From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
| World War II |
Clockwise from top left: Chinese forces in the Battle of Wanjialing, British 25-pounder guns opening fire during the First Battle of El Alamein, German Stuka dive bombers on the Eastern Front winter 1943–1944, US naval force in the Lingayen Gulf, Wilhelm Keitel signing the German Surrender, Soviet troops in the Battle of Stalingrad |
| Date |
September 1, 1939 – September 2, 1945 |
| Location |
Europe, Pacific, Atlantic, South-East Asia, China, Middle East, Mediterranean and Africa |
| Result |
.^ These victories, although they are partial victories, are great victories and must be fully supported by the Working Class in the United States and in all countries.- democracyarsenal.org: Lieberman Head-Butts Ned Lamont? (or the tragic story of an independent, principled Democrat) 11 September 2009 6:55 UTC www.democracyarsenal.org [Source type: Original source]
^ Rule by Decree and to falsely justify installation of the present military-bureaucratic police state in the United States and to provide a false pretext for adoption of the present policy of Permanent War and U.S. State Terrorism.- democracyarsenal.org: Lieberman Head-Butts Ned Lamont? (or the tragic story of an independent, principled Democrat) 11 September 2009 6:55 UTC www.democracyarsenal.org [Source type: Original source]
^ If we stay in the Middle East we keep tensions high, which can lead to war, a cut-off of oil supples and a Long Emergency.- World War Three Anybody? - Clusterfuck Nation 2 February 2010 18:018 UTC kunstler.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
(more...)
|
|
| Belligerents |
Allies
|
Axis and Axis-aligned
|
| Commanders |
Allied leaders
|
Axis leaders
|
| Casualties and losses |
Military dead:
Over 16,000,000
Civilian dead:
Over 45,000,000
Total dead:
Over 61,000,000
...further details |
Military dead:
Over 8,000,000
Civilian dead:
Over 4,000,000
Total dead:
Over 12,000,000
...further details |
|
|
|
.^ That's what the World Wars were all about.- World War Three Anybody? - Clusterfuck Nation 2 February 2010 18:018 UTC kunstler.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Conspiracy groups are vehemently anti-Communist, having the same position as the U.S. government on the most important issue of all—maintaining the capitalists in state power!- democracyarsenal.org: Lieberman Head-Butts Ned Lamont? (or the tragic story of an independent, principled Democrat) 11 September 2009 6:55 UTC www.democracyarsenal.org [Source type: Original source]
^ The majority of the world’s citizens recognize that the United States, which reflects the naked dynamic of capitalism, as the source of all war as well as all economic disparity.- democracyarsenal.org: Lieberman Head-Butts Ned Lamont? (or the tragic story of an independent, principled Democrat) 11 September 2009 6:55 UTC www.democracyarsenal.org [Source type: Original source]
.^ But they’ve got more people and labor than anybody.” Ritter also added: “They can gear up to make tremendous quantities (of vaccine—100 millions doses a day!- democracyarsenal.org: Lieberman Head-Butts Ned Lamont? (or the tragic story of an independent, principled Democrat) 11 September 2009 6:55 UTC www.democracyarsenal.org [Source type: Original source]
^ This has made Pakistan an indespensible "ally" in the war on terror, therefore making them more influential and powerful than they should be.- World War Three Anybody? - Clusterfuck Nation 2 February 2010 18:018 UTC kunstler.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ It is clear that capitalism has indeed incorporated this approach which is more evident than ever before in history.- democracyarsenal.org: Lieberman Head-Butts Ned Lamont? (or the tragic story of an independent, principled Democrat) 11 September 2009 6:55 UTC www.democracyarsenal.org [Source type: Original source]
.^ Rule by Decree and to falsely justify installation of the present military-bureaucratic police state in the United States and to provide a false pretext for adoption of the present policy of Permanent War and U.S. State Terrorism.- democracyarsenal.org: Lieberman Head-Butts Ned Lamont? (or the tragic story of an independent, principled Democrat) 11 September 2009 6:55 UTC www.democracyarsenal.org [Source type: Original source]
^ The majority of the world’s citizens recognize that the United States, which reflects the naked dynamic of capitalism, as the source of all war as well as all economic disparity.- democracyarsenal.org: Lieberman Head-Butts Ned Lamont? (or the tragic story of an independent, principled Democrat) 11 September 2009 6:55 UTC www.democracyarsenal.org [Source type: Original source]
^ When the Socialist Revolution takes place in the United States there will be no civil war and no more central support for capitalism-imperialism anywhere on Earth.- democracyarsenal.org: Lieberman Head-Butts Ned Lamont? (or the tragic story of an independent, principled Democrat) 11 September 2009 6:55 UTC www.democracyarsenal.org [Source type: Original source]
.^ Reply Nuclear weapons have three uses: .- World War Three Anybody? - Clusterfuck Nation 2 February 2010 18:018 UTC kunstler.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ No Hindu nation with nuclear weapons has used them.- World War Three Anybody? - Clusterfuck Nation 2 February 2010 18:018 UTC kunstler.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The argument of whether or not Iran as a nation would use nuclear weapons is a moot point.- World War Three Anybody? - Clusterfuck Nation 2 February 2010 18:018 UTC kunstler.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ "Barack Obama has declared that the US "is not at war with Islam", in a major speech during his first visit as president to a mainly Muslim country."- World War Three Anybody? - Clusterfuck Nation 2 February 2010 18:018 UTC kunstler.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Reply "The most likely candidates for starting World War III are the extremists and fundamentalists of the monotheistic religions: Judaism, Christianity, or Islam."- World War Three Anybody? - Clusterfuck Nation 2 February 2010 18:018 UTC kunstler.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The most likely candidates for starting World War III are the extremists and fundamentalists of the monotheistic religions: Judaism, Christianity, or Islam.- World War Three Anybody? - Clusterfuck Nation 2 February 2010 18:018 UTC kunstler.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
Many countries were already at war by this date, such as
Ethiopia and
Italy in the
Second Italo-Abyssinian War and
China and
Japan in the
Second Sino-Japanese War.
[3] .^ I think the cause of world war 2 was when japan attacked pearl harbor.- What was the main cause of WW2? - Q&A 15 January 2010 2:44 UTC www.faqs.org [Source type: General]
^ That was the case and the Soviets later recovered all of the land which they had given up to the Germans.- democracyarsenal.org: Lieberman Head-Butts Ned Lamont? (or the tragic story of an independent, principled Democrat) 11 September 2009 6:55 UTC www.democracyarsenal.org [Source type: Original source]
^ I think that Germanys decision to attack Poland was the main cause of WWII, Britain and France said that if Germany did attack Poland, then they would declare war, Germany went ahead and attacked so war was declared.- What was the main cause of WW2? - Q&A 15 January 2010 2:44 UTC www.faqs.org [Source type: General]
[5]
.^ It was Britain's fault that World War 2 started, if they hadn't put in these harsh treaties, War might of ended forever.- What was the main cause of WW2? - Q&A 15 January 2010 2:44 UTC www.faqs.org [Source type: General]
^ World War two was between the years of 1939 - 1945.- What was the main cause of WW2? - Q&A 15 January 2010 2:44 UTC www.faqs.org [Source type: General]
.^ Today capitalism has moved into its final stage of Permanent War and State Terrorism justified through the pretext of a preposterously fraudulent “War on Terrorism.” See below.- democracyarsenal.org: Lieberman Head-Butts Ned Lamont? (or the tragic story of an independent, principled Democrat) 11 September 2009 6:55 UTC www.democracyarsenal.org [Source type: Original source]
^ Rule by Decree and to falsely justify installation of the present military-bureaucratic police state in the United States and to provide a false pretext for adoption of the present policy of Permanent War and U.S. State Terrorism.- democracyarsenal.org: Lieberman Head-Butts Ned Lamont? (or the tragic story of an independent, principled Democrat) 11 September 2009 6:55 UTC www.democracyarsenal.org [Source type: Original source]
^ The majority of the world’s citizens recognize that the United States, which reflects the naked dynamic of capitalism, as the source of all war as well as all economic disparity.- democracyarsenal.org: Lieberman Head-Butts Ned Lamont? (or the tragic story of an independent, principled Democrat) 11 September 2009 6:55 UTC www.democracyarsenal.org [Source type: Original source]
.^ That’s why we have introduced legislation to seek out and destroy surplus and unguarded stocks of conventional arms in Asia, Europe, Latin America, Africa and the Middle East.- World War Three Anybody? - Clusterfuck Nation 2 February 2010 18:018 UTC kunstler.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ How human nature is expressed is determined by the political-economic-social system and does not exist or develop independently of the political-economic-social system.- democracyarsenal.org: Lieberman Head-Butts Ned Lamont? (or the tragic story of an independent, principled Democrat) 11 September 2009 6:55 UTC www.democracyarsenal.org [Source type: Original source]
Chronology
.^ After World War Two, we ruled the world for a couple of generations.- World War Three Anybody? - Clusterfuck Nation 2 February 2010 18:018 UTC kunstler.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Obviously the number of missiles in Poland will begin to increase exponentially as the U.S. orchestrates provocation after provocation on the border of Russia similar to the U.S./Georgian invasion of South Ossetia.- democracyarsenal.org: Lieberman Head-Butts Ned Lamont? (or the tragic story of an independent, principled Democrat) 11 September 2009 6:55 UTC www.democracyarsenal.org [Source type: Original source]
.^ The people on top can make even the simplest of things become so gray you cant tell where one line starts and the other begins."- World War Three Anybody? - Clusterfuck Nation 2 February 2010 18:018 UTC kunstler.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ He won to make it more difficult to send more troops into a losing war, or start another one.- World War Three Anybody? - Clusterfuck Nation 2 February 2010 18:018 UTC kunstler.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ We have always been at war with East Asia.- World War Three Anybody? - Clusterfuck Nation 2 February 2010 18:018 UTC kunstler.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ That’s why we have introduced legislation to seek out and destroy surplus and unguarded stocks of conventional arms in Asia, Europe, Latin America, Africa and the Middle East.- World War Three Anybody? - Clusterfuck Nation 2 February 2010 18:018 UTC kunstler.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ I imagine there are also other traitors and terrorists (Hamas perhaps) who would criticize an American president having the honor of receiving the Nobel Peace Prize.- World War Three Anybody? - Clusterfuck Nation 2 February 2010 18:018 UTC kunstler.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
The two wars merged in 1941, becoming a single global conflict, at which point the war continued until 1945. This article uses the conventional dating.
[9]
The exact date of the war's end is not universally agreed upon.
.^ Rather than being aware of patterns that do not exist, autistic individuals may be aware of meaningful patterns within situations that appear meaningless to others."- World War Three Anybody? - Clusterfuck Nation 2 February 2010 18:018 UTC kunstler.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
The
Treaty of Peace with Japan was not signed until 1951.
[10]Background
.^ This has made Pakistan an indespensible "ally" in the war on terror, therefore making them more influential and powerful than they should be.- World War Three Anybody? - Clusterfuck Nation 2 February 2010 18:018 UTC kunstler.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ First is the United States of America, spending 24X that of China and with the most well-trained VOLUNTEER Armed Forces in the World.- World War Three Anybody? - Clusterfuck Nation 2 February 2010 18:018 UTC kunstler.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[citation needed] In the
aftermath of the war major unrest in Europe rose, especially
irredentist and
revanchist nationalism and
class conflict. Irredentism and revanchism was strong in Germany which was forced to accept significant territorial, colonial, and financial losses as part of the
Treaty of Versailles.
.^ First is the United States of America, spending 24X that of China and with the most well-trained VOLUNTEER Armed Forces in the World.- World War Three Anybody? - Clusterfuck Nation 2 February 2010 18:018 UTC kunstler.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[11] Meanwhile, the
Russian Civil War had led to the creation of the
Soviet Union.
.^ The Communist Party USA followed the foreign policy of Stalin in the USSR, namely: “Socialism in one country.” In practice this meant Socialism in no other country!- democracyarsenal.org: Lieberman Head-Butts Ned Lamont? (or the tragic story of an independent, principled Democrat) 11 September 2009 6:55 UTC www.democracyarsenal.org [Source type: Original source]
[12]
In the interwar period, domestic civil conflict occurred in Germany involving nationalists and reactionaries versus communists and moderate democratic political parties. A similar scenario occurred in Italy.
.^ This has made Pakistan an indespensible "ally" in the war on terror, therefore making them more influential and powerful than they should be.- World War Three Anybody? - Clusterfuck Nation 2 February 2010 18:018 UTC kunstler.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ To protect the informed consent essential to liberty requires that those waging war on our shared mindset be made transparent.- World War Three Anybody? - Clusterfuck Nation 2 February 2010 18:018 UTC kunstler.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Reply The U.S. wages war in three countries on either side of Iran, but guess who has to prove their "peaceful intentions."- World War Three Anybody? - Clusterfuck Nation 2 February 2010 18:018 UTC kunstler.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
From 1922 to 1925, the
Italian Fascist movement led by
Benito Mussolini seized power in Italy with a nationalist, totalitarian, and class collaborationist agenda that abolished representative democracy, repressed political forces supporting class conflict or liberalism, and pursued an aggressive foreign policy aimed at forcefully forging Italy as a world power, and promising to create a "
New Roman Empire."
[13] Fascism became internationally popular amongst people disillusioned with democratic government, liberalism, and class conflict.
[citation needed] .^ Baath Socialist Party-led government of Syria!- democracyarsenal.org: Lieberman Head-Butts Ned Lamont? (or the tragic story of an independent, principled Democrat) 11 September 2009 6:55 UTC www.democracyarsenal.org [Source type: Original source]
.^ These victories, although they are partial victories, are great victories and must be fully supported by the Working Class in the United States and in all countries.- democracyarsenal.org: Lieberman Head-Butts Ned Lamont? (or the tragic story of an independent, principled Democrat) 11 September 2009 6:55 UTC www.democracyarsenal.org [Source type: Original source]
^ In 1918 fourteen imperialist powers led by the United States invaded the Soviet Union on 19 different fronts, but all of those armies mutineed because support for the Socialist Revolution was so great.- democracyarsenal.org: Lieberman Head-Butts Ned Lamont? (or the tragic story of an independent, principled Democrat) 11 September 2009 6:55 UTC www.democracyarsenal.org [Source type: Original source]
[14].^ If we let Iran do its thing, suddenly this Shi'ite nation has nukes in the middle of a Sunni region, and Israel and the U.S. would have a lot of new Arab allies against Iran.- World War Three Anybody? - Clusterfuck Nation 2 February 2010 18:018 UTC kunstler.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[15] .^ As a first step we should never be sucked into saying “we” or “our” in referring to United States policy or actions!- democracyarsenal.org: Lieberman Head-Butts Ned Lamont? (or the tragic story of an independent, principled Democrat) 11 September 2009 6:55 UTC www.democracyarsenal.org [Source type: Original source]
^ Proper use of this document can greatly increase the acceptance of a revolutionary change in the form of the State and supports the call right now for a Socialist Revolution in the United States.- democracyarsenal.org: Lieberman Head-Butts Ned Lamont? (or the tragic story of an independent, principled Democrat) 11 September 2009 6:55 UTC www.democracyarsenal.org [Source type: Original source]
^ The U.S. has a military presence in over 130 countries right now and is now invading Pakistan and threatening to use their proxy state of so-called “Israel” to bomb Iran.- democracyarsenal.org: Lieberman Head-Butts Ned Lamont? (or the tragic story of an independent, principled Democrat) 11 September 2009 6:55 UTC www.democracyarsenal.org [Source type: Original source]
[17] Too weak to resist Japan, China appealed to the
League of Nations for help.
.^ Politicians were responsive to the attitudes of the voters and neither Britain nor France were prepared to militarily support the League in the 1920s - despite being the strongest nations in the League.- What was the main cause of WW2? - Q&A 15 January 2010 2:44 UTC www.faqs.org [Source type: General]
The two nations then fought several minor conflicts, in
Shanghai,
Rehe and
Hebei, until signing the
Tanggu Truce in 1933. Thereafter, Chinese volunteer forces continued the resistance to Japanese aggression in
Manchuria, and
Chahar and Suiyuan.
[18]
.^ Hitler took power in Germany in 1933.- What was the main cause of WW2? - Q&A 15 January 2010 2:44 UTC www.faqs.org [Source type: General]
^ The anger and resentment that built up in Nazi Germany - and which was played on by Hitler during his rise to power and when he became Chancellor in January 1933 - also had long term causes that went back to the 1919 Treaty of Versailles.- What was the main cause of WW2? - Q&A 15 January 2010 2:44 UTC www.faqs.org [Source type: General]
^ This made them the winning party and Hitler then became the leader of the German parliament in1933.- What was the main cause of WW2? - Q&A 15 January 2010 2:44 UTC www.faqs.org [Source type: General]
He abolished
democracy, espousing a
radical, racially-motivated revision of the world order, and soon began a massive
rearmament campaign.
[19] Meanwhile, France, to secure its alliance,
allowed Italy a free hand in Ethiopia, which Italy desired as a colonial possession.
.^ About the treaty of Versailles -- I suppose in a way this is a good issue to put here, as the rise of Hitler is in many ways due to what happened at Versailles after the 14-18 war.- What was the main cause of WW2? - Q&A 15 January 2010 2:44 UTC www.faqs.org [Source type: General]
^ Instead of enforcing the Treaty of Versailles, the Allies allowed Hitler to break it.- What was the main cause of WW2? - Q&A 15 January 2010 2:44 UTC www.faqs.org [Source type: General]
^ In Germany, there was a strong national desire to escape the bonds of the World War I Treaty of Versailles, and eventually, Hitler and the Nazis assumed control of the country by calling for a heroic mass effort to restore past glory.- What was the main cause of WW2? - Q&A 15 January 2010 2:44 UTC www.faqs.org [Source type: General]
[20]
Hoping to contain Germany, the United Kingdom, France and Italy formed the
Stresa Front. The Soviet Union, concerned due to
Germany's goals of capturing vast areas of eastern Europe, wrote a treaty of mutual assistance with France. Before taking effect though, the
Franco-Soviet pact was required to go through the bureaucracy of the
League of Nations, which rendered it essentially toothless.
[21][22] However, in June 1935, the United Kingdom made an
independent naval agreement with Germany, easing prior restrictions. The United States, concerned with events in Europe and Asia, passed the
Neutrality Act in August.
[23] In October, Italy invaded Ethiopia, with Germany the only major European nation supporting the invasion. Italy then revoked objections to Germany's goal of absorbing
Austria.
[24]Hitler defied the Versailles and
Locarno treaties by
remilitarizing the
Rhineland in March 1936. He received little response from other European powers.
[25] .^ If Germany didnt invade Poland then war would not have broke out, or at least be prosponed.- What was the main cause of WW2? - Q&A 15 January 2010 2:44 UTC www.faqs.org [Source type: General]
^ If we attack with conventional forces, we open yet another front in an already overextended war in the Middle East, and drain the last bit out of our already exhausted forces.- World War Three Anybody? - Clusterfuck Nation 2 February 2010 18:018 UTC kunstler.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ They do the advance weapons research and testing for us to develop methods of killing Arabs in an urban setting.- World War Three Anybody? - Clusterfuck Nation 2 February 2010 18:018 UTC kunstler.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ The rearmament of Germany was a cause for war because it broke the Treaty of Versailles (28th June, 1919) The remilitarization of the Rhineland (7th march, 1936) was a cause of war because it broke the Treaty of Versailles and the Lugarno Pacts (1925) The Rome-Berlin Axis (October 1936) was a cause of war because it united the aggressive fascist powers and divided Europe into unfriendly camps.- What was the main cause of WW2? - Q&A 15 January 2010 2:44 UTC www.faqs.org [Source type: General]
A month later, Germany and Japan signed the
Anti-Comintern Pact, which Italy would join in the following year. In China, after the
Xian Incident the Kuomintang and communist forces agreed on a ceasefire in order to present a
united front to oppose Japan.
[27]Pre-war events
Invasion of Ethiopia
.^ The US meddled in places like Iran and Vietnam and got its ass kicked, fought a bloody war in Korea which ended in a draw.- World War Three Anybody? - Clusterfuck Nation 2 February 2010 18:018 UTC kunstler.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ Those nations that were best equipped to provide the League with a military force (Britain and France) were also not prepared to do so for domestic reasons and the aftermath of the Great War in which so many were killed or wounded.- What was the main cause of WW2? - Q&A 15 January 2010 2:44 UTC www.faqs.org [Source type: General]
^ The League of Nations was powerless and mostly silent in the face of many major events leading to World War II such as Hitler's re-militarisation of the Rhineland, annexation of Austria, and occupation of Czechoslovakia.- What was the main cause of WW2? - Q&A 15 January 2010 2:44 UTC www.faqs.org [Source type: General]
^ The League had some successes in this decade (the Allan Islands, as an example) but the weaknesses of the League had also been cruelly exposed on a number of occasions when an aggressor nation successfully used force to get what it wanted and the League could do nothing.- What was the main cause of WW2? - Q&A 15 January 2010 2:44 UTC www.faqs.org [Source type: General]
.^ The success of these moderate politicians was emphasised when France backed Germanys right to join the League of Nations which Germany duly did in 1926.- What was the main cause of WW2? - Q&A 15 January 2010 2:44 UTC www.faqs.org [Source type: General]
[28]
Japanese invasion of China
In June 1938, Chinese forces stalled the Japanese advance by
flooding the Yellow River; although this manoeuvre bought time for the Chinese to prepare their defences at
Wuhan, the
city was taken by October.
[30] .^ Apparently the Military did some in depth investigation and discovered Obama is their legitimate Commander-in-Chief, and that is why the Military continues to carry out Obama's orders.- World War Three Anybody? - Clusterfuck Nation 2 February 2010 18:018 UTC kunstler.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Reply And the U.S. continues to forget what exactly we did to bring Iran where it is today....- World War Three Anybody? - Clusterfuck Nation 2 February 2010 18:018 UTC kunstler.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[31]Japanese invasion of the USSR and Mongolia
On July 29, 1938, the Japanese invaded the USSR and were checked at the
Battle of Lake Khasan. Although the battle was a Soviet victory, the Japanese dismissed it as an inconclusive draw, and on May 11, 1939 decided to move the Japanese-Mongolian border up to the Khalkin Gol River by force. Stalin replaced the former Soviet commander with
Georgy Zhukov on
Semyon Timoshenko's advice. Zhukov, along with reinforcements sent from
Moscow, checked the Japanese assault on
Mongolia and handed the Japanese
Kwangtung Army their first major defeat.
[32][33].^ I think these will make us pay attention to events at home.- World War Three Anybody? - Clusterfuck Nation 2 February 2010 18:018 UTC kunstler.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ US's position should be: We are an economic basket case, not necessarily headed back to the stone age but headed toward a much bleaker society than we have had for several decades.- World War Three Anybody? - Clusterfuck Nation 2 February 2010 18:018 UTC kunstler.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ I believe that we as a military force should be taking a greater interest as the elected government is ultimately to be where our orders are decided.- World War Three Anybody? - Clusterfuck Nation 2 February 2010 18:018 UTC kunstler.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ But the Slavs will see the incredible cruelty with which we have been treated, and they will turn their faces like flint agaisnt any and all enemies who would do the same to them.- World War Three Anybody? - Clusterfuck Nation 2 February 2010 18:018 UTC kunstler.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The question is would they pass the knowledge or an actual weapon onto someone else who would then use the weapon to do Iran's bidding.- World War Three Anybody? - Clusterfuck Nation 2 February 2010 18:018 UTC kunstler.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[34]
European occupations and agreements
Czechs watch German troops enter
Prague after Czechoslovakia capitulates, March 15, 1939.
In Europe, Germany and Italy were becoming bolder.
.^ However, what he really believed was that Germany and Austria were the same country and he wanted to make Germany bigger and more powerful.- What was the main cause of WW2? - Q&A 15 January 2010 2:44 UTC www.faqs.org [Source type: General]
^ The treaty was a document that most of the european countries signed calling for peace as well as giving germany absolutely no power.- What was the main cause of WW2? - Q&A 15 January 2010 2:44 UTC www.faqs.org [Source type: General]
[35] .^ Hitler claimed that his reason was that 3 million German speakers lived in the Sudetenland, which is part of Czechoslovakia, but what he really wanted was to own the Sudetenland, so that he had a way into the rest of Czechoslovakia.- What was the main cause of WW2? - Q&A 15 January 2010 2:44 UTC www.faqs.org [Source type: General]
^ Britain and France demanded that Germany withdraw.When Hitler refused, they declared war.- What was the main cause of WW2? - Q&A 15 January 2010 2:44 UTC www.faqs.org [Source type: General]
^ Chamberlain was deceived by Hitler when he claimed he only wanted the Sudetenland.- What was the main cause of WW2? - Q&A 15 January 2010 2:44 UTC www.faqs.org [Source type: General]
[36] Soon after that, however, Germany and Italy forced Czechoslovakia to
cede additional territory to Hungary and Poland.
[37] In March 1939,
Germany invaded the remainder of Czechoslovakia and subsequently split it into the German
Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia and the pro-German
client state, the
Slovak Republic.
[38]Course of the war
War breaks out in Europe
On September 1, 1939, Germany and
Slovakia — a client state in 1939 —
attacked Poland. France, Britain, and the countries of the
Commonwealth declared war on Germany but provided little military support to Poland other than a
small French attack into the Saarland.
[43] On September 17, 1939, after signing an armistice with Japan, the Soviets launched their own invasion of Poland.
[44] By early October, Poland was divided among
Germany,
the Soviet Union,
Lithuania and
Slovakia, although Poland never officially surrendered and
continued the fight outside its borders.
[45] At the same time as the battle in Poland, Japan launched its
first attack against Changsha, a strategically important Chinese city, but was repulsed by late September.
[46]
.^ WW2 started when Polish Army attacked Germany on their horses in September 1939.- What was the main cause of WW2? - Q&A 15 January 2010 2:44 UTC www.faqs.org [Source type: General]
^ September 17th Russia's Red Army attacked Poland from the east September 24th 1,150 German aircraft bombed Warsaw September 26th The Luftwaffe attacked the Royal Navy at Scapa Flow.- What was the main cause of WW2? - Q&A 15 January 2010 2:44 UTC www.faqs.org [Source type: General]
^ The Nazi-Soviet Pact (29th August 1939) caused war because it sealed Polands downfall.- What was the main cause of WW2? - Q&A 15 January 2010 2:44 UTC www.faqs.org [Source type: General]
At centre is Major General
Heinz Guderian and at right is Brigadier
Semyon Krivoshein.
In Western Europe, British troops deployed to the Continent, but in a phase nicknamed the
Phoney War by the British and "Sitzkrieg" (
sitting war) by the Germans, neither side launched major operations against the other until April 1940.
[52] The Soviet Union and Germany entered a
trade pact in February of 1940, pursuant to which the Soviets received German military and industrial equipment in exchange for supplying raw materials to Germany to help circumvent a British blockade.
[53] .^ The allies, Italy and Germany, invaded Poland.- What was the main cause of WW2? - Q&A 15 January 2010 2:44 UTC www.faqs.org [Source type: General]
^ So really what I'm trying to say if Hitler hadn't been elected as leader of Germany none of this would have happen.- What was the main cause of WW2? - Q&A 15 January 2010 2:44 UTC www.faqs.org [Source type: General]
^ Japan also sought to secure additional natural resources, such as oil and iron ore, due in part to the lack of natural resources on Japan's own home islands.- What was the main cause of WW2? - Q&A 15 January 2010 2:44 UTC www.faqs.org [Source type: General]
[54] .^ They'd seal the border-along with e-verify to keep them from coming back to work, and we'd have this country running again within two months or so.- World War Three Anybody? - Clusterfuck Nation 2 February 2010 18:018 UTC kunstler.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[55] British discontent over the Norwegian campaign led to the replacement of Prime Minister
Neville Chamberlain by
Winston Churchill on May 10, 1940.
[56]Axis advances
German and other Axis conquests (in blue) in Europe, during World War II
On that same day, Germany
invaded France,
Belgium, the
Netherlands, and
Luxembourg.
[57] The
Netherlands and
Belgium were overrun using
blitzkrieg tactics in a few days and weeks, respectively.
[58] The French fortified
Maginot Line was circumvented by a flanking movement through the thickly wooded
Ardennes region,
[57] mistakenly perceived by French planners as an impenetrable natural barrier against armoured vehicles.
[59] British troops were forced to
evacuate the continent at Dunkirk, abandoning their heavy equipment by the end of the month.
.^ The rearmament of Germany was a cause for war because it broke the Treaty of Versailles (28th June, 1919) The remilitarization of the Rhineland (7th march, 1936) was a cause of war because it broke the Treaty of Versailles and the Lugarno Pacts (1925) The Rome-Berlin Axis (October 1936) was a cause of war because it united the aggressive fascist powers and divided Europe into unfriendly camps.- What was the main cause of WW2? - Q&A 15 January 2010 2:44 UTC www.faqs.org [Source type: General]
^ Britain and France demanded that Germany withdraw.When Hitler refused, they declared war.- What was the main cause of WW2? - Q&A 15 January 2010 2:44 UTC www.faqs.org [Source type: General]
^ I think that Germanys decision to attack Poland was the main cause of WWII, Britain and France said that if Germany did attack Poland, then they would declare war, Germany went ahead and attacked so war was declared.- What was the main cause of WW2? - Q&A 15 January 2010 2:44 UTC www.faqs.org [Source type: General]
On July 14, the British
attacked the French fleet in
Algeria to prevent its possible seizure by Germany.
[62]With France neutralised, Germany began an air superiority campaign over Britain (the
Battle of Britain) to prepare for
an invasion.
[63] The campaign failed, and the invasion plans were cancelled by September. Using newly captured French ports, the German Navy
enjoyed success against an over-extended
Royal Navy, using
U-boats against British shipping in the
Atlantic.
[64] .^ Now that the greenback is being dumped by china/japan/sauds HOW LONG TILL THE SHIT HITS THE FAN IN THE USA? .- World War Three Anybody? - Clusterfuck Nation 2 February 2010 18:018 UTC kunstler.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[65].^ Better yet, how many tens of millions of people live on or near the San Andreas fault region in western United States?- World War Three Anybody? - Clusterfuck Nation 2 February 2010 18:018 UTC kunstler.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ First is the United States of America, spending 24X that of China and with the most well-trained VOLUNTEER Armed Forces in the World.- World War Three Anybody? - Clusterfuck Nation 2 February 2010 18:018 UTC kunstler.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
In November 1939, the American Neutrality Act was amended to allow
'Cash and carry' purchases by the Allies.
[66] .^ Even though you believe a nuke has been smuggled into the United States?- World War Three Anybody? - Clusterfuck Nation 2 February 2010 18:018 UTC kunstler.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Japan also sought to secure additional natural resources, such as oil and iron ore, due in part to the lack of natural resources on Japan's own home islands.- What was the main cause of WW2? - Q&A 15 January 2010 2:44 UTC www.faqs.org [Source type: General]
^ It will fall back into a crater formerly known as the United States."- World War Three Anybody? - Clusterfuck Nation 2 February 2010 18:018 UTC kunstler.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[67] .^ Off the top of my head are the numerous treaties bewtween teh government of the United States and the various and sundry American Indian Nations.- World War Three Anybody? - Clusterfuck Nation 2 February 2010 18:018 UTC kunstler.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[68] Still, a large majority of the American public continued to oppose any direct military intervention into the conflict well into 1941.
[69]
.^ The rearmament of Germany was a cause for war because it broke the Treaty of Versailles (28th June, 1919) The remilitarization of the Rhineland (7th march, 1936) was a cause of war because it broke the Treaty of Versailles and the Lugarno Pacts (1925) The Rome-Berlin Axis (October 1936) was a cause of war because it united the aggressive fascist powers and divided Europe into unfriendly camps.- What was the main cause of WW2? - Q&A 15 January 2010 2:44 UTC www.faqs.org [Source type: General]
^ Germanys plan was to take over the world, but they soon decided to split the world with Japan, allowing Italy to join the great German nation.- What was the main cause of WW2? - Q&A 15 January 2010 2:44 UTC www.faqs.org [Source type: General]
^ On September 3, 1939, France and Britain declared war on Germany and its ally, Italy.- What was the main cause of WW2? - Q&A 15 January 2010 2:44 UTC www.faqs.org [Source type: General]
[70] .^ I think that Germanys decision to attack Poland was the main cause of WWII, Britain and France said that if Germany did attack Poland, then they would declare war, Germany went ahead and attacked so war was declared.- What was the main cause of WW2? - Q&A 15 January 2010 2:44 UTC www.faqs.org [Source type: General]
^ You can also argue that the war was made more inevitable when the western powers chose to appease these fascist powers by allowing them to attack countries which was directly against the treaty of Versailles and the league of nations ethos.- What was the main cause of WW2? - Q&A 15 January 2010 2:44 UTC www.faqs.org [Source type: General]
^ Just know that America is comprised of many religions, and they all have fought against Fascism, Communism (Soviets knocking crosses off of churches), and, I would like to say theocracies where 1/2 the population lives in slavery (e.g.- World War Three Anybody? - Clusterfuck Nation 2 February 2010 18:018 UTC kunstler.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[71] .^ For sanctions to be effective, support will be required by other nations, including Iran's chief gasoline supplier, China.- World War Three Anybody? - Clusterfuck Nation 2 February 2010 18:018 UTC kunstler.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ First is the United States of America, spending 24X that of China and with the most well-trained VOLUNTEER Armed Forces in the World.- World War Three Anybody? - Clusterfuck Nation 2 February 2010 18:018 UTC kunstler.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[73] .^ Even though you believe a nuke has been smuggled into the United States?- World War Three Anybody? - Clusterfuck Nation 2 February 2010 18:018 UTC kunstler.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Right now the Iranians are perfectly content to let the United States exhaust themselves in the quagmires of Iraq, Afghanistan and Pakistan.- World War Three Anybody? - Clusterfuck Nation 2 February 2010 18:018 UTC kunstler.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[74][75]
The Allies did have some successes during this time.
.^ Proxy control of much of Iraq, Afghanistan, Jordan, Syria and Lebanon.- World War Three Anybody? - Clusterfuck Nation 2 February 2010 18:018 UTC kunstler.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ The Germans didn't like the treaty of Versailles because they were forced to pay huge reparations to France but the french invaded a part of Germany to take industrial goods instead of reparations.- What was the main cause of WW2? - Q&A 15 January 2010 2:44 UTC www.faqs.org [Source type: General]
^ They are becoming more and more widely regarded among the poor, oppressed and dispossessed in the Middle-East as an incorruptible force for stability, law and order.- World War Three Anybody? - Clusterfuck Nation 2 February 2010 18:018 UTC kunstler.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[87] In the Atlantic, the British scored a much-needed public morale boost by
sinking the German flagship Bismarck.
[88] .^ When the Easter Rising was betrayed to the British by an informant, most of the organizers said to call it off-an incredibly demoralizing affair that would put the Revolution back decades.- World War Three Anybody? - Clusterfuck Nation 2 February 2010 18:018 UTC kunstler.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[89].^ China and Japan would probably just gape at the spectacle in wonder and nausea from the sidelines as they saw their energy supplies for years-to-come go up in flames.- World War Three Anybody? - Clusterfuck Nation 2 February 2010 18:018 UTC kunstler.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ They know that all resources, including the human resources of attention and sympathy, are limited.- World War Three Anybody? - Clusterfuck Nation 2 February 2010 18:018 UTC kunstler.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Reply The U.S. wages war in three countries on either side of Iran, but guess who has to prove their "peaceful intentions."- World War Three Anybody? - Clusterfuck Nation 2 February 2010 18:018 UTC kunstler.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[91] Continued antipathy between Chinese communist and nationalist forces
culminated in armed clashes in January 1941, effectively ending their co-operation.
[92] With the situation in Europe and Asia relatively stable, Germany, Japan, and the Soviet Union made preparations.
.^ Threatening non-nuclear powers; 2) Preventing yourself from being threatened by nuclear powers; 3) Forcing any conventional attack on your country to be dispersed (for example you cannot have a convoy of ships because they make a nice target for a nuke).- World War Three Anybody? - Clusterfuck Nation 2 February 2010 18:018 UTC kunstler.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[94]
The war becomes global
A German soldier inspecting the remains of destroyed Soviet forces in the Białystok–Minsk pocket.
On June 22, 1941, Germany, along with other European Axis members and Finland, invaded the Soviet Union in
Operation Barbarossa.
.^ While this campaign ended with the partition of Poland and while the USSR defeated Finland in the Finnish-Russian War (193940), the British and the French spent an inactive winter behind the Maginot Line, content with blockading Germany by sea.- What was the main cause of WW2? - Q&A 15 January 2010 2:44 UTC www.faqs.org [Source type: General]
.^ Just know that America is comprised of many religions, and they all have fought against Fascism, Communism (Soviets knocking crosses off of churches), and, I would like to say theocracies where 1/2 the population lives in slavery (e.g.- World War Three Anybody? - Clusterfuck Nation 2 February 2010 18:018 UTC kunstler.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Hitler did not listen to the British army and he did not surrender he basically invaded Poland by military power and he soon wanted to take over the world !!!!!!!!!!!!- What was the main cause of WW2? - Q&A 15 January 2010 2:44 UTC www.faqs.org [Source type: General]
[98]
German infantry and armoured vehicles battle the Soviet defenders on the streets of
Kharkov in 1941.
The diversion of three quarters of the Axis troops and the majority of their air forces from France and the central Mediterranean to the
Eastern Front[102][103] prompted the United Kingdom to reconsider its grand strategy.
[104] .^ Iran no longer uses terrorist tactics, except against military forces.- World War Three Anybody? - Clusterfuck Nation 2 February 2010 18:018 UTC kunstler.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ And any Iranian sortie against our semipermanent Persian Gulf flotilla would result in the utter and total annihilation of Iran's force-projection capability.- World War Three Anybody? - Clusterfuck Nation 2 February 2010 18:018 UTC kunstler.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[106] In August, the United Kingdom and the United States jointly issued the
Atlantic Charter.
[107]By October, when Axis operational objectives in Ukraine and the Baltic region were achieved, with only the sieges of
Leningrad[108] and
Sevastopol continuing,
[109] a major
offensive against Moscow had been renewed. After two months of fierce battles, the German army almost reached the outer suburbs of Moscow, where the exhausted troops
[110] were forced to suspend their offensive.
[111] Large territorial gains were made by Axis forces, but their campaign had failed to achieve its main objectives: two key cities remained in Soviet hands, the Soviet
capability to resist was not broken, and the Soviet Union retained a considerable part of its military potential. The
blitzkrieg phase of the war in Europe had ended.
[112]By early December, freshly mobilised
reserves[113] allowed the Soviets to achieve numerical parity with Axis troops.
[114] .^ If we attack with conventional forces, we open yet another front in an already overextended war in the Middle East, and drain the last bit out of our already exhausted forces.- World War Three Anybody? - Clusterfuck Nation 2 February 2010 18:018 UTC kunstler.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[116].^ That’s why we have introduced legislation to seek out and destroy surplus and unguarded stocks of conventional arms in Asia, Europe, Latin America, Africa and the Middle East.- World War Three Anybody? - Clusterfuck Nation 2 February 2010 18:018 UTC kunstler.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
The Dutch government agreed to provide Japan oil supplies from the
Dutch East Indies, while refusing to hand over political control of the colonies.
Vichy France, by contrast, agreed to a Japanese occupation of
French Indochina.
.^ Reply Heckler, we all know taking the dollar off the table with regard to pricing for Oil will be a disaster for the United States.- World War Three Anybody? - Clusterfuck Nation 2 February 2010 18:018 UTC kunstler.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Better yet, how many tens of millions of people live on or near the San Andreas fault region in western United States?- World War Three Anybody? - Clusterfuck Nation 2 February 2010 18:018 UTC kunstler.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Off the top of my head are the numerous treaties bewtween teh government of the United States and the various and sundry American Indian Nations.- World War Three Anybody? - Clusterfuck Nation 2 February 2010 18:018 UTC kunstler.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[119] .^ Iran no longer uses terrorist tactics, except against military forces.- World War Three Anybody? - Clusterfuck Nation 2 February 2010 18:018 UTC kunstler.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[120]
Japan planned to rapidly seize European colonies in Asia to create a large defensive perimeter stretching into the Central Pacific; the Japanese would then be free to exploit the resources of Southeast Asia while exhausting the over-stretched Allies by fighting a defensive war
[121].
.^ Off the top of my head are the numerous treaties bewtween teh government of the United States and the various and sundry American Indian Nations.- World War Three Anybody? - Clusterfuck Nation 2 February 2010 18:018 UTC kunstler.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[122] On December 7 (December 8 in Asian time zones), 1941, Japan attacked British and American holdings with near-simultaneous
offensives against Southeast Asia and the Central Pacific.
[123] These included an
attack on the American fleet at Pearl Harbor and
landings in Thailand and Malaya.
[123]
British soldiers surrendering at Singapore.
.^ For example, with respect to Israel attacking Iran: how will they do this without the consent of the United States?- World War Three Anybody? - Clusterfuck Nation 2 February 2010 18:018 UTC kunstler.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ If we attack with conventional forces, we open yet another front in an already overextended war in the Middle East, and drain the last bit out of our already exhausted forces.- World War Three Anybody? - Clusterfuck Nation 2 February 2010 18:018 UTC kunstler.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Better yet, how many tens of millions of people live on or near the San Andreas fault region in western United States?- World War Three Anybody? - Clusterfuck Nation 2 February 2010 18:018 UTC kunstler.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
Germany and the other members of the Tripartite Pact responded by declaring war on the United States.
.^ Off the top of my head are the numerous treaties bewtween teh government of the United States and the various and sundry American Indian Nations.- World War Three Anybody? - Clusterfuck Nation 2 February 2010 18:018 UTC kunstler.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ First is the United States of America, spending 24X that of China and with the most well-trained VOLUNTEER Armed Forces in the World.- World War Three Anybody? - Clusterfuck Nation 2 February 2010 18:018 UTC kunstler.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[124] The Soviet Union did not adhere to the declaration; it maintained a neutrality agreement with Japan,
[125][126] and exempted itself from the principle of self-determination.
[107]
Meanwhile, by the end of April 1942, Japan had almost fully conquered
Burma,
Malaya,
the Dutch East Indies,
Singapore,
[127] and
Rabaul, inflicting severe losses on Allied troops and taking a large number of prisoners. Despite a stubborn resistance in
Corregidor,
the Philippines was eventually captured in May 1942, forcing the government of the
Philippine Commonwealth into exile.
[128] Japanese forces also achieved naval victories in the
South China Sea,
Java Sea and
Indian Ocean,
[129] and
bombed the Allied naval base at
Darwin,
Australia. The only real Allied success against Japan was a Chinese
victory at Changsha in early January 1942.
[130] These easy victories over unprepared opponents left Japan overconfident, as well as overextended.
[131]Germany retained the initiative as well. Exploiting dubious American naval command decisions, the
German navy ravaged Allied shipping off the American Atlantic coast.
[132] .^ Washington would have had no means of stopping them if they had chosen to do so, and most of Europe would be in danger of being nuked themselves had they protested - so again, you have not demonstrated intent or motivation.- World War Three Anybody? - Clusterfuck Nation 2 February 2010 18:018 UTC kunstler.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[133] In North Africa, the Germans launched an offensive in January, pushing the British back to positions at the
Gazala Line by early February,
[134] followed by a temporary lull in combat which Germany used to prepare for their upcoming offensives.
[135]Axis advance stalls
.^ I want free and open movement between Mexico, United States, and Canada.- World War Three Anybody? - Clusterfuck Nation 2 February 2010 18:018 UTC kunstler.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ I want free and open movement between Mexico, United States, and Canada."- World War Three Anybody? - Clusterfuck Nation 2 February 2010 18:018 UTC kunstler.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
The Allies, however,
intercepted and turned back Japanese naval forces, successfully preventing the invasion.
[136] .^ The destruction of that one single oil terminal would send oil prices into the stratosphere and trigger the end of civilization as we know it: .- World War Three Anybody? - Clusterfuck Nation 2 February 2010 18:018 UTC kunstler.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ A country that sends mothers into battle is a country far along on its way to extinction.- World War Three Anybody? - Clusterfuck Nation 2 February 2010 18:018 UTC kunstler.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[137] In early June, Japan put its operations into action but the Americans, having broken
Japanese naval codes in late May, were fully aware of the plans and force dispositions and used this knowledge to
achieve a decisive victory over the
Imperial Japanese Navy.
[138]
With its capacity for aggressive action greatly diminished as a result of the Midway battle, Japan chose to focus on a belated attempt to capture
Port Moresby by an
overland campaign in the
Territory of Papua.
[139] The Americans planned a counter-attack against Japanese positions in the southern
Solomon Islands, primarily
Guadalcanal, as a first step towards capturing
Rabaul, the main Japanese base in Southeast Asia.
[140] .^ For example, with respect to Israel attacking Iran: how will they do this without the consent of the United States?- World War Three Anybody? - Clusterfuck Nation 2 February 2010 18:018 UTC kunstler.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ If, from the start, it had just maintained the need for electric generating power in the face of dwindling fossil fuel reserves, they might have gone unchallenged.- World War Three Anybody? - Clusterfuck Nation 2 February 2010 18:018 UTC kunstler.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[141] Guadalcanal soon became a focal point for both sides with heavy commitments of troops and ships in the battle for Guadalcanal. By the start of 1943, the Japanese were defeated on the island and
withdrew their troops.
[142] In Burma, Commonwealth forces mounted two operations.
.^ January 2010 (3) December 2009 (4) November 2009 (5) October 2009 (4) September 2009 (5) August 2009 (5) July 2009 (4) June 2009 (5) May 2009 (4) April 2009 (4) March 2009 (5) February 2009 (4) January 2009 (4) December 2008 (3) .- World War Three Anybody? - Clusterfuck Nation 2 February 2010 18:018 UTC kunstler.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[144]
A Soviet soldier waving the Red Banner over the central plaza in Stalingrad in 1943.
On Germany's eastern front, the Axis defeated Soviet offensives in the
Kerch Peninsula and at
Kharkov[145] and then launched their main
summer offensive against southern Russia in June 1942, to seize the
oilfields of the Caucasus and occupy
Kuban steppe, while maintaining positions on the northern and central areas of the front.
.^ I just don't figure into the group with a good shot at surviving the times just ahead as they are shaping up.- World War Three Anybody? - Clusterfuck Nation 2 February 2010 18:018 UTC kunstler.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[146] The Soviets decided to make their stand at Stalingrad, which was in the path of the advancing German armies.
.^ Reply Though I began the paragrapgh with Vietnam, the latter part was concerning the Korean War.- World War Three Anybody? - Clusterfuck Nation 2 February 2010 18:018 UTC kunstler.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[148] By early February 1943, the German Army had taken tremendous losses; German troops at Stalingrad had been forced to surrender
[149] and the front-line had been pushed back beyond its position before the summer offensive.
.^ If we attack with conventional forces, we open yet another front in an already overextended war in the Middle East, and drain the last bit out of our already exhausted forces.- World War Three Anybody? - Clusterfuck Nation 2 February 2010 18:018 UTC kunstler.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[150]By November 1941, Commonwealth forces had launched a counter-offensive,
Operation Crusader, in North Africa, and reclaimed all the gains the Germans and Italians had made.
[151] In the West, concerns the Japanese might utilize bases in Vichy-held
Madagascar caused the British to
invade the island in early May 1942.
[152] This success was offset soon after by an Axis
offensive in Libya which pushed the Allies back into Egypt until Axis forces were
stopped at El Alamein.
[153] On the Continent, raids of Allied
commandos on strategic targets, culminating in the disastrous
Dieppe Raid,
[154] demonstrated the Western Allies' inability to launch an invasion of continental Europe without much better preparation, equipment, and operational security.
[155]Allies gain momentum
.^ And both Israel and the Soviet Union were all for gender equality in the begining.- World War Three Anybody? - Clusterfuck Nation 2 February 2010 18:018 UTC kunstler.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
On July 4, 1943, Germany
attacked Soviet forces around the Kursk Bulge.
.^ Iran no longer uses terrorist tactics, except against military forces.- World War Three Anybody? - Clusterfuck Nation 2 February 2010 18:018 UTC kunstler.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ If we attack with conventional forces, we open yet another front in an already overextended war in the Middle East, and drain the last bit out of our already exhausted forces.- World War Three Anybody? - Clusterfuck Nation 2 February 2010 18:018 UTC kunstler.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[166] This decision was partially affected by the Western Allies'
invasion of Sicily launched on July 9 which, combined with previous Italian failures, resulted in the ousting and arrest of Mussolini later that month.
[167] On July 12, 1943, the Soviets launched their own
counter-offensives, thereby dispelling any hopes of the German Army for victory or even stalemate in the east. The Soviet victory at Kursk was one of the decisive turning points of the war, giving the Soviet Union the initiative on the Eastern Front.
[168][169] The Germans attempted to stabilise their eastern front along the hastily fortified
Panther-Wotan line, however, the Soviets broke through it at
Smolensk and by the
Lower Dnieper Offensives.
[170]
Allies close in
German prisoners of war captured during the
Operation Bagration march through the streets of Moscow.
By the start of July, Commonwealth forces in Southeast Asia had repelled the Japanese sieges in Assam, pushing the Japanese back to the
Chindwin River[199] while the Chinese captured Myitkyina. In China, the Japanese were having greater successes, having finally captured Changsha in mid-June and the city of
Hengyang by early August.
[200] .^ I rather imagine that China would not like to see the Middle East blow up.- World War Three Anybody? - Clusterfuck Nation 2 February 2010 18:018 UTC kunstler.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ They are becoming more and more widely regarded among the poor, oppressed and dispossessed in the Middle-East as an incorruptible force for stability, law and order.- World War Three Anybody? - Clusterfuck Nation 2 February 2010 18:018 UTC kunstler.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[202]In the Pacific, American forces continued to press back the Japanese perimeter. In mid-June 1944 they began their
offensive against the Mariana and Palau islands, scoring a decisive victory against Japanese forces in the
Philippine Sea within a few days.
.^ For example, with respect to Israel attacking Iran: how will they do this without the consent of the United States?- World War Three Anybody? - Clusterfuck Nation 2 February 2010 18:018 UTC kunstler.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Certainly, Israel can launch cruise missiles from submarines in the Persian Gulf; however, in order to attack Iran from the air, the Israeli Air Force will need to get clearance from the United States to fly over any country that could get them there, all of which air space is controlled by the United States.- World War Three Anybody? - Clusterfuck Nation 2 February 2010 18:018 UTC kunstler.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
In late October, American forces
invaded the Filipino island of Leyte; soon after, Allied naval forces scored another large victory during the
Battle of Leyte Gulf, one of the largest naval battles in history.
[203]Axis collapse, Allied victory
On December 16, 1944, Germany attempted its last desperate measure for success on the Western Front by marshalling German reserves to launch
a massive counter-offensive in the Ardennes to attempt to split the Western Allies, encircle large portions of Western Allied troops and capture their primary supply port at
Antwerp in order to prompt a political settlement.
[204] By January, the offensive had been repulsed with no strategic objectives fulfilled.
[204] In Italy, the Western Allies remained stalemated at the German defensive line. In mid-January 1945, the Soviets attacked in Poland,
pushing from the Vistula to the Oder river in Germany, and
overran East Prussia.
[205] On February 4, U.S., British, and Soviet leaders
met in Yalta.
.^ Just know that America is comprised of many religions, and they all have fought against Fascism, Communism (Soviets knocking crosses off of churches), and, I would like to say theocracies where 1/2 the population lives in slavery (e.g.- World War Three Anybody? - Clusterfuck Nation 2 February 2010 18:018 UTC kunstler.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[207]In February, the Soviets
invaded Silesia and
Pomerania, while Western Allied forces entered Western Germany and closed to the
Rhine river. In March, the Western Allies crossed the Rhine
north and
south of the
Ruhr,
encircling a large number of German troops,
[208] while the Soviets advanced to
Vienna. In early April, the Western Allies finally
pushed forward in Italy and swept across Western Germany, while Soviet forces
stormed Berlin in late April;
the two forces linked up on Elbe river on April 25. On April 30, 1945, the
Reichstag was captured, signalling the military defeat of Third Reich.
[209]
A devastated Berlin street in the city centre, taken July 3, 1945
On July 11, the Allied leaders
met in Potsdam, Germany.
.^ First is the United States of America, spending 24X that of China and with the most well-trained VOLUNTEER Armed Forces in the World.- World War Three Anybody? - Clusterfuck Nation 2 February 2010 18:018 UTC kunstler.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[220] .^ Effects of Atomic Radiation: A half-century of studies from Hiroshima and Nagasaki http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/extract/334/8/545 .- World War Three Anybody? - Clusterfuck Nation 2 February 2010 18:018 UTC kunstler.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
Between the two bombs, the Soviets, pursuant to the Yalta agreement,
invaded Japanese-held Manchuria, and quickly defeated the
Kwantung Army, which was the primary Japanese fighting force.
[221][222] The Red Army also captured
Sakhalin Island and the
Kurile Islands. On August 15, 1945
Japan surrendered, with the
surrender documents finally signed aboard the deck of the American battleship
USS Missouri on September 2, 1945, ending the war.
[212]Aftermath
.^ Reply Just this week President Obama visited the National Counterterrorism Center outside Washington and declared that "because of our efforts" al Qaeda and its allies have "lost operational capacity."- World War Three Anybody? - Clusterfuck Nation 2 February 2010 18:018 UTC kunstler.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ In 2007 it also topped the score for the United Nation's Human Development Index.- World War Three Anybody? - Clusterfuck Nation 2 February 2010 18:018 UTC kunstler.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[225]
.^ Off the top of my head are the numerous treaties bewtween teh government of the United States and the various and sundry American Indian Nations.- World War Three Anybody? - Clusterfuck Nation 2 February 2010 18:018 UTC kunstler.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ I want free and open movement between Mexico, United States, and Canada.- World War Three Anybody? - Clusterfuck Nation 2 February 2010 18:018 UTC kunstler.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ I want free and open movement between Mexico, United States, and Canada."- World War Three Anybody? - Clusterfuck Nation 2 February 2010 18:018 UTC kunstler.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
.^ Even though you believe a nuke has been smuggled into the United States?- World War Three Anybody? - Clusterfuck Nation 2 February 2010 18:018 UTC kunstler.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Time to start WW4 (the cold war was WW3...ask any Neocon) .- World War Three Anybody? - Clusterfuck Nation 2 February 2010 18:018 UTC kunstler.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
^ Off the top of my head are the numerous treaties bewtween teh government of the United States and the various and sundry American Indian Nations.- World War Three Anybody? - Clusterfuck Nation 2 February 2010 18:018 UTC kunstler.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[238]
.^ On Eternal Patrol - World War II .
^ On Eternal Patrol - Lost Submariners of World War II .
In China, nationalist and communist forces quickly resumed their
civil war. Communist forces were eventually victorious and established the
People's Republic of China on the mainland, while nationalist forces ended up retreating to
Taiwan. In Greece,
civil war broke out between Anglo-American supported royalist forces and
communist forces, with the royalist forces victorious.
.^ The US meddled in places like Iran and Vietnam and got its ass kicked, fought a bloody war in Korea which ended in a draw.- World War Three Anybody? - Clusterfuck Nation 2 February 2010 18:018 UTC kunstler.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[243] These primarily occurred due to shifts in ideology, the economic exhaustion from the war and increased demand by indigenous people for self-determination. For the most part, these transitions happened relatively peacefully, though notable exceptions occurred in countries such as
Indochina,
Madagascar,
Indonesia and
Algeria.
[244] In many regions, divisions, usually for ethnic or religious reasons, occurred following European withdrawal.
[245] This was seen prominently in the
Mandate of Palestine,
leading to the creation of
Israel, and in
India,
resulting in the creation of the
Dominion of India and the
Dominion of Pakistan.
Economic recovery following the war was varied in differing parts of the world, though in general it was quite positive. In Europe,
West Germany recovered quickly and doubled production from its pre-war levels by the 1950s.
[246] Italy came out of the war in poor economic condition,
[247] but by 1950s, the Italian economy was marked by stability and high growth.
[248] The United Kingdom was in a state of economic ruin after the war,
[249] and continued to experience relative economic decline for decades to follow.
[250]France rebounded quickly, and enjoyed rapid economic growth and modernisation.
[251] The Soviet Union also experienced a rapid increase in production in the immediate post-war era.
[252] .^ The economy grew at a strong pace, rising until Iceland achieved one of the highest per capita GDPs in the world.- World War Three Anybody? - Clusterfuck Nation 2 February 2010 18:018 UTC kunstler.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[253]China, following the conclusion of its civil war, was essentially a bankrupt nation.
[254] By 1953, economic restoration seemed fairly successful as production had resumed pre-war levels.
[254] This growth rate mostly persisted, though it was briefly interrupted by the disastrous
Great Leap Forward economic experiment. At the end of the war, the United States produced roughly half of the world's industrial output; by the early 1970s though, this dominance had lessened significantly.
[255]Impact
Casualties and war crimes
Estimates for the total casualties of the war vary, due to the fact that many deaths went unrecorded. Most suggest that some 60 million people died in the war, including about
20 million soldiers and 40 million civilians.
[256][257][258] Many civilians died because of
disease,
starvation,
massacres,
bombing and deliberate
genocide.
.^ For information arranged by the name of the vessel, please view the listing of submarines and submarine tenders that sustained losses during World War II. There is also an " Additional Losses - World War II " page for listings of men were lost while serving on vessels that were not sunk.
^ Following is a listing of the 3632 men who are known to have been lost while in service in the US Submarine Force during World War II. Every man has his own personal memorial page.
^ On Eternal Patrol - World War II .
[259].^ On Eternal Patrol - World War II .
^ On Eternal Patrol - Lost Submariners of World War II .
One estimate is that 12 million civilians died in Nazi concentration camps,
[260] 1.5 million by bombs, 7 million in Europe from other causes, and 7.5 million in China from other causes.
[261]
Many of these deaths were a result of genocidal actions committed in Axis-occupied territories and other war crimes
committed by German as well as
Japanese forces. The most notorious of German atrocities was
The Holocaust, the systematic genocide of
Jews in territories controlled by Germany and its allies.
The Nazis also targeted other groups, including the
Roma (targeted in the
Porajmos),
Slavs, and
gay men, exterminating an estimated five million additional people.
[262] The targets of the Axis-aligned Croatian
Ustaše regime were mostly
Serbs.
[263]The most well-known Japanese atrocity was the
Nanking Massacre, in which several hundred thousand Chinese civilians were raped and murdered.
[264] The Japanese military murdered from nearly 3 million to over 10 million civilians, mostly Chinese.
[265] Mitsuyoshi Himeta reported 2.7 million casualties occurred during the
Sankō Sakusen. General
Yasuji Okamura implemented the policy in Heipei and
Shantung.
[266]Concentration camps and slave work
In addition to Nazi
concentration camps, the Soviet
gulags (
labour camps) led to the death of citizens of occupied countries such as Poland, Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia, as well as German
prisoners of war (POWs) and even Soviet citizens who had been or were thought to be supporters of the Nazis.
[279] Sixty percent of
Soviet POWs of the Germans died during the war.
[280] Richard Overy gives the number of 5.7 million Soviet POWs. Of those, 57 percent died or were killed, a total of 3.6 million.
[281] Some of the survivors were treated as traitors upon their return to the USSR (see
Order No. 270).
Japanese
prisoner-of-war camps, many of which were used as labour camps, also had high death rates. The
International Military Tribunal for the Far East found the death rate of Western prisoners was 27.1 percent (for American POWs, 37 percent),
[282] seven times that of POWs under the Germans and Italians.
[283] The death rate among Chinese POWs was much larger; a directive ratified on August 5, 1937 by
Hirohito declared that the Chinese were no longer protected under international law.
[284] While 37,583 prisoners from the UK, 28,500 from the Netherlands, and 14,473 from United States were released after the
surrender of Japan, the number for the Chinese was only 56.
[285]According to historian Zhifen Ju, at least five million Chinese civilians from northern China and Manchukuo were enslaved between 1935 and 1941 by the
East Asia Development Board, or
Kōain, for work in mines and war industries. After 1942, the number reached 10 million.
[286] The U.S. Library of Congress estimates that in
Java, between 4 and 10 million
romusha (Japanese: "manual laborers"), were forced to work by the Japanese military. About 270,000 of these Javanese laborers were sent to other Japanese-held areas in South East Asia, and only 52,000 were repatriated to Java.
[287]On February 19, 1942, Roosevelt signed
Executive Order 9066, interning thousands of Japanese,
Italians,
German Americans, and some emigrants from Hawaii who fled after the bombing of
Pearl Harbor for the duration of the war. The U.S. and Canadian governments interned 150,000 Japanese-Americans,
[288][289] as well as nearly 11,000 German and Italian residents of the U.S.
[288] Allied use of involuntary labor occurred mainly in the East, such as in Poland,
[290] but more than a million were also put to work in the West. In Hungary's case,
Hungarians were forced to work for the Soviet Union until 1955.
[291]Home fronts and production
In Europe, before the outbreak of the war, the Allies had significant advantages in both population and economics. In 1938, the Western Allies (United Kingdom, France, Poland and British Dominions) had a 30 percent larger population and a 30 percent higher
gross domestic product than the European Axis (Germany and Italy); if colonies are included, it then gives the Allies more than a 5:1 advantage in population and nearly 2:1 advantage in GDP.
[292] In Asia at the same time, China had roughly six times the population of Japan, but only an 89 percent higher GDP; this is reduced to three times the population and only a 38 percent higher GDP if Japanese colonies are included.
[292]Though the Allies' economic and population advantages were largely mitigated during the initial rapid blitzkrieg attacks of Germany and Japan, they became the decisive factor by 1942, after the United States and Soviet Union joined the Allies, as the war largely settled into one of attrition.
[293] While the Allies' ability to out-produce the Axis is often attributed to the Allies having more access to natural resources, other factors, such as Germany and Japan's reluctance to employ women in the
labour force,
[294][295] Allied
strategic bombing,
[296][297] and Germany's late shift to a
war economy[298] contributed significantly. Additionally, neither Germany nor Japan planned to fight a protracted war, and were not equipped to do so.
[299][300] To improve their production, Germany and Japan used millions of
slave labourers;
[301] Germany used about 12 million people, mostly from
Eastern Europe,
[278] while
Japan pressed more than 18 million people in
Far East Asia.
[286][287]Occupation
In Europe, occupation came under two very different forms. In Western, Northern and Central Europe (France, Norway, Denmark, the Low Countries, and the
annexed portions of Czechoslovakia) Germany established economic policies through which it collected roughly 69.5 billion
reichmarks (27.8 billion US Dollars) by the end of the war; this figure does not include the
sizable plunder of industrial products, military equipment, raw materials and other goods.
[302] Thus, the income from occupied nations was over 40 percent of the income Germany collected from taxation, a figure which increased to nearly 40 percent of total German income as the war went on.
[303]In the East, the much hoped for bounties of
Lebensraum were never attained as fluctuating front-lines and Soviet
scorched earth policies denied resources to the German invaders.
[304] Unlike in the West, the
Nazi racial policy encouraged excessive brutality against what it considered to be the "
inferior people" of Slavic descent; most German advances were thus followed by
mass executions.
[305] Although
resistance groups did form in most occupied territories, they did not significantly hamper German operations in either the East
[306] or the West
[307] until late 1943.
In Asia, Japan termed nations under its occupation as being part of the
Greater East Asia Co-prosperity Sphere, essentially a Japanese
hegemony which it claimed was for purposes of liberating colonised peoples.
[308] Although Japanese forces were originally welcomed as liberators from European domination in many territories, their excessive brutality turned local public opinions against them within weeks.
[309] During Japan's initial conquest it captured 4 million barrels of oil (~5.5×10
5 tonnes) left behind by retreating Allied forces, and by 1943 was able to get production in the Dutch East Indies up to 50 million barrels (~6.8
×10^6 t), 76 percent of its 1940 output rate.
[309]Advances in technology and warfare
During the war, aircraft continued their roles of reconnaissance,
fighters,
bombers and ground-support from World War I, though each area was advanced considerably. Two important additional roles for aircraft were those of the
airlift, the capability to quickly move high-priority supplies, equipment and personnel, albeit in limited quantities;
[310] and of
strategic bombing, the targeted use of bombs against civilian areas in the hopes of hampering enemy industry and morale.
[311] Anti-aircraft weaponry also continued to advance, including key defences such as
radar and greatly improved anti-aircraft artillery, such as the German
88 mm gun.
.^ For information arranged by the name of the vessel, please view the listing of submarines and submarine tenders that sustained losses during World War II. There is also an " Additional Losses - World War II " page for listings of men were lost while serving on vessels that were not sunk.
^ Following is a listing of the 3632 men who are known to have been lost while in service in the US Submarine Force during World War II. Every man has his own personal memorial page.
^ On Eternal Patrol - World War II .
[312]At sea, while advances were made in almost all aspects of naval warfare, the two primary areas of development were focused around aircraft carriers and submarines.
.^ Pearl Harbor (Action, Movie, 2001, PG-13, **) .- TitanTV - Free Customizable TV Listings 3 February 2010 19:13 UTC ww2.titantv.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]
[313][314][315] In the Atlantic,
escort carriers proved to be a vital part of Allied convoys, increasing the effective protection radius dramatically and helping to close the
Mid-Atlantic gap.
[316] Beyond their increased effectiveness, carriers were also more economical than battleships due to the relatively low cost of aircraft
[317] and their not requiring to be as heavily armoured.
[318] .^ For information arranged by the name of the vessel, please view the listing of submarines and submarine tenders that sustained losses during World War II. There is also an " Additional Losses - World War II " page for listings of men were lost while serving on vessels that were not sunk.
^ Following is a listing of the 3632 men who are known to have been lost while in service in the US Submarine Force during World War II. Every man has his own personal memorial page.
^ On Eternal Patrol - Lost Submariners of World War II .
The British focused development on
anti-submarine weaponry and tactics, such as
sonar and convoys, while Germany focused on improving its offensive capability, with designs such as the
Type VII submarine and
Wolf pack tactics.
[320] Gradually, continually improving Allied technologies such as the
Leigh light,
hedgehog,
squid, and
homing torpedoes proved victorious.
.^ Sniper World War 2 - AbcArcade.com action adventure/rpg classic shooting strategy racing sports puzzle other more fun .- Sniper World War 2 - AbcArcade.com 2 February 2010 18:018 UTC www.abcarcade.com [Source type: General]
.^ Following is a listing of the 3632 men who are known to have been lost while in service in the US Submarine Force during World War II. Every man has his own personal memorial page.
[321] .^ World War 2 Soldier - AbcArcade.com action adventure/rpg classic shooting strategy racing sports puzzle other more fun .- World War 2 Soldier - AbcArcade.com 23 January 2010 19:34 UTC www.abcarcade.com [Source type: General]
At the start of the war, most armies considered the tank to be the best weapon against itself, and developed special-purpose tanks to that effect.
[323] This line of thinking was all but negated by the poor performance of the relatively light early tank armaments against armour, and German doctrine of avoiding tank-versus-tank combat; the latter factor, along with Germany's use of combined arms, were among the key elements of their highly successful blitzkrieg tactics across Poland and France.
[321] Many means of
destroying tanks, including
indirect artillery,
anti-tank guns (both towed and
self-propelled),
mines, short-ranged infantry antitank weapons, and other tanks were utilised.
[323] Even with large-scale mechanisation of the various armies, the infantry remained the backbone of all forces,
[324] and throughout the war, most infantry equipment was similar to that utilised in World War I.
[325]The United States became the first country to arm its soldiers with a
semi-automatic rifle, in this case the
M-1 Garand. Some of the primary advances though, were the widespread incorporation of portable
machine guns, a notable example being the German
MG42, and various
submachine guns which were well suited to close-quarters combat in urban and jungle settings.
[325] The
assault rifle, a late war development which incorporated many of the best features of the
rifle and submachine gun, became the standard postwar infantry weapon for nearly all armed forces.
[326][327]In terms of communications, most of the major belligerents attempted to solve the problems of complexity and security presented by using large
codebooks for
cryptography with the creation of various
ciphering machines, the most well known being the German
Enigma machine.
[328][329] SIGINT (
signals
intelligence) was the countering process of decryption, with the notable examples being the British
ULTRA and the Allied breaking of
Japanese naval codes.
[329] Another important aspect of
military intelligence was the use of
deception operations, which the Allies successfully used on several occasions to great effect, such as operations
Mincemeat and
Bodyguard.
[329][330] .^ World War 2 Soldier - AbcArcade.com action adventure/rpg classic shooting strategy racing sports puzzle other more fun .- World War 2 Soldier - AbcArcade.com 23 January 2010 19:34 UTC www.abcarcade.com [Source type: General]
[331]See also
Documentaries
.^ For information arranged by the name of the vessel, please view the listing of submarines and submarine tenders that sustained losses during World War II. There is also an " Additional Losses - World War II " page for listings of men were lost while serving on vessels that were not sunk.
^ On Eternal Patrol - World War II .
^ On Eternal Patrol - Lost Submariners of World War II .
It includes interviews with many key figures including
Karl Dönitz,
Albert Speer, and
Anthony Eden.
Battlefield (documentary series), a television documentary series initially issued in 1994–1995 that explores many of the most important battles fought during the Second World War.
Notes
- ^ "War Machines". Time. June 12, 1939. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,762392,00.html. Retrieved 2009-11-15. "Official military histories in Commonwealth and Western nations refer to the conflict as the Second World War (e.g. C.P. Stacey's Official History of the Canadian Army in the Second World War), while the United States' official histories refer to the conflict as World War II, spoken "World War Two". English translations of the official histories of other nations also tend to resolve into English as Second World War, for example Zweiter Weltkrieg in German. Non-English-language use typically translates to Second World War, for instance the Spanish Segunda Guerra mundial and the French Seconde Guerre mondiale. "Official" usage of these terms is giving way to popular usage and the two terms are becoming interchangeable even in formal military history. The term "Second World War" was originally coined in the 1920s. In 1928, US Secretary of State Frank B. Kellogg advocated his treaty "for the renunciation of war" (known as the Kellogg-Briand Pact) as being a "practical guarantee against a second world war". The term came into widespread use as soon as the war began in 1939"
- ^ Sommerville, Donald (December 14, 2008). The Complete Illustrated History of World War Two: An Authoritative Account of the Deadliest Conflict in Human History with Analysis of Decisive Encounters and Landmark Engagements. Lorenz Books. p. 5. ISBN 0754818985.
- ^ Nikolay, Starikov. "When Did WWII Start?". russianthought.com. http://russianthought.com/starikov_when_did_world_war_ii_start.html. Retrieved 2010-02-03.
- ^ a b "Australia Declares War on Japan". ibiblio. http://www.ibiblio.org/pha/timeline/411209awp.html. Retrieved 2009-10-03.
- ^ a b "The Kingdom of The Netherlands Declares War with Japan". ibiblio. 2007. http://www.ibiblio.org/pha/policy/1941/411208c.html. Retrieved 2009-10-03.
- ^ Bradley, James; Powers, Ron (2000). Flags of Our Fathers. Bantam. p. 58. ISBN 0553111337.
- ^ Chickering, Roger (2006) (Google books). A World at Total War: Global Conflict and the Politics of Destruction, 1937–1945. Cambridge University Press. p. 64. ISBN 0 275 98710 8. http://books.google.ca/books?id=evVPoSwqrG4C&dq=A+World+at+Total+War:+Global+Conflict+and+the+Politics+of+Destruction,+1937%E2%80%931945&printsec=frontcover&source=bn&hl=en&ei=WXb_SvHIDszOlAeL0cGZCw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CBAQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=A%20World%20at%20Total%20War%3A%20Global%20Conflict%20and%20the%20Politics%20of%20Destruction%2C%201937%E2%80%931945&f=false. Retrieved 2009-11-15.
- ^ Fiscus, James W (2007) (Google books). Critical Perspectives on World War II. Rosen Publishing Group. p. 44. ISBN 1404200657. http://books.google.ca/books?id=6MTcnkLfDZAC&dq=Critical+Perspectives+on+World+War+II&printsec=frontcover&source=bl&ots=_Lj9g6GuNK&sig=AqmZRT4gPZ8V1WShPfYAEP1r9c4&hl=en&ei=x3f_SsFt1O2UB6-H6ZYL&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CAgQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=&f=false. Retrieved 2009-11-15.
- ^ Among other starting dates sometimes used for World War II are the 1935 Italian invasion of Abyssinia; (Ben-Horin, Eliahu (1943). The Middle East: Crossroads of History. W. W. Norton & Co. p. 169; Taylor, A. J. P (1979). How Wars Begin. Hamilton. p. 124. ISBN 0241100178; Yisreelit, Hevrah Mizrahit (1965). Asian and African Studies, p. 191). For 1941 see (Taylor, A. J. P (1961). The Origins of the Second World War. Hamilton. p. vii; Kellogg, William O (2003). American History the Easy Way. Barron's Educational Series. p. 236 ISBN 0764119737). There also exists the viewpoint that both World War I and World War II are part of the same "European Civil War" or "Second Thirty Years War". (Canfora, Luciano; Jones, Simon (2006). Democracy in Europe: A History of an Ideology. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 155. ISBN 1405111313; Prin, Gwyn (2002). The Heart of War: On Power, Conflict and Obligation in the Twenty-First Century. Routledge. p. 11. ISBN 0415369606).
- ^ Masaya, Shiraishi (1990). Japanese relations with Vietnam, 1951–1987. SEAP Publications. p. 4. ISBN 0877271224.
- ^ Kantowicz 1999, p. 149
- ^ Davies 2008, p. 134–140
- ^ Shaw 2000, p. 35
- ^ Bullock 1962, p. 265
- ^ Preston 1998, p. 104
- ^ Myers 1987, p. 458
- ^ Smith 2004, p. 28
- ^ Coogan, Anthony (July 1993). "The Volunteer Armies of Northeast China". History Today 43. http://www.questia.com/googleScholar.qst?docId=5000186948. Retrieved 2009-11-14. "Although some Chinese troops in the Northeast managed to retreat south, others were trapped by the advancing Japanese Army and were faced with the choice of resistance in defiance of orders, or surrender. A few commanders submitted, receiving high office in the puppet government, but others took up arms against the invader. The forces they commanded were the first of the volunteer armies".
- ^ Brody 1999, p. 4
- ^ Zalampas 1989, p. 62
- ^ Record 2005, p. 50
- ^ Mandelbaum 1988, p. 96
- ^ Schmitz, David F (2001). The First Wise Man. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 124. ISBN 0842026320.
- ^ Kitson 2001, p. 231
- ^ Adamthwaite 1992, p. 52
- ^ Graham 2005, p. 110
- ^ Busky 2002, p. 10
- ^ Barker, A. J (1971). The Rape of Ethiopia 1936. Ballantine Books. pp. 131–2. ISBN 0345024621.
- ^ Fairbank, John King; Feuerwerker, Albert; Twitchett, Denis Crispin (1986). The Cambridge history of China. Cambridge University Press. pp. 547–551. ISBN 0521243386.
- ^ Fairbank, John King; Feuerwerker, Albert; Twitchett, Denis Crispin (1986). The Cambridge history of China. Cambridge University Press. p. 566. ISBN 0521243386.
- ^ Taylor, Jay (2009). The Generalissimo: Chiang Kai-shek and the struggle for modern China. Harvard University Press. pp. 150–152. ISBN 9780674033382.
- ^ Coox, Alvin D. (1990). Nomonhan: Japan Against Russia, 1939. Stanford University Press. p. 189. ISBN 0804718350.
- ^ Sella, Amnon (October 1983). "Khalkhin-Gol: The Forgotten War". Journal of Contemporary History 18 (4): 651–87.
- ^ Chaney, Otto Preston (1996). Zhukov. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 76. ISBN 0806128070.
- ^ Collier, Martin; Pedley, Philip (2000). Germany 1919–45. Heinemann. p. 144. ISBN 0435327216.
- ^ Kershaw 2001, p. 121–2
- ^ Kershaw 2001, p. 157
- ^ Davies 2008, p. 143–4
- ^ Lowe, Cedric James; Marzari, F (2002). Italian Foreign Policy 1870–1940. Taylor & Francis. p. 330. ISBN 0415273722.
- ^ Dear, I. C. B.; Foot, M. R. D, eds (2002). "Pact of Steel". Oxford Companion to World War II. Oxford University Press. p. 674. ISBN 0198604467.
- ^ Shore, Zachary (2003). What Hitler Knew: The Battle for Information in Nazi Foreign Policy. Oxford University Press US. p. 108. ISBN 0195154592.
- ^ Dear, I. C. B.; Foot, M. R. D, eds (2002). "Nazi-Soviet Pact". Oxford University Press. p. 608. ISBN 0198604467.
- ^ May, Ernest R (2000) (Google books). Strange Victory: Hitler's Conquest of France. I.B.Tauris. p. 93. ISBN 1850433291. http://books.google.ca/books?id=ArNzWonLNj8C&printsec=frontcover&dq=Strange+Victory:+Hitler%27s+Conquest+of+France#v=onepage&q=&f=false. Retrieved 2009-11-15.
- ^ Zaloga, Steven J.; Gerrard, Howard (2002) (Google books). Poland 1939: The Birth of Blitzkrieg. Osprey Publishing. p. 83. ISBN 1841764086. http://books.google.ca/books?id=oQeAKAjlEwMC&printsec=frontcover&dq=poland+1939:+The+Birth+of+Blitzkrieg#v=onepage&q=&f=false. Retrieved 2009-11-15.
- ^ Hempel, Andrew (2003) (Google books). Poland in World War II: An Illustrated Military History. Hippocrene Books. p. 24. ISBN 078181004. http://books.google.ca/books?id=9SmbqqQfp1gC&dq=Poland+in+World+War+II:+An+Illustrated+Military+History'&printsec=frontcover&source=bl&ots=bOE2JdSV_q&sig=vX6dtwIwm-kC3DxacS2Be7CxWmw&hl=en&ei=oaX_SpLFDtKPlAfHxYmGCw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CA8Q6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=&f=false. Retrieved 2009-11-15.
- ^ Jowett & Andrew 2002, p. 14
- ^ Smith, David J. (2002) (Google books). The Baltic States: Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania. Routledge. 1st edition. p. 24. ISBN 0415285801. http://books.google.ca/books?id=YaYbzQQN97EC&lpg=PA142&ots=WQ41SPS6cH&dq=The%20Baltic%20States%3A%20Estonia%2C%20Latvia%20and%20Lithuania&pg=PA142#v=onepage&q=&f=false. Retrieved 2009-11-15.
- ^ a b Bilinsky, Yaroslav (1999) (Google books). Endgame in NATO's Enlargement: The Baltic States and Ukraine. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 9. ISBN 0275963632. http://books.google.ca/books?id=pbocXztNVsUC&lpg=PR3&ots=80XJZasLzB&dq=Endgame%20in%20NATO's%20Enlargement%3A%20The%20Baltic%20States%20and%20Ukraine%7C&pg=PR3#v=onepage&q=&f=false. Retrieved 2009-11-15.
- ^ a b Murray & Millett 2001, p. 55–56
- ^ Spring, D. W (April 1986). "The Soviet Decision for War against Finland, 30 November 1939". Europe-Asia Studies 38 (2): 207–226. http://www.jstor.org/stable/151203.
- ^ Hanhimäki, Jussi M (1997) (Google books). Containing Coexistence: America, Russia, and the "Finnish Solution. Kent State University Press. p. 12. ISBN 0873385586. http://books.google.ca/books?id=OWfudYWUOt0C&lpg=PP1&ots=5-P5P9hAN5&dq=Containing%20Coexistence%3A%20America%2C%20Russia%2C%20and%20the%20%22Finnish%20Solution&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q=&f=false. Retrieved 2009-11-15.
- ^ Weinberg 1995, p. 95 & 121
- ^ Shirer, William L (1990). The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich: A History of Nazi Germany. Simon and Schuster. pp. 668–9. ISBN 0671728687.
- ^ Murray & Millett 2001, p. 57–63
- ^ Commager, Henry Steele (2004) (Google books). The Story of the Second World War. Brassey's. p. 9. ISBN 1574887416. http://books.google.ca/books?id=H2nUNdqobOkC&lpg=PP1&ots=1hPRAZlRRj&dq=The%20Story%20of%20the%20Second%20World%20War&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q=&f=false. Retrieved 2009-11-15.
- ^ Reynolds, David (April 27, 2006) (Google books). From World War to Cold War: Churchill, Roosevelt, and the International History of the 1940s. Oxford University Press, USA. p. 76. ISBN 0199284113. http://books.google.ca/books?id=Qk_xKD62G7cC&lpg=PP1&dq=From%20World%20War%20to%20Cold%20War%3A%20Churchill%2C%20Roosevelt%2C%20and%20the%20International%20History%20of%20the%201940s&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q=&f=false. Retrieved 2009-11-15.
- ^ a b Crawford, Keith; Foster, Stuart J (2007) (Google books). War, nation, memory: international perspectives on World War II in school history textbooks. Information Age Publishing. p. 68. ISBN 159311852X. http://books.google.ca/books?id=zw-O7t_6GJQC&lpg=PP1&ots=zVuSXt3Hb8&dq=War%2C%20nation%2C%20memory%3A%20international%20perspectives%20on%20World%20War%20II%20in%20school%20history%20textbooks&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q=&f=false. Retrieved 2009-11-15.
- ^ Shirer, William L (1990). The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich: A History of Nazi Germany. Simon and Schuster. pp. 721–3. ISBN 0671728687.
- ^ Regan, Geoffrey (2000). The Brassey's book of military blunders. Brassey's. p. 152. ISBN 157488252X.
- ^ Kennedy, David M (1999) (Questia books). Freedom from Fear: The American People in Depression and War, 1929–1945. Oxford University Press. p. 439. ISBN 0195038347. http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=52284041. Retrieved 2009-11-15.
- ^ Klaus, Autbert (2001). Germany and the Second World War Volume 2: Germany's Initial Conquests in Europe. Oxford University Press. p. 311. ISBN 0198228880. http://books.google.ca/books?id=Z5p4tGO7-VkC&lpg=PA1&dq=Germany%20and%20the%20Second%20World%20War%20Volume%202%3A%20Germany's%20Initial%20Conquests%20in%20Europe&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q=&f=false. Retrieved 2009-11-15.
- ^ Brown, David (2004). The Road to Oran: Anglo-French Naval Relations, September 1939 – July 1940. Taylor & Francis. p. xxx. ISBN 0714654612.
- ^ Kelly, Nigel; Rees, Rosemary; Shuter, Jane (1998). Twentieth Century World. Heinemann. p. 38. ISBN 0435309838.
- ^ Goldstein, Margaret J (2004). World War II. Twenty-First Century Books. p. 35. ISBN 0822501392.
- ^ Mercado, Stephen C (2003). The Shadow Warriors of Nakano: A History of the Imperial Japanese Army's Elite Intelligence School. Brassey's. p. 109. ISBN 1574885383.
- ^ Brown, Robert J. (2004). Manipulating the Ether: The Power of Broadcast Radio in Thirties America. McFarland. p. 91. ISBN 0786420669.
- ^ Morison, Samuel Eliot (2002). History of United States Naval Operations in World War II. University of Illinois Press. p. 60. ISBN 0252070658.
- ^ Maingot, Anthony P. (1994). The United States and the Caribbean: Challenges of an Asymmetrical Relationship. Westview Press. p. 52. ISBN 0813322413.
- ^ Cantril, Hadley (September 1940). "America Faces the War: A Study in Public Opinion". The Public Opinion Quarterly 4 (3): 390.
- ^ Weinberg 1995, p. 182
- ^ Bilhartz, Terry D.; Elliott, Alan C. (2007). Currents in American History: A Brief History of the United States. M.E. Sharpe. p. 179. ISBN 9780765618214.
- ^ Murray & Millett 2001, p. 165
- ^ Knell, Hermann (2003). To Destroy a City: Strategic Bombing and Its Human Consequences in World War II. Da Capo. p. 205. ISBN 0306811693.
- ^ Murray & Millett 2001, p. 233–245
- ^ Schoenherr, Steven (October 1, 2005). "Undeclared Naval War in the Atlantic 1941". History Department at the University of San Diego. http://history.sandiego.edu/gen/ww2Timeline/Prelude18.html. Retrieved 2010-02-15.
- ^ Dear, I. C. B.; Foot, M. R. D, eds (2002). "Tripartite Pact". Oxford Companion to World War II. Oxford University Press. p. 877. ISBN 0198604467.
- ^ Deletant, Dennis (2002). "Romania". in Dear, I. C. B.; Foot, M. R. D. Oxford Companion to World War II. pp. 745–46. ISBN 0198604467.
- ^ Clogg, Richard (1992). A Concise History of Greece. Cambridge University Press. p. 118. ISBN 0521808723.
- ^ Andrew, Stephen (2001). The Italian Army 1940–45 (2): Africa 1940–43. Osprey Publishing. pp. 9–10. ISBN 1855328658.
- ^ Brown, David (2002). The Royal Navy and the Mediterranean. Routledge. pp. 64–65. ISBN 0714652059.
- ^ Jackson, Ashley (2006). The British Empire and the Second World War. Continuum International Publishing Group. p. 106. ISBN 1852854170.
- ^ Laurier, Jim (2001). Tobruk 1941: Rommel's opening move. Osprey Publishing. pp. 7–8. ISBN 1841760927.
- ^ Murray & Millett 2001, p. 263–67
- ^ Macksey, Kenneth (1997). Rommel: battles and campaigns. Da Capo Press. pp. 61–63. ISBN 0306807866.
- ^ Weinberg 1995, p. 229
- ^ Watson, William E (2003). Tricolor and Crescent: France and the Islamic World. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 80. ISBN 0275974707.
- ^ Jackson, Ashley (2006). The British Empire and the Second World War. Continuum International Publishing Group. p. 154. ISBN 1852854170.
- ^ Stewart, Vance (2002). Three Against One: Churchill, Roosevelt, Stalin Vs Adolph Hitler. Sunstone Press. p. 159. ISBN 0865343772.
- ^ "The London Blitz, 1940". Eyewitness to History. Ibis Communications. 2001. http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/blitz.htm. Retrieved 2008-03-11.
- ^ United States. Air Force Logistics Management Agency (2004). AFLMA Year in Review. DIANE Publishing. p. 33. ISBN 1428993886.
- ^ Joes, Anthony James (2004). Resisting Rebellion: The History And Politics of Counterinsurgency. University Press of Kentucky. p. 224. ISBN 0813123399.
- ^ Fairbank, John King; Goldman, Merle (1994). China: A New History. Harvard University Press. p. 320. ISBN 0674116739.
- ^ Garver, John W (1988). Chinese-Soviet Relations, 1937–1945: The Diplomacy of Chinese Nationalism. Oxford University Press. p. 114. ISBN 0195054326.
- ^ Weinberg 1995, p. 195
- ^ Sella, Amnon (July 1978). ""Barbarossa": Surprise Attack and Communication". Journal of Contemporary History 13 (3): 555–83.
- ^ Kershaw, Ian (2007). Fateful Choices. Allen Lane. pp. 66–69. ISBN 0713997125.
- ^ Steinberg, Jonathan (June 1995). "The Third Reich Reflected: German Civil Administration in the Occupied Soviet Union, 1941–4". The English Historical Review 110 (437): 620–51.
- ^ Hauner, Milan (January 1978). "Did Hitler Want a World Dominion?". Journal of Contemporary History 13 (1): 15–32.
- ^ Roberts, Cynthia A (December 1995). "Planning for War: The Red Army and the Catastrophe of 1941". Europe-Asia Studies 47 (8): 1293–26.
- ^ Wilt, Alan F. (December 1981). "Hitler's Late Summer Pause in 1941". Military Affairs 45 (4): 187–91.
- ^ Erickson, John (2003). The Road to Stalingrad. Cassell Military. pp. 114–137. ISBN 0304365416.
- ^ Glantz 2001, p. 9
- ^ "Hitler Can Be Beaten". New York Times. August 5, 1941. pp. C18. http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F20C16FA3C5E1A7A93C7A91783D85F458485F9. Retrieved 2010-02-17.
- ^ Farrell, Brian P (October 1993). "Yes, Prime Minister: Barbarossa, Whipcord, and the Basis of British Grand Strategy, Autumn 1941". The Journal of Military History 57 (4): 599–625.
- ^ Pravda, Alex; Duncan, Peter J. S (1990). Soviet-British Relations Since the 1970s. Cambridge University Press. p. 29. ISBN 0521374944.
- ^ Bueno de Mesquita, Bruce; Smith, Alastair; Siverson, Randolph M.; Morrow, James D (2005). The Logic of Political Survival. MIT Press. p. 425. ISBN 0262524406.
- ^ a b Louis, William Roger (1998). More Adventures with Britannia: Personalities, Politics and Culture in Britain. University of Texas Press. p. 223. ISBN 029274708X.
- ^ Kleinfeld, Gerald R (October 1983). "Hitler's Strike for Tikhvin". Military Affairs 47 (3): 122–28.
- ^ Shukman, Harold (2001). Stalin's Generals. Phoenix Press. p. 113. ISBN 1842125133.
- ^ Glantz 2001, p. 26, "By 1 November [the Wehrmacht] had lost fully 20% of its committed strength (686,000 men), up to 2/3 of its ½-million motor vehicles, and 65 percent of its tanks. The German Army High Command (OKH) rated its 136 divisions as equivalent to 83 full-strength divisions."
- ^ Reinhardt, Klaus; Keenan, Karl B (1992). Moscow-The Turning Point: The Failure of Hitler's Strategy in the Winter of 1941–42. Berg. p. 227. ISBN 0854966951.
- ^ Milward, A.S. (1964). "The End of the Blitzkrieg". The Economic History Review 16 (3): 499–518.
- ^ Rotundo, Louis (January 1986). "The Creation of Soviet Reserves and the 1941 Campaign". Military Affairs 50 (1): 21–8.
- ^ Glantz 2001, p. 26
- ^ Garthoff, Raymond L (October 1969). "The Soviet Manchurian Campaign, August 1945". Military Affairs 33 (2): 312.
- ^ Welch, David (1999). Modern European History, 1871–2000: A Documentary Reader. Routledge. p. 102. ISBN 041521582X.
- ^ Weinberg, Gerhard L (2005). A World At Arms. Cambridge University Press. p. 248. ISBN 0521618266.
- ^ Anderson, Irvine H., Jr. (May 1975). "De Facto Embargo on Oil to Japan: A Bureaucratic Reflex". The Pacific Historical Review 44 (2): 201.
- ^ Peattie, Mark R.; Evans, David C. (1997). Kaigun: Strategy, Tactics, and Technology in the Imperial Japanese Navy. Naval Institute Press. p. 456. ISBN 0870211927.
- ^ Lightbody, Bradley (2004). The Second World War: Ambitions to Nemesis. Routledge. p. 125. ISBN 0415224047.
- ^ Weinberg, Gerhard L (2005). A World At Arms. Cambridge University Press. p. 310. ISBN 0521618266.
- ^ Morgan, Patrick M (1983). Strategic Military Surprise: Incentives and Opportunities. Transaction Publishers. p. 51. ISBN 0878559124.
- ^ a b Wohlstetter, Roberta (1962). Pearl Harbor: Warning and Decision. Stanford University Press. pp. 341–43. ISBN 080470598.
- ^ Mingst, Karen A.; Karns, Margaret P (2007). United Nations in the Twenty-First Century. Westview Press. p. 22. ISBN 0813343461.
- ^ Dunn, Dennis J (1998). Caught Between Roosevelt & Stalin: America's Ambassadors to Moscow. The University Press of Kentucky. p. 157. ISBN 0813120233.
- ^ According to Ernest May (May, Ernest (1955). "The United States, the Soviet Union and the Far Eastern War". The Pacific Historical Review 24 (2): 156. ) Churchill stated: "Russian declaration of war on Japan would be greatly to our advantage, provided, but only provided, that Russians are confident that will not impair their Western Front".
- ^ Klam, Julie (2002). The Rise of Japan and Pearl Harbor. Black Rabbit Books. p. 27. ISBN 1583401881.
- ^ Lewis, Morton. "XXIX. Japanese Plans and American Defenses". in Greenfield, Kent Roberts. The Fall of the Philippines. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 529. Library of Congress Catalogue Card Number: 53-63678. http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/5-2/5-2_29.htm. (Table 11).
- ^ Hill, J. R.; Ranft, Bryan (2002). The Oxford Illustrated History of the Royal Navy. Oxford University Press. p. 362. ISBN 0198605277.
- ^ Hsiung 1992, p. 158
- ^ Perez, Louis G. (June 1, 1998) (Google Books). The history of Japan. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 145. ISBN 0313302960. http://books.google.ca/books?id=ahYF-A3oylkC&pg=PA145. Retrieved 2009-11-12.
- ^ Gooch, John (1990). Decisive Campaigns of the Second World War. Routledge. p. 52. ISBN 0714633690.
- ^ Glantz 2001, p. 31
- ^ Molinari, Andrea (2007). Desert Raiders: Axis and Allied Special Forces 1940–43. Osprey Publishing. p. 91. ISBN 1846030064.
- ^ Mitcham, Samuel W.; Mitcham, Samuel W. Jr (1982). Rommel's Desert War: The Life and Death of the Afrika Korps. Stein & Day. p. 31. ISBN 9780811734134.
- ^ Maddox, Robert James (1992). The United States and World War II. Westview Press. pp. 111–12. ISBN 0813304369.
- ^ Salecker, Gene Eric (2001). Fortress Against the Sun: The B-17 Flying Fortress in the Pacific. Da Capo Press. p. 186. ISBN 1580970494.
- ^ Ropp, Theodore (1962). War in the Modern World. Macmillan Publishing Company. p. 368. ISBN 0801864453.
- ^ Weinberg 1995, p. 339
- ^ Gilbert, Adrian (2003). The Encyclopedia of Warfare: From Earliest Times to the Present Day. Globe Pequot. p. 259. ISBN 1592280277.
- ^ Swain, Bruce (2001). A Chronology of Australian Armed Forces at War 1939–45. Allen & Unwin. p. 197. ISBN 1865083526.
- ^ Hane, Mikiso (2001). Modern Japan: A Historical Survey. Westview Press. p. 340. ISBN 0813337569.
- ^ Marston, Daniel (2005). The Pacific War Companion: From Pearl Harbor to Hiroshima. Osprey Publishing. p. 111. ISBN 1841768820.
- ^ Brayley, Martin J (2002). The British Army, 1939–45: The Far East. Osprey Publishing. p. 9. ISBN 1841762385.
- ^ Read, Anthony (2004). The Devil's Disciples: Hitler's Inner Circle. W. W. Norton & Company. p. 764. ISBN 0393048004.
- ^ Davies, Norman (2006). Europe at War 1939–1945: No Simple Victory. Macmillan. p. 100. ISBN 0333692853.
- ^ Badsey, Stephen (2000). The Hutchinson Atlas of World War II Battle Plans: Before and After. Taylor & Francis. pp. 235–36. ISBN 1579582656.
- ^ Black, Jeremy (2003). World War Two: A Military History. Routledge. p. 119. ISBN 0415305349.
- ^ Gilbert, Sir Martin (2004). The Second World War: A Complete History. Macmillan. pp. 397–400. ISBN 0805076239.
- ^ Shukman, Harold (2001). Stalin's Generals. Phoenix Press. p. 142. ISBN 1842125133.
- ^ Gannon, James (2002). Stealing Secrets, Telling Lies: How Spies and Codebreakers Helped Shape the Twentieth Century. Brassey's. p. 76. ISBN 1574884735.
- ^ Paxton, Robert O (1972). Vichy France: Old Guard and New Order, 1940–1944. Knopf. p. 313. ISBN 0394473604.
- ^ Rich, Norman (1992). Hitler's War Aims: Ideology, the Nazi State, and the Course of Expansion. Norton. p. 178. ISBN 0393008029.
- ^ Penrose, Jane (2004). The D-Day Companion. Osprey Publishing. p. 129. ISBN 1841767794.
- ^ Neillands, Robin (2005). The Dieppe Raid: The Story of the Disastrous 1942 Expedition. Indiana University Press. ISBN 0253347815.
- ^ Thomas, David Arthur (1988). A Companion to the Royal Navy. Harrap. p. 265. ISBN 0245545727.
- ^ Thomas, Nigel; Andrew, Stephen (1998). German Army 1939–1945 (2): North Africa & Balkans. Osprey Publishing. p. 8. ISBN 185532640X.
- ^ a b Ross, Steven T (1997). American War Plans, 1941–1945: The Test of Battle. Frank Cass & Co. p. 38. ISBN 0714646342.
- ^ Bonner, Kit; Bonner, Carolyn (2001). Warship Boneyards. MBI Publishing Company. p. 24. ISBN 0760308705.
- ^ Collier, Paul (2003). The Second World War (4): The Mediterranean 1940–1945. Osprey Publishing. p. 11. ISBN 1841765392.
- ^ Thompson, John Herd; Randall, Stephen J (1994). Canada and the United States: Ambivalent Allies. University of Georgia Press. p. 164. ISBN 0820324035.
- ^ Kennedy, David M (1999). Freedom from Fear: The American People in Depression and War, 1929–1945. Oxford University Press. p. 610. ISBN 0195038347.
- ^ Rottman, Gordon L (2002). World War II Pacific Island Guide: A Geo-Military Study. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 228. ISBN 0313313954.
- ^ Glantz, David M. (September 1986). "Soviet Defensive Tactics at Kursk, July 1943". CSI Report No. 11.. Combined Arms Research Library. http://web.archive.org/web/20080306082607/http://www-cgsc.army.mil/carl/resources/csi/glantz2/glantz2.asp. Retrieved 2010-02-17.
- ^ Glantz, David M (1989). Soviet military deception in the Second World War. Routledge. pp. 149–59. ISBN 9780714633473.
- ^ Kershaw, Ian (2001). Hitler, 1936–1945: Nemesis. W. W. Norton & Company. p. 592. ISBN 0393322521.
- ^ O'Reilly, Charles T (2001). Forgotten Battles: Italy's War of Liberation, 1943–1945. Lexington Books. p. 32. ISBN 0739101951.
- ^ O'Reilly, Charles T (2001). Forgotten Battles: Italy's War of Liberation, 1943–1945. Lexington Books. p. 35. ISBN 0739101951.
- ^ Healy, Mark (1992). Kursk 1943: The tide turns in the East. Osprey Publishing. p. 90. ISBN 1855322110.
- ^ Glantz 2001
- ^ McGowen, Tom (2002). Assault From The Sea: Amphibious Invasions in the Twentieth Century. Twenty-First Century Books. pp. 43–44. ISBN 0761318119.
- ^ Lamb, Richard (1996). War in Italy, 1943–1945: A Brutal Story. Da Capo Press. pp. 154–55. ISBN 0306806886.
- ^ Hart, Stephen; Hart, Russell; Hughes, Matthew (2000). The German Soldier in World War II. MBI Publishing Company. p. 151. ISBN 0760308462.
- ^ Blinkhorn, Martin (1984). Mussolini and Fascist Italy. Methuen & Co. p. 52. ISBN 0415102316.
- ^ Read, Anthony; Fisher, David (1992). The Fall of Berlin. Hutchinson. p. 129. ISBN 0091753376.
- ^ Read, Anthony (2004). The Devil's Disciples: Hitler's Inner Circle. W. W. Norton & Company. p. 804. ISBN 0393048004.
- ^ a b Iriye, Akira (1981). Power and culture: the Japanese-American war, 1941–1945. Harvard University Press. p. 154. ISBN 0674695828.
- ^ a b Polley, Martin (2000). A-Z of modern Europe since 1789. Taylor & Francis. p. 148. ISBN 041518598X.
- ^ Weinberg 1995, p. 660–661
- ^ Glantz, David M (2001). The siege of Leningrad, 1941–1944: 900 days of terror. Zenith Imprint. pp. 166–69. ISBN 0760309418.
- ^ Glantz, David M (2002). The Battle for Leningrad: 1941–1944. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas. ISBN 0700612084.
- ^ Chubarov, Alexander (2001). Russia's Bitter Path to Modernity: A History of the Soviet and Post-Soviet Eras. Continuum International Publishing Group. p. 122. ISBN 0826413501.
- ^ Havighurst, Alfred F (1962). Britain in Transition: The Twentieth Century. The University of Chicago Press. p. 344. ISBN 0226319717.
- ^ Lightbody, Bradley (2004). The Second World War: Ambitions to Nemesis. Routledge. p. 224. ISBN 0415224047.
- ^ a b Zeiler, Thomas W (2004). Unconditional Defeat: Japan, America, and the End of World War II. Scholarly Resources. p. 60. ISBN 0842029915.
- ^ Craven, Wesley Frank; Cate, James Lea (1953). The Army Air Forces in World War II, Volume Five — The Pacific, Matterhorn to Nagasaki. Chicago University Press. p. 207.
- ^ Hsiung, James Chieh; Levine, Steven I (1992). China's Bitter Victory: The War with Japan, 1937–1945. M.E. Sharpe. p. 163. ISBN 156324246X.
- ^ Coble, Parks M (2003). Chinese Capitalists in Japan's New Order: The Occupied Lower Yangzi, 1937–1945. University of California Press. p. 85. ISBN 0520232682.
- ^ Weinberg 1995, p. 695
- ^ Badsey, Stephen (1990). Normandy 1944: Allied Landings and Breakout. Osprey Publishing. p. 91. ISBN 0850459214.
- ^ Dear, I. C. B.; Foot, M. R. D, eds (2002). "Market-Garden". Oxford Companion to World War II. Oxford University Press. p. 877. ISBN 0198604467.
- ^ The operation "was the most calamitous defeat of all the German armed forces in World War II" (Zaloga, Steven J (1996). Bagration 1944: The destruction of Army Group Centre. Osprey Publishing. p. 7. ISBN 1855324784. )
- ^ Berend, Ivan T. (1999). Central and Eastern Europe, 1944–1993: Detour from the Periphery to the Periphery. Cambridge University Press. p. 8. ISBN 0521550661.
- ^ "Armistice Negotiations and Soviet Occupation". US Library of Congress. http://countrystudies.us/romania/23.htm. Retrieved 2009-11-14. "The coup speeded the Red Army's advance, and the Soviet Union later awarded Michael the Order of Victory for his personal courage in overthrowing Antonescu and putting an end to Romania's war against the Allies. Western historians uniformly point out that the Communists played only a supporting role in the coup; postwar Romanian historians, however, ascribe to the Communists the decisive role in Antonescu's overthrow"
- ^ Hastings, Max; Paul Henry, Collier (2004). The Second World War: a world in flames. Osprey Publishing. pp. 223–4. ISBN 1841768308.
- ^ Wiest, Andrew A; Barbier, M. K (2002). Strategy and Tactics Infantry Warfare. Zenith Imprint. pp. 65–6. ISBN 0760314012.
- ^ Wiktor, Christian L (1998). Multilateral Treaty Calendar – 1648–1995. Kluwer Law International. p. 426. ISBN 9041105840.
- ^ Newton, Steven H (1995). Retreat from Leningrad : Army Group North, 1944/1945. Atglen, Philadelphia: Schiffer Books. ISBN 0887408060.
- ^ Marston, Daniel (2005). The Pacific War Companion: From Pearl Harbor to Hiroshima. Osprey Publishing. p. 120. ISBN 1841768820.
- ^ Jowett & Andrew 2002, p. 8
- ^ Howard, Joshua H (2004). Workers at War: Labor in China's Arsenals, 1937–1953. Stanford University Press. p. 140. ISBN 0804748969.
- ^ Drea, Edward J (2003). In the Service of the Emperor: Essays on the Imperial Japanese Army. University of Nebraska Press. p. 54. ISBN 0803266383.
- ^ Cook, Chris; Bewes, Diccon (1997). What Happened Where: A Guide to Places and Events in Twentieth-Century History. UCL Press. p. 305. ISBN 1857285328.
- ^ a b Parker, Danny S (2004). Battle of the Bulge: Hitler's Ardennes Offensive, 1944–1945. Da Capo Press. pp. xiii–xiv, 6–8, 68–70 & 329–330. ISBN 0306813912.
- ^ Glantz 2001, p. 85
- ^ Solsten, Eric (1999). Germany: A Country Study. DIANE Publishing. pp. 76–7. ISBN 0788181793.
- ^ United States Dept. of State (1967). The China White Paper, August 1949. Stanford University Press. p. 113. ISBN 0804706085.
- ^ Buchanan, Tom (2006). Europe's troubled peace, 1945–2000. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 21. ISBN 0631221638.
- ^ Shepardson, Donald E (January 1998). "The Fall of Berlin and the Rise of a Myth". The Journal of Military History 62 (1): 135–154.
- ^ O'Reilly, Charles T (2001). Forgotten Battles: Italy's War of Liberation, 1943–1945. Lexington Books. p. 244. ISBN 0739101951.
- ^ Kershaw 2001, p. 823
- ^ a b Donnelly, Mark (1999). Britain in the Second World War. Routledge. p. xiv. ISBN 0415174252.
- ^ Glantz, David M. (1995). When Titans Clashed: How the Red Army Stopped Hitler. Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas. p. 34. ISBN 0700608990.
- ^ Chant, Christopher (1986). The Encyclopedia of Codenames of World War II. Routledge & Kegan Paul. p. 118. ISBN 0710207182.
- ^ Drea, Edward J (2003). In the Service of the Emperor: Essays on the Imperial Japanese Army. University of Nebraska Press. p. 57. ISBN 0803266383.
- ^ Jowett & Andrew 2002, p. 6
- ^ Poirier, Michel Thomas (October 20, 1999). "Results of the German and American Submarine Campaigns of World War II". U.S. Navy. http://www.navy.mil/navydata/cno/n87/history/wwii-campaigns.html. Retrieved 2008-04-13.
- ^ Williams, Andrew J (2006). Liberalism and War: The Victors and the Vanquished. Routledge. p. 90. ISBN 0415359805.
- ^ Miscamble, Wilson D (2007). From Roosevelt to Truman: Potsdam, Hiroshima, and the Cold War. Cambridge University Press. p. 201. ISBN 0521862442.
- ^ Miscamble, Wilson D (2007). From Roosevelt to Truman: Potsdam, Hiroshima, and the Cold War. Cambridge University Press. pp. 203–4. ISBN 0521862442.
- ^ Glantz, David M (2005), "August Storm: The Soviet Strategic Offensive in Manchuria", Leavenworth Papers (Combined Arms Research Library), OCLC 78918907, http://web.archive.org/web/20080302130751/http://www-cgsc.army.mil/carl/resources/csi/glantz3/glantz3.asp, retrieved 2010-01-25
- ^ Pape, Robert A (Autumn 1993). "Why Japan Surrendered". International Security 18 (2): 154–201.
- ^ Yoder, Amos (1997). The Evolution of the United Nations System. Taylor & Francis. p. 39. ISBN 1560325461.
- ^ "History of the UN". United Nations. http://www.un.org/aboutun/history.htm. Retrieved 2010-01-25.
- ^ "The Universal Declaration of Human Rights". United Nations. http://www.un.org/en/documents/udhr/. Retrieved 2009-11-14. "* Everyone is entitled to all the rights and freedoms set forth in this Declaration, without distinction of any kind, such as race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status. Furthermore, no distinction shall be made on the basis of the political, jurisdictional or international status of the country or territory to which a person belongs, whether it be independent, trust, non-self-governing or under any other limitation of sovereignty"
- ^ Kantowicz, Edward R (2000). Coming Apart, Coming Together. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 6. ISBN 0802844561.
- ^ Trachtenberg, Marc (1999). A Constructed Peace: The Making of the European Settlement, 1945–1963. Princeton University Press. p. 33. ISBN 0691002738.
- ^ Roberts, Geoffrey (2006). Stalin's Wars: From World War to Cold War, 1939–1953. Yale University Press. p. 43. ISBN 0300112041.
- ^ Wettig, Gerhard (2008). Stalin and the Cold War in Europe. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 20–21. ISBN 0742555429.
- ^ Senn, Alfred Erich (2007). Lithuania 1940: revolution from above. Rodopi. ISBN 9789042022256.
- ^ Kennedy-Pipe, Caroline (1995). Stalin's Cold War. Manchester University Press. ISBN 0719042011.
- ^ Roberts, Geoffrey (2006). Stalin's Wars: From World War to Cold War, 1939–1953. Yale University Press. p. 55. ISBN 0300112041.
- ^ Shirer, William L. (1990), The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich: A History of Nazi Germany, Simon and Schuster, p. 794, ISBN 0671728687
- ^ Granville, Johanna (2004). The First Domino: International Decision Making during the Hungarian Crisis of 1956. Texas A&M University Press. ISBN 1585442984.
- ^ Grenville, John Ashley Soames (2005). A History of the World from the 20th to the 21st Century. Routledge. pp. 370–71. ISBN 0415289548.
- ^ Cook, Bernard A (2001). Europe Since 1945: An Encyclopedia. Taylor & Francis. p. 17. ISBN 0815340575.
- ^ Wettig, Gerhard (2008). Stalin and the Cold War in Europe. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 96–100. ISBN 0742555429.
- ^ Leffler, Melvyn P.; Painter, David S (1994). Origins of the Cold War: An International History. Routledge. p. 318. ISBN 0415341094.
- ^ Stokesbury, James L (1990). A Short History of the Korean War. New York: Harper Perennial. p. 14. ISBN 0688095135.
- ^ Fehrenbach, T. R (2001). This Kind of War: The Classic Korean War History. Brasseys. p. 305. ISBN 1574883348.
- ^ Oberdorfer, Don (2001). The Two Koreas: A Contemporary History. Basic Books. pp. 10–11. ISBN 0465051626.
- ^ No, Kum-Sok; Osterholm, J. Roger (1996). A MiG-15 to Freedom: Memoir of the Wartime North Korean Defector who First Delivered the Secret Fighter Jet to the Americans in 1953. McFarland. ISBN 0786402105.
- ^ Betts, Raymond F. (2004). Decolonization. Routledge. pp. 21–24. ISBN 041531820.
- ^ Conteh-Morgan, Earl (2004). Collective Political Violence: An Introduction to the Theories and Cases of Violent Conflicts. Routledge. p. 30. ISBN 0415947448.
- ^ Vess, Deborah (2001). "Chapter 7, The impact on colonialism: the Middle East, Africa, and Asia in crisis following World War II" (Google books). AP World History: The Best Preparation for the AP World History Exam. Research & Education Association. p. 564. ISBN 0738601284. http://books.google.ca/books?id=1dOLbfnYWvwC&pg=RA2-PA564. Retrieved 2010-01-22.
- ^ Dornbusch, Rüdiger; Nölling, Wilhelm; Layard, P. Richard G (1993). Postwar Economic Reconstruction and Lessons for the East Today. Massachusetts Institute of Technology Press. p. 29. ISBN 0262041367.
- ^ Bull, Martin J.; Newell, James (2005). Italian Politics: Adjustment Under Duress. Polity. p. 20. ISBN 0745612997.
- ^ Bull, Martin J.; Newell, James (2005). Italian Politics: Adjustment Under Duress. Polity. p. 21. ISBN 0745612997.
- ^ Dornbusch, Rüdiger; Nölling, Wilhelm; Layard, P. Richard G (1993). Postwar Economic Reconstruction and Lessons for the East Today. Massachusetts Institute of Technology Press. p. 117. ISBN 0262041367.
- ^ Emadi-Coffin, Barbara (2002). Rethinking International Organization: Deregulation and Global Governance. Routledge. p. 64. ISBN 0415195403.
- ^ Harrop, Martin (1992). Power and Policy in Liberal Democracies. Cambridge University Press. p. 23. ISBN 0521345790.
- ^ Smith, Alan (1993). Russia And the World Economy: Problems of Integration. Routledge. p. 32. ISBN 0415089247.
- ^ Harrop, Martin (1992). Power and Policy in Liberal Democracies. Cambridge University Press. p. 49. ISBN 0521345790.
- ^ a b Harper, Damian (2007). China. Lonely Planet. p. 51. ISBN 1740599152.
- ^ Kunkel, John (2003). America's Trade Policy Towards Japan: Demanding Results. Routledge. p. 33. ISBN 0415298326.
- ^ O'Brien, Prof. Joseph V. "World War II: Combatants and Casualties (1937— 1945)". Obee's History Page. John Jay College of Criminal Justice. http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~jobrien/reference/ob62.html. Retrieved 2007-04-20.
- ^ White, Matthew. "Source List and Detailed Death Tolls for the Twentieth Century Hemoclysm". Historical Atlas of the Twentieth Century. Matthew White's Homepage. http://users.erols.com/mwhite28/warstat1.htm#Second. Retrieved 2007-04-20.
- ^ "World War II Fatalities". secondworldwar.co.uk. http://www.secondworldwar.co.uk/casualty.html. Retrieved 2007-04-20.
- ^ "Leaders mourn Soviet wartime dead". BBC News. May 9, 2005. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4530565.stm. Retrieved 2009-12-07.
- ^ Florida Center for Instructional Technology (2005). "Victims". A Teacher's Guide to the Holocaust. University of South Florida. http://fcit.usf.edu/Holocaust/people/victims.htm. Retrieved 2008-02-02.
- ^ Winter, J. M (2002). "Demography of the War". in Dear, I. C. B.; Foot, M. R. D. Oxford Companion to World War II. Oxford University Press. p. 290. ISBN 0198604467.
- ^ Todd, Allan (2001). The Modern World. Oxford University Press. p. 121. ISBN 0199134251.
- ^ "Jasenovac". jewishvirtuallibrary.org. American-Israeli Cooperative Enterprise. http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Holocaust/Jasenovac.html. Retrieved 2010-01-25.
- ^ Chang, Iris (1997). The Rape of Nanking: The Forgotten Holocaust of World War II. BasicBooks. p. 102. ISBN 0465068359.
- ^ Rummell, R. J. "Statistics". Freedom, Democide, War. The University of Hawaii System. http://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/SOD.CHAP3.HTM. Retrieved 2010-01-25.
- ^ Linzey, Sharon Ph.D. J.D (2000). "Southern Kurdistan: Building the Culture of Life" (pdf). Kurdish National Congress of North America. p. 5. http://www.kncna.org/docs/pdf_files/SharonLinzeyKNC2009.pdf. Retrieved 2009-11-14.
- ^ Tucker, Spencer C.; Roberts, Priscilla Mary Roberts (2004). Encyclopedia of World War II: A Political, Social, and Military History. ABC-CLIO. p. 319. ISBN 1576079996.
- ^ Gold, Hal (1996). Unit 731 testimony. Tuttle. pp. 75–7. ISBN 0804835659.
- ^ Tucker, Spencer C.; Roberts, Priscilla Mary Roberts (2004). Encyclopedia of World War II: A Political, Social, and Military History. ABC-CLIO. p. 320. ISBN 1576079996.
- ^ Harris (2002). Factories of Death: Japanese Biological Warfare, 1932–1945, and the American Cover-up. Routledge. p. 74. ISBN 0415932149.
- ^ Sabella, Robert; Li, Fei Fei; Liu, David (2002). Nanking 1937: Memory and Healing. M.E. Sharpe. p. 69. ISBN 0765608162.
- ^ "Japan tested chemical weapons on Aussie POW: new evidence". The Japan Times Online. July 27, 2004. http://search.japantimes.co.jp/member/nn20040727a9.html. Retrieved 2010-01-25.
- ^ Aksar, Yusuf (2004). Implementing International Humanitarian Law: From the Ad Hoc Tribunals to a Permanent International Criminal Court. Routledge. p. 45. ISBN 0714684708.
- ^ Applebaum, Anne (2003). Gulag: A History. Doubleday. ISBN 9780767900560.
- ^ Hornberger, Jacob (April 1995). "Repatriation—The Dark Side of World War II". The Future of Freedom Foundation. http://www.fff.org/freedom/0495a.asp. Retrieved 2010-01-25.
- ^ Harding, Luke (October 22, 2003). "Germany's forgotten victims". guardian.co.uk. Guardian News and Media. http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2003/oct/22/worlddispatch.germany. Retrieved 2010-01-21.
- ^ Koh, David (August 21, 2008). "Vietnam needs to remember famine of 1945". The Straits Times (Singapore). http://mailman.anu.edu.au/pipermail/hepr-vn/2008-August/000188.html. Retrieved 2010-01-25.
- ^ a b Marek, Michael (October 27, 2005). "Final Compensation Pending for Former Nazi Forced Laborers". dw-world.de. Deutsche Welle. Archived from the original on 2010-01-19. http://www.webcitation.org/5mtTTntBR. Retrieved 2010-01-19.
- ^ Applebaum, Anne (October 16, 2003). "Gulag: Understanding the Magnitude of What Happened". Heritage Foundation. http://www.heritage.org/Research/RussiaandEurasia/HL-800.cfm. Retrieved 2010-01-19.
- ^ North, Jonathan (January 2006). "Soviet Prisoners of War: Forgotten Nazi Victims of World War II". HistoryNet.com. Weider History Group. Archived from the original on 2010-01-19. http://www.webcitation.org/5mtUpwcaB. Retrieved 2010-01-19.
- ^ Overy, Richard (2004). The Dictators: Hitler's Germany, Stalin's Russia. W. W. Norton & Company. pp. 568–69. ISBN 0393020304.
- ^ "Japanese Atrocities in the Philippines". American Experience: the Bataan Rescue. PBS Online. Archived from the original on 2010-01-19. http://www.webcitation.org/5mtVNGYHW. Retrieved 2010-01-18.
- ^ Tanaka, Yuki (1996). Hidden Horrors: Japanese War Crimes in World War II. Westview Press. pp. 2–3. ISBN 0813327180.
- ^ Fujiwara, Akira (1995). "Nitchû Sensô ni Okeru Horyo Gyakusatsu" (in Japanese). Kikan Sensô Sekinin Kenkyû 9: 22.
- ^ Bix, Herbert (2001). Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan. HarperCollins. p. 360. ISBN 0060931302.
- ^ a b Ju, Zhifen (June 2002). "Japan's atrocities of conscripting and abusing north China draughtees after the outbreak of the Pacific war". Joint Study of the Sino-Japanese War:Minutes of the June 2002 Conference. Harvard University Faculty of Arts and Sciences. http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~asiactr/sino-japanese/session6.htm. Retrieved 2010-02-18.
- ^ a b "Indonesia: World War II and the Struggle For Independence, 1942–50; The Japanese Occupation, 1942–45". Library of Congress. 1992. http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+id0029). Retrieved 2007-02-09.
- ^ a b "Concentration camps and slave work". Vets Home. Archived from the original on 2010-01-19. http://www.webcitation.org/5mtX2kt9s. Retrieved 2009-11-12.
- ^ Department of Labour of Canada. (January 24, 1947). Report on the Re-establishment of Japanese in Canada, 1944–1946. Office of the Prime Minister. p. 23. ISBN 0405112661.
- ^ Prowe, Diethelm (November 2007). "Review of Mausbach, Wilfried, Zwischen Morgenthau und Marshall: Das wirtschaftspolitische Deutschlandkonzept der USA 1944–1947". H-Net Review. Archived from the original on 2010-01-19. http://www.webcitation.org/5mtXej9t7.
- ^ Stark, Tamás. "“Malenki Robot” – Hungarian Forced Labourers in the Soviet Union (1944–1955)" (pdf). Minorities Research. http://www.epa.hu/00400/00463/00007/pdf/155_stark.pdf. Retrieved 2010-01-22.
- ^ a b Harrison, Mark (2000). The Economics of World War II: Six Great Powers in International Comparison. Cambridge University Press. p. 3. ISBN 0521785030.
- ^ Harrison, Mark (2000). The Economics of World War II: Six Great Powers in International Comparison. Cambridge University Press. p. 2. ISBN 0521785030.
- ^ Hughes, Matthew; Mann, Chris (2000). Inside Hitler's Germany: Life Under the Third Reich. Potomac Books Inc. p. 148. ISBN 1574882813.
- ^ Bernstein, Gail Lee (1991). Recreating Japanese Women, 1600–1945. University of California Press. p. 267. ISBN 9780520070172.
- ^ Hughes, Matthew; Mann, Chris (2000). Inside Hitler's Germany: Life Under the Third Reich. Potomac Books Inc. p. 151. ISBN 1574882813.
- ^ Griffith, Charles (1999). The Quest: Haywood Hansell and American Strategic Bombing in World War II. DIANE Publishing. p. 203. ISBN 1585660698.
- ^ Overy, R.J (1995). War and Economy in the Third Reich. Oxford University Press, USA. p. 26. ISBN 0198205996.
- ^ Lindberg, Michael; Daniel, Todd (2001). Brown-, Green- and Blue-Water Fleets: the Influence of Geography on Naval Warfare, 1861 to the Present. Praeger. p. 126. ISBN 0275964868.
- ^ Cox, Sebastian (1998). The Strategic Air War Against Germany, 1939–1945. Frank Cass Publishers. p. 84. ISBN 0714647225.
- ^ Unidas, Naciones (2005). World Economic And Social Survey 2004: International Migration. United Nations Pubns. p. 23. ISBN 9211091470.
- ^ Liberman, Peter (1998). Does Conquest Pay?: The Exploitation of Occupied Industrial Societies. Princeton University Press. p. 42. ISBN 0691002428.
- ^ Milward, Alan S (1979). War, Economy, and Society, 1939–1945. University of California Press. p. 138. ISBN 0520039424.
- ^ Milward, Alan S (1979). War, Economy, and Society, 1939–1945. University of California Press. p. 148. ISBN 0520039424.
- ^ Perrie, Maureen; Lieven, D. C. B; Suny, Ronald Grigor (2007). The Cambridge History of Russia. Cambridge University Press. p. 232. ISBN 0521861942.
- ^ Hill, Alexander (2005). The War Behind The Eastern Front: The Soviet Partisan Movement In North-West Russia 1941–1944. Routledge. p. 5. ISBN 0714657115.
- ^ Christofferson, Thomas R; Christofferson, Michael S (2006). France During World War II: From Defeat to Liberation. Fordham University Press. p. 156. ISBN 9780823225637.
- ^ Ikeo, Aiko (1997). Economic Development in Twentieth Century East Asia: The International Context. Routledge. p. 107. ISBN 0415149002.
- ^ a b Boog, Horst; Rahn, Werner; Stumpf, Reinhard; Wegner, Bernd (2001). Militärgeschichtliches Forschungsamt Germany and the Second World War — Volume VI: The Global War. Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. 266. ISBN 0198828880.
- ^ Tucker, Spencer C.; Roberts, Priscilla Mary Roberts (2004). Encyclopedia of World War II: A Political, Social, and Military History. ABC-CLIO. p. 76. ISBN 1576079996.
- ^ Levine, Alan J. (1992). The Strategic Bombing of Germany, 1940–1945. Greenwood Press. p. 217. ISBN 0275943194.
- ^ Sauvain, Philip (2005). Key Themes of the Twentieth Century: Teacher's Guide. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 128. ISBN 1405132183.
- ^ Tucker, Spencer C.; Roberts, Priscilla Mary Roberts (2004). Encyclopedia of World War II: A Political, Social, and Military History. ABC-CLIO. p. 163. ISBN 1576079996.
- ^ Bishop, Chris; Chant, Chris (2004). Aircraft Carriers: The World's Greatest Naval Vessels and Their Aircraft. Silverdale Books. p. 7. ISBN 1845090799.
- ^ Chenoweth, H. Avery; Nihart, Brooke (2005). Semper Fi: The Definitive Illustrated History of the U.S. Marines. Main Street. p. 180. ISBN 1402730993.
- ^ Sumner, Ian; Baker, Alix (2001). The Royal Navy 1939–45. Osprey Publishing. p. 25. ISBN 1841761958.
- ^ Hearn, Chester G. (2007). Carriers in Combat: The Air War at Sea. Stackpole Books. p. 14. ISBN 081173398X.
- ^ Gardiner, Robert; Brown, David K (2004). The Eclipse of the Big Gun: The Warship 1906–1945. Conway. p. 52. ISBN 0851779530.
- ^ Rydill, Louis (1995). Concepts in Submarine Design. Cambridge University Press. p. 15. ISBN 052155926X.
- ^ Rydill, Louis (1995). Concepts in Submarine Design. Cambridge University Press. p. 16. ISBN 052155926X.
- ^ a b Tucker, Spencer C.; Roberts, Priscilla Mary Roberts (2004). Encyclopedia of World War II: A Political, Social, and Military History. ABC-CLIO. p. 125. ISBN 1576079996.
- ^ Dupuy, Trevor Nevitt (1982). The Evolution of Weapons and Warfare. Jane's Information Group. p. 231. ISBN 0710601239.
- ^ a b Tucker, Spencer C.; Roberts, Priscilla Mary Roberts (2004). Encyclopedia of World War II: A Political, Social, and Military History. ABC-CLIO. p. 108. ISBN 1576079996.
- ^ Tucker, Spencer C.; Roberts, Priscilla Mary Roberts (2004). Encyclopedia of World War II: A Political, Social, and Military History. ABC-CLIO. p. 734. ISBN 1576079996.
- ^ a b Cowley, Robert; Parker, Geoffrey (2001). The Reader's Companion to Military History. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 221. ISBN 0618127429.
- ^ "Infantry Weapons Of World War 2". Grey Falcon (Black Sun). http://greyfalcon.us/Infantry%20Weapons%20Of%20World%20War%202.htm. Retrieved 2009-11-14. "These all-purpose guns were developed and used by the German army in the 2nd half of World War 2 as a result of studies which showed that the ordinary rifle's long range is much longer than needed, since the soldiers almost always fired at enemies closer than half of its effective range. The assault rifle is a balanced compromise between the rifle and the sub-machine gun, having sufficient range and accuracy to be used as a rifle, combined with the rapid-rate automatic firepower of the sub machine gun. Thanks to these combined advantages, assault rifles such as the American M-16 and the Russian AK-47 are the basic weapon of the modern soldier"
- ^ Sprague, Oliver; Griffiths, Hugh (2006). "The AK-47: the worlds favourite killing machine" (pdf). Amnesty International. p. 1. http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/asset/ACT30/011/2006/en/11079910-d422-11dd-8743-d305bea2b2c7/act300112006en.pdf. Retrieved 2009-11-14.
- ^ Ratcliff, Rebecca Ann (2006). Delusions of Intelligence: Enigma, Ultra and the End of Secure Ciphers. Cambridge University Press. p. 11. ISBN 0521855225.
- ^ a b c Schoenherr, Steven (2007). "Code Breaking in World War II". History Department at the University of San Diego. http://history.sandiego.edu/gen/ww2timeline/espionage.html. Retrieved 2009-11-15.
- ^ Rowe, Neil C.; Rothstein, Hy. "Deception for Defense of Information Systems: Analogies from Conventional Warfare". Departments of Computer Science and Defense Analysis U.S. Naval Postgraduate School. Air University. http://www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/nps/mildec.htm. Retrieved 2009-11-15.
- ^ "Konrad Zuse (1910–1995)". Istituto Dalle Molle di Studi sull'Intelligenza Artificiale. http://www.idsia.ch/~juergen/zuse.html. Retrieved 2009-11-14. "Konrad Zuse builds Z1, world's first programme-controlled computer. Despite certain mechanical engineering problems it had all the basic ingredients of modern machines, using the binary system and today's standard separation of storage and control. Zuse's 1936 patent application (Z23139/GMD Nr. 005/021) also suggests a von Neumann architecture (re-invented in 1945) with programme and data modifiable in storage"
References
- Adamthwaite, Anthony P (1992). The Making of the Second World War. New York: Routledge. ISBN 0415907160.
- Brody, J Kenneth (1999). The Avoidable War: Pierre Laval and the Politics of Reality, 1935–1936. Transaction Publishers. p. 4. ISBN 0765806223.
- Bullock, A. (1962), Hitler: A Study in Tyranny, Penguin Books, ISBN 0140135642
- Busky, Donald F (2002). Communism in History and Theory: Asia, Africa, and the Americas. Praeger Publishers. ISBN 0275977331.
- Davies, Norman (2008), No Simple Victory: World War II in Europe, 1939–1945, Penguin Group, ISBN 0143114093
- Glantz, David M. (2001), The Soviet‐German War 1941–45 Myths and Realities: A Survey Essay, http://www.strom.clemson.edu/publications/sg-war41-45.pdf
- Graham, Helen (2005). The Spanish Civil War: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press, USA. ISBN 0192803778.
- Hsiung, James Chieh (1992), China's Bitter Victory: The War with Japan, 1937–1945, M.E. Sharpe, ISBN 156324246X
- Jowett, Philip S.; Andrew, Stephen (2002), The Japanese Army, 1931–45, Osprey Publishing, ISBN 1841763535
- Kantowicz, Edward R (1999). The rage of nations. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. ISBN 0802844553.
- Kershaw, Ian (2001), Hitler, 1936–1945: Nemesis, W. W. Norton & Company, ISBN 0393322521
- Kitson, Alison (2001). Germany 1858–1990: Hope, Terror, and Revival. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199134175.
- Mandelbaum, Michael (1988). The Fate of Nations: The Search for National Security in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries. Cambridge University Press. p. 96. ISBN 052135790X.
- Murray, Williamson; Millett, Allan Reed (2001), A War to Be Won: Fighting the Second World War, Harvard University Press, ISBN 0674006801
- Preston, Peter (1998). 'Pacific Asia in the global system: an introduction, Wiley-Blackwell. Oxford: Blackwell. p. 104. ISBN 0631202382.
- Myers, Ramon; Peattie, Mark (1987). The Japanese Colonial Empire, 1895–1945. Princeton University Press. ISBN 0691102228.
- Record, Jeffery (2005) (pdf). Appeasement Reconsidered: Investigating the Mythology of the 1930s. DIANE Publishing. p. 50. ISBN 1584872160. http://www.strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pdffiles/PUB622.pdf. Retrieved 2009-11-15.
- Shaw, Anthony (2000). .^ On Eternal Patrol - Lost Submariners of World War II .
^ On Eternal Patrol - World War II .
MBI Publishing Company. ISBN 0760309396.
- Smith, Winston; Steadman, Ralph (2004). All Riot on the Western Front, Volume 3. Last Gasp. .
- Weinberg, Gerhard L. (1995), A World at Arms: A Global History of World War II, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0521558794
- Zalampas, Michael (1989).^ On Eternal Patrol - World War II .
^ On Eternal Patrol - Lost Submariners of World War II .
Adolf Hitler and the Third Reich in American magazines, 1923–1939. Bowling Green University Popular Press. ISBN 0879724625.
External links
- General
- Online documents
.
Top topics
Wikis
Quiz
Map
Misc
Timeline
Search
