.com
35. ^ http://www.oceanenergy.ie/oe-technology/platform.html
36. ^ Leijon, Mats et. al (9 April 2008). "Wave Energy from the North Sea: Experiences from the lysekil Research site". Retrieved 24 June 2009.
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43. ^ James Sturcke (26 April 2007). "Wave farm wins £21.5m grant". The Guardian. Retrieved 2009-04-08.
44. ^ "Tender problems delaying Wave Hub". BBC News. 2 April 2008. Retrieved 2009-04-08.
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48. ^ "Water Power Devices". Earth Science Australia. Retrieved 2008-10-22.
49. ^ "The untimely death of Salter's Duck". Green Left Weekly. Retrieved 2008-10-22.
50. ^ Engineering Committee on Oceanic Resources — Working Group on Wave Energy Conversion (2003), John Brooke, ed., Wave Energy Conversion, Elsevier, pp. 7, ISBN 0080442129
51. ^ Tom Thorpe. "An Overview of Wave Energy Technologies: Status, Performance and Costs" (PDF). wave-energy.net. Retrieved 2008-10-13.
52. ^ Cruz J.; Gunnar M., Barstow S., Mollison D. (2008), Joao Cruz, ed., Green Energy and Technology, Ocean Wave Energy, Springer Science+Business Media, pp. 93, ISBN 978-3-540-74894-6
53. ^ "Stormy Seas: Ocean Power Promoters Struggle to Overcome a Stiff Current of Challenges." Curlik, Larissa. "Stormy Seas: Ocean Power Promoters Struggle to Overcome a Stiff Current of Challenges." Earth Island Journal 24.1 (2009): 51(5). Expanded Academic ASAP. Web. 5 Oct. 2009.
54. ^ "Tidal modulation of incident wave heights: fact or fiction?." Davidson, M. A., T. J. O'Hare, and K. J. George. "Tidal Modulation of Incident Wave Heights: Fact or Fiction." Journal of Costal Research 24.2 (2008): S151. Expanded Academic ASAP. Web. 5 Oct. 2009.
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• Cruz, Joao (2008), Ocean Wave Energy - Current Status and Future Prospects, Springer, ISBN 3540748946 , 431 pp.
• Falnes, Johannes (2002), Ocean Waves and Oscillating Systems, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0521017491 , 288 pp.
• McCormick, Michael (2007), Ocean Wave Energy Conversion, Dover, ISBN 0486462455 , 256 pp.
• Twidell, John; Weir, Anthony D.; Weir, Tony (2006), Renewable Energy Resources, Taylor & Francis, ISBN 0419253300 , 601 pp.

# Simple English

[[File:|thumb|Wave dragon]] Wave power means the energy of ocean surface waves and the capture of that energy to do useful work - including electricity generation, desalination, and the pumping of water (into reservoirs).

Power from ocean surface wave motion might produce much more energy than tides. It has been tested that it is possible to produce energy from waves, particularly in Scotland in the UK. But the technology is not as well developed as wind power or solar power.

## Other websites

yoyoyoSpeed Hydraulic Pump]